Governor of North Carolina

The office of governor is the oldest public office in the state of North Carolina. Historians trace its origins to the appointment of Ralph Lane as the governor of the Roanoke Colony in 1585.[1] From 1622 to 1731, the Province of Carolina/Province of North Carolina had governors appointed by the colony's lords proprietors.[1][2] From then until 1774, the governors were chosen by the British Crown.[1] The governors during these times were politically weak executives and generally conformed to the wishes of their appointers.[2] They were aided in the execution of their office by the Governor's Council, an advisory board of appointed officials that also collectively served as the upper house in the North Carolina General Assembly. After 1731, the councilors were chosen by the Privy Council and were responsible to the British King, further diluting the governor's authority.[3]

During the period of royal control after 1731, North Carolina's governors were issued sets of secret instructions from the Privy Council's Board of Trade. The directives were binding upon the governor and dealt with nearly all aspects of colonial government. As they were produced by officials largely ignorant of the political situation in the colony and meant to ensure greater direct control over the territory, the instructions caused tensions between the governor and the General Assembly. The assembly controlled the colony's finances and used this as leverage by withholding salaries and appropriations, sometimes forcing the governors to compromise and disregard some of the Board of Trade's instructions. Frequent tensions between Governor Josiah Martin—a firm supporter of the instructions—and the Assembly in the 1770s led the latter to establish a committee of correspondence[4] and accelerated the colony's break with Great Britain.[5]

The state of North Carolina's first constitution in 1776 provided for a governor to be elected by a joint vote of both houses of the General Assembly to serve a one-year term. They were limited to serving no more than three terms within a six-year period.[6] The constitution also provided for a legislatively-determined Council of State to "advise the Governor in the execution of his office".[7] From its inception, the office of governor in North Carolina was weak in its powers, largely restricted out of fear of the actions taken by British colonial governors.[8][9] In practice, the Council of State limited the governor's executive authority, as sometimes the governor was required to get their approval before taking a course of action.[7] The governor had no power to make executive appointments except during legislative recesses and with the advice of the council.[10] Richard Caswell was chosen by the General Assembly to serve as the independent state's first governor.[9]

In 1835, the constitution was amended to allow for the popular election of the governor to a two-year term, thus giving the office more political independence from the legislature. The holder of the office was restricted to no more than two terms within a six-year period.[11] Edward Bishop Dudley became the first popularly-elected governor.[12]

William Woods Holden is the only North Carolina governor to have been impeached and removed from office.

In 1868, North Carolina ratified a new constitution which extended the governor's term of office to four years but limited the holder to one term.[11] Under the 1868 constitution, the governor's executive power was derived from the following provision: "The executive department shall consist of a governor, in whom shall be invested the supreme executive power of the State."[13] The new constitution also granted the governor appointive powers,[2] allowing them to appoint "all officers whose offices are established by this Constitution, or which shall be created by law, and whose appointments are not otherwise provided for" with the advice and consent of the Senate.[14] The Council of State was revised to include several other popularly-elected executive officials serving ex officio. Under the constitution, the governor called and presided over the council's meetings but was not a formal member of the body.[15]

In 1871, Governor William Woods Holden was impeached and removed from office. Holden was the first governor in the United States to ever be removed in such a fashion and is the only North Carolina governor to have ever been impeached.[16][17] In 1875, the state held a convention which ratified several amendments to the constitution, including an alteration which removed the governor's ability to appoint officials who derived their offices' existence from state statutes.[18] The governor was left with de jure responsibility over appointments for constitutional officers who did not have their appointments otherwise provided for, but as no such officers existed, the changes essentially stripped governors of their appointive abilities. Following litigation in state courts over contested appointive jurisdiction in the late 19th century and early 20th century, several state governors called for the restoration of their appointive powers.[19]

The power of the governorship was strengthened during the tenure of O. Max Gardner.

In 1925, the Executive Budget Act was passed, designating the governor as the director of the state budget.[20] During the tenure of Governor O. Max Gardner from 1929 to 1933, various reforms led to the centralization of governmental services and the creation of appointive offices, thus increasing the authority and importance of the governorship.[2][21] In 1933 the General Assembly approved a referendum to consider amending the constitution to grant the governor veto power over legislation, but the amendment effort failed due to technical concerns.[22]

In the 1950s and 1960s, several governors and other observers advocated constitutional reforms, including changes which would enhance governors' executive authority.[23] These efforts culminated in legislative debates in 1970 and the ratification of a new constitution the following year [24] The new constitution of 1971 stipulated that "The executive power of the State shall be invested in the Governor", making the official unambiguously the chief executive of the state. The constitution also affirmed the governor's role as the director of the state budget[13] and made them a formal ex officio member of the Council of State.[25][26]

In 1977, the North Carolina constitution was amended, allowing governors to pursue re-election to a consecutive four-year term in office. This amendment strengthened the political authority of the office.[27] Following a 1995 referendum resulting in a constitutional amendment effective the subsequent year, the governor was granted veto power, becoming the last governor in the country to be given this power. Mike Easley became the first North Carolina governor to veto legislation after rejecting a bill in 2002.[8] While institutional enhancements increased the formal power of the governorship over the course of the 20th century, this was counteracted by a corresponding rise in the legislature's growing willingness to assert its separate desires in state policy.[28] In 2016, the General Assembly significantly curtailed the number of appointments which could be made by the governor.[29] The incumbent governor is Roy Cooper, a Democrat who assumed office on January 1, 2017.[30] He is the 75th person to hold the office.[31]

The powers and duties of the governor of North Carolina are derived from the Constitution of North Carolina and state statutes.[2] The governor is the chief executive of the state and is tasked by the constitution with faithfully carrying out the laws of the state.[13] The governor is empowered to request agency heads in state government to report to them in writing on subjects relating to executive duties. They are authorized by the constitution to reorganize executive agencies by executive order submitted to the General Assembly, which have "the force of law" unless expressly disapproved by the assembly.[39] The constitution also makes them ex officio commander in chief of the North Carolina National Guard—except when the guard is placed into federal service[40][41]—and authorizes them to call it into service "to execute the law".[40] They are empowered to grant pardons and commutations to convicted criminals and serve as the state's chief representative in intergovernmental matters.[41] They are responsible for reviewing extradition requests from other states and issuing a governor's warrant to detain persons for extradition.[2][42] The constitution makes the governor the director of the state budget. In this capacity, the governor has the responsibility of monitoring revenue and expenditures to ensure the state maintains a balanced budget and preparing budget recommendations for the General Assembly, which can disregard the proposals in creating the state budget.[13] The governor also administers grants and loans provided by the federal government to the state.[2][43]

The office has extensive powers of appointment with regards to executive branch officials, some judges, and members of boards and commissions.[44] As of 2023, the governor is responsible for over 2,400 appointments to over 350 boards and commissions.[45] Most executive appointments are not subject to legislative consent and many appointees serve at the pleasure of the governor. Some appointments to major state boards, including the State Board of Education and the North Carolina Utilities Commission, require confirmation from either one or both houses of the General Assembly.[44] Cabinet secretaries are subject to confirmation from the State Senate.[46] The governor is empowered to appoint interim officials to any vacant Council of State offices aside from the Lieutenant Governor of North Carolina without legislative assent pending the next state legislative election.[47] They also may fill vacant judicial offices unless otherwise directed by law.[39] Some appointments to state boards are reserved for other state officials, and the governor's ability to remove officials has been limited by courts.[48] The constitution also allows the governor to devolve some responsibilities upon the lieutenant governor at their discretion.[49]

Governor Bev Perdue signing a bill into law, 2011

The governor is constitutionally obligated to "give the General Assembly information of the affairs of the State and recommend to their consideration such measures as he shall deem expedient".[50] Governors traditionally fulfill this requirement with a "State of the State" speech delivered during the legislature's opening session, though they can also communicate this information through separate special messages.[51] The governor signs bills passed by the General Assembly of which they approve into law and are empowered to veto bills of which they disapprove.[52] A veto can be overridden by a three-fifths majority vote of the assembly.[13] Legislation can also take effect without the governor's signature if they chose not to veto it.[53] The governor may call the General Assembly into extraordinary session after consulting the Council of State and is required to convene the assembly in specific circumstances to review vetoed legislation.[54]

The Executive Mansion is the official residence of the governor.

The governor is one of 10 constitutionally-designated members of the Council of State, a collection of elected state executives,[55] and chairs its meetings.[56] The body has minimal constitutional duties, with its most significant responsibilities arising from statute, including approving the governor's acquisitions and disposals of state property.[57] The governor is tasked by the constitution with keeping the Great Seal of the State North Carolina.[49] The constitution empowers the governor to permit the state or a local government to incur a debt without a referendum in the event of an emergency threat to public health or safety.[49]

The governor is constitutionally required to live at the seat of state government.[58] Since 1891, the Executive Mansion in Raleigh has served as the official residence of the governor of North Carolina and their family.[59] Governors and their immediate family—called the "first family" during the executive's tenure—serve as symbolic leaders for the state. As the ceremonial head of the state, the governor often attends official events and performs formal functions on behalf of the state, such as meeting with important persons and leading ribbon-cutting ceremonies.[60]

Governors usually informally serve as the state leader of whatever political party to which they belong. They often have the ability to influence the selection of other party leaders, offer endorsements to candidates, and serve as a spokesman for their organization.[11] As a prominent elected official, the governor also wields agenda-setting authority.[74]

Jim Hunt was the state's longest-serving governor.

Between 1877 and 1972 all of North Carolina's governors were Democrats, with the exception of Republican Daniel L. Russell, who won a single term to office in 1896.[75] As Republican strength grew in North Carolina after 1950, the state's gubernatorial elections became increasingly competitive. In 1972, James Holshouser was elected as the state's first Republican governor of the 20th century.[76] Even so, Republicans have still had difficulty in winning gubernatorial elections in North Carolina, and the office has usually remained in Democratic hands;[76][77][78] since Russell's departure in 1901, 23 Democrats and three Republicans have been elected to gubernatorial office.[79] Beginning in the latter half of the 20th century, Democratic gubernatorial candidates have regularly outperformed their presidential counterparts.[80] Republican gubernatorial candidates have generally attempted to link their efforts with Republican presidential campaigns, while Democratic candidates have usually placed more distance between themselves and their associated presidential contenders.[81]

The vast majority of people who have been elected Governor of North Carolina have been male, white, Protestant Christian, born and raised in a rural North Carolinian environment, about 50 years of age, politically experienced, attorneys, and college educated.[82] Bev Perdue, elected in 2008, was the first woman to serve as governor of North Carolina.[83] As in other states, incumbents tend to win reelection.[84][85] Jim Hunt was the state's longest-serving governor with four terms in office, serving from 1977 to 1985 and 1993 to 2001.[86]

North Carolina's governor has less overall institutional power compared to governors in other states.[87][88] Their veto power is weaker than that of most of their contemporaries. It can be overridden by a three-fifths majority legislative vote, slimmer than the two-thirds majority usually required in most states.[22] Unlike governors in most states, the North Carolina governor does not have line-item veto power.[89] They are also prohibited from vetoing joint resolutions of the legislature,[39] local bills, and amendments to the state and federal constitutions.[8] The separate election of other state executive officials on the Council of State and their control over executive affairs within their own jurisdictions, as well as the General Assembly's ability to provide for some appointments to state offices, draws authority away from the governorship.[90][89][91] By law, the governor requires the council's approval for certain acquisitions and disposals of state property.[55] Increasing two-party competitiveness in North Carolina from the 1970s onward and the occurrence of divided government—when the party which controls the legislature is different from that of the governor's affiliation—have also weakened the chief executive's political effectiveness.[92]