Northern Bantoid languages
Northern Bantoid (or North Bantoid) is a branch of the Bantoid languages. It consists of the Mambiloid, Dakoid, and Tikar languages of eastern Nigeria and west-central Cameroon.
| Northern Bantoid | |
|---|---|
| North Bantoid | |
| Geographic distribution | Nigeria and Cameroon |
| Linguistic classification | Niger–Congo?
|
| Proto-language | Proto-Northern bantoid |
| Subdivisions | |
| Glottolog | nort3168 |
History
A proposal that divided Bantoid into North and South Bantoid was introduced by Williamson.[1][2]
Blench argues for the unity of North Bantoid by citing phonological, lexical, and morphological evidence.[3]
Internal classification
Language contact
Dakoid languages have had long-term contact with Adamawa languages, while the Tikar language shares many similarities with the Bafia languages (also known as the A50 Bantu languages).[3]
Maps
Map of the Bantoid languages of Nigeria and Cameroon
Map of the Mambiloid languages
Map of the Dakoid languages
Map of the Fam language
Numerals
Comparison of numerals in individual languages:[4]
| Classification | Language | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dakoid | Chamba-Daka | nòòní | bààrá | tárā | nààsá | túùná | túnìn | dùtím | dùtím-kə́rə́rə́ (7+ 1) | kúūm | kúūm-kə́rə́rə́ (9+ 1) |
| Mambiloid, Mambila-Konja, Konja | Kwanja (Konja) | mán | fèè | tar | nàà | cùn | cánmán (5+ 1) | cɛnfèè (5+ 2) | cɛtar (5+ 3) | cɛnàà (5+ 4) | bɨfɛ́ŋ |
| Mambiloid, Mambila-Konja, Konja | Twendi (Cambap) | tʃínī | fèː | táːr | nɑː̀ | tʃúên | tʃɛ́n də̄r tʃínī (5+ 1) | tʃɛ́n fèjè (5+ 2) | tʃɛ́táːr (5+ 3) | tʃɛ́n nàː (5+ 4) | jūtār |
| Mambiloid, Mambila-Konja, Magu-Kamkam-Kila | Somyev (Kila Yang) | mwē | hàːn | tàːr | nàːn | tíɛ̂n | tɛ́mwē (5+ 1) | tɛ́nàːn (5+ 2) | tɛ́ntàːr (5+ 3) | tɛ́nnàːn (5+ 4) | tʃɔ́ŋ |
| Mambiloid, Mambila-Konja, Mambila | Cameroun Mambila | tʃɛ́n | fàl | taɡár | neà | tîn | téndʒɛ́n (5+ 1) | tébɛl (5+ 2) | téndɛle (5+ 3) | tárɛ̀neà (5+ 4) | julà |
| Mambiloid, Mambila-Konja, Mambila | Nigerian Mambila | tʃɛ́n * c = tʃ | fàl | tar | nà | tín | téndʒɛ́n (5+ 1) * j = dʒ | téfɛ́l (5+ 2) | téndɛll (5+ 3) | tárɛ́nà (5+ 4) | jullà * y = j |
| Mambiloid, Ndoro | Ndoola (Doori) (1) | jér | hàːlā | tāːɾā | njẽ́ | sónī | sóŋ kér (5+ 1) | sóŋ kwàlà (5+ 2) | sóŋ tāːrā (5+ 3) | sóŋ njẽ́ (5+ 4) | jóbə̄t |
| Mambiloid, Ndoro | Ndoola (Doori) (2) | jíɾə̀ | hàːlā | tāːɾā | njã́ | sónī | ʃóŋkíɾə̀ (5+ 1) | ʃóŋkwàlà (5+ 2) | ʃóŋtāːrā (5+ 3) | ʃóŋnjá (5+ 4) | jóbə̄t |
| Mambiloid, Suga-Vute, Suga | Suga (Nizaa) | mum | ɓaara | taara | naànà | tɛ́ɛ́ŋna | tánmum (5+ 1) | tánɓáára (5+ 2) | sɛ́ɛ̀ | tínáànà (5+ 4) | ɟer |
| Mambiloid, Suga-Vute, Vute | Vute (1) | mwĩ | ɓɨrɨ́b / ɓaám | taarɨ́b | nààsɨ̀b | ŋɡiiì | tínmwĩ (5+ 1; old #5 is tíŋ) | tɨɓáam (5+ 2) | sə́r | ɓwécṍ | cóóŋ |
| Mambiloid, Suga-Vute, Vute | Vute (2) | mūí | ɓāám / ɓɨ̄rɨ́p | tāārɨ́p | nààsɨ́b | ŋɡīì | tín mūí (5+ 1) | tɨ́ ɓāám (5+ 2) | sə́r | ɓwé cóŋ (? 10 ) | cóŋ |
| Mambiloid, Suga-Vute, Vute | Wawa (1) | mǒsī; mǒī * | bə̀mbə́ | tābə́ | nǎrə̄bə̀ | téēnbə̄ | té-mōī (5+ 1) | té-bə̀mbə́ (5+ 2) | tén-tābə́ (5+ 3) | té-nàrə̄bə́ (5+ 4) | tʃɔ́ŋ / bə̌ntə̄ |
| Mambiloid, Suga-Vute, Vute | Wawa (2) | mʊ́ɾsī | bɔ̄mbə̀ | tábə̀ | náɾbə̀ | tɛ̄nbə́ | tɛ̄mʊ́ɪ / dʒuiɡɔ (5+ 1) * | tɛ́bɔ̀mbə̀ / dʒuididi (5+ 2) | tɛ́nàɾbə̀ / dʒuitati (5+ 3) | tɛ́tàbə̀ / dʒuːənai (5+ 4) | tʃɔ̄ŋ (< from Vute) |
| Beboid | Bebe (Naami) | mʷɛ | bifʷé | bitɔ | binwà | bitîŋ | buɬɔ | fùmáɲàŋ (8 - 1) | ɲàŋ | fùmájufi (10 - 1) | jufi |
| Beboid | Cung (Mbuk) (1) | ḿmū | fā | tálé | n̄nā | ítī | só | ńnānítá | ńɲáŋ | bʷùkə̀ | dʒófí |
| Beboid | Cung (Chung) (2) | mu | fa | tale | ə́nà | tè | so | nânita | ɲaŋ | bùkə | dʒofi |
| Beboid | Kemedzung (1) | mò (miu) / kɨ̀tɨ́ kɨ́mó (Gender 7/8) | fé / bɨ̀tɨ́ bífé | té / bɨ̀tɨ́ bíté | nà / bɨ̀tɨ́ bínɑ̀ | tɨ̀ŋ / bɨ̀tɨ́ bítɨ̀ŋ | búsí / bɨ̀tɨ́ búsí | fùmbá / bɨ̀tɨ́ fùmbɑ́ | yàŋ / bɨ̀tɨ́ yàŋ | fùmbóò / bɨ̀tɨ́ fùmbóò | yɔ́(yɔfu) / bɨ̀tɨ́ yɔ́(yɔfu) |
| Beboid | Kemedzung (2) | mmȍ | bifɛ́ | bitɛ | binà | bitɨ̃̀ | buse | fũ̀mbà | jã̏ | fũ̀mbɔ̀ | jɔ̀ː |
| Beboid | Naki | āmū | ífə | ítāt | īnāː | ítɪː | úsiː | fùmádʒâŋ (? 8) | dʒàŋ | fùmádzófu (? 10) | dzófú |
| Beboid | Nchane (Mungong) (1) | m⁴ba³ka⁴ | fĩ³ | tə³lə² | nə³⁴ | tĩ³⁴ | so³⁴ | bu³so³fwɪ⁴ | nja³⁴ | bvu³kə⁴ | ju³fə⁴ |
| Beboid | Nchane (Ncane) (2) | mɪ3ma4 | fɛː2 | tʰɛ3dɪ3 | nɛ34 | tʰəŋ34 | bu3so23 | bu3so3ʃwɪ23 | ɲa34 | bvu3ɡə2 | ʒu3fɛ4 |
| Beboid | Noone (Noni) | māŋ̀ | fɛ́ɛ́ | tɛɛ | nɛ * | tin | sɔɔtʃàn c = [tʃ] | sɔɔʃwî sh = [ʃ] | ɲàŋ ñ= [ɲ] | bvùùkɛ | joofè y = [j] |
| Beboid | Nsari (Nsaari) | ŋk͡paŋ3 | fɛː4 | tɛː4 | nɛː42 | tiŋ42 | bu3sɔː3 | ɱfo2mɛ4ɲaːŋ2 (8 - 1) | ɲaːŋ2 | ɱfo2mɛ4joː24fi42 (10 - 1) | joː24fi42 |
| Ekoid | Ejagham | yə́t | éβáé | ésá | énî | érôn | èsáɡàsá (3 + 3) | èníɡìsá (4 + 3) | èníɡànî (4 + 4) | érôn énî (5 + 4) | ófó |
| Ekoid, Bakor | Ekajuk | njɛŋ | mbal | nra | nni | nlɔn | nrakera (3 + 3 ?) | eʃɛma | nɛkeni (4 + 4 ?) | eʃɛmʷubu (10 - 1?) | ewubu |
| Ekoid, Bakor | Nde-Ndele-Nta | n-dʒi | m-ba | n-sa | n-nɛ | n-dɔːn | asighasa (3 + 3 ?) | asimma | aneɡhane (4 + 4 ?) | asima-wobo (10 -1?) | wobo |
| Ekoid, Bakor | Nkem-Nkum (Nkim) | njirəng [ńjírə́ŋ] | ibal [íbâ] | ira [írá] | ini [ínî] | iro⃬n [írô̱n] | irara [ìrârà] | arimini [àrímī̱nî] | anigini [àníɡīnî] | arumiɡol [àrúmīɡôl] | iɡol [íɡôl] |
| Jarawan, Nigerian | Bada | ɗɪ́k | ɓâr | tàːt | jìːn | tʷàːn | tʷàŋsɔ̀lmʷák | kʲɛ́stàˑt (5 + 2) | kʲɛ́ʃìn (5 + 3) | kʲɛ́stʷàn (5 + 4) | lʊ̀m |
| Jarawan, Nigerian | Mbula-Bwazaa | mon / mwashat | rap | taru | ine | tonɡno | tonɡno war mwashat (5 + 1) | tonɡno war rap (5 + 2) | tonɡno war taru (5 + 3) | tonɡno war ine (5 + 4) | lum |
| Mamfe | Denya | ɡɛ́mâ | ópéá | ólɛ́ | ónì | ótà | òkéné | òkénàmà (6 + 1) | ónè | ónēnàmà (8 + 1) | ófíà |
| Mamfe | Kenyang | ɛ́mɔ̂t | bɛpây | bɛ́rát | mɛ́nwî | bɛ́tây | bɛ́tándât (2 x 3) ? * | tándrámɔ̂t (6 + 1) ? ** | mɛ́nɛ̀n | mɛ́nɛ̀n nɛ̀ àmɔ̀t (' 8 + 1 ') | byó |
| Mbe | Mbe | k. bɛ̀tép lètêl lé èjì bɛ́pʷâl lè bɛ̀tépbɛ́fwɔ̂r* | bɛ́pʷâl | bɛ́sá | bɛ́ñî | bɛ́tʃân | bɛ̀sêsár (3 + 3) | bɛ̀tânèbɛ́pʷâl (5 + 2) | bɛ̀ñîbɛ̀ñî (4 + 2) | bɛ́tânèbɛ́ñî (5 + 4) | bɛ́fwɔ̂r |
References
- Williamson, Kay (1989) 'Niger–Congo Overview'. In: The Niger–Congo languages, ed. by John Bendor-Samuel, 3—45. University Press of America.
- Blench, Roger [1987] 'A new classification of Bantoid languages.' Unpublished paper presented at 17th Colloquium on African Languages and Linguistics, Leiden.
- Blench, Roger. The North Bantoid hypothesis.
- Chan, Eugene (2019). "The Niger-Congo Language Phylum". Numeral Systems of the World's Languages.
- Blench, Roger. The North Bantoid hypothesis.
- Blench, Roger. 2011. 'The membership and internal structure of Bantoid and the border with Bantu'. Bantu IV, Humboldt University, Berlin.
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