Secretary of State for Northern Ireland

Historically, the principal ministers for Irish (and subsequently Northern Ireland) affairs in the UK Government and its predecessors were:

• the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland (c.1171–1922);
• the Chief Secretary for Ireland (1560–1922); and
• the Home Secretary (1922–1972).[6]

In August 1969, for example, Home Secretary James Callaghan approved the sending of British Army soldiers to Northern Ireland.[7] Scotland and Wales were represented by the Secretary of State for Scotland and Secretary of State for Wales from 1885 and 1964 respectively, but Northern Ireland remained separate, owing to the devolved Government of Northern Ireland and Parliament of Northern Ireland.

The office of Secretary of State for Northern Ireland was created after the Northern Ireland government (at Stormont) was first suspended and then abolished following widespread civil strife. The British government was increasingly concerned that Stormont was losing control of the situation. On 30 March 1972, direct rule from Westminster was introduced.[8] The Secretary of State filled three roles which existed under the previous Stormont regime:[9]

• the Governor of Northern Ireland (the nominal head of the executive and representative of the British monarch)
• the Prime Minister of Northern Ireland (now filled by the First Minister of Northern Ireland and deputy First Minister of Northern Ireland acting jointly)
• the Minister of Home Affairs (now filled by the Minister of Justice).

Direct rule was seen as a temporary measure, with a power-sharing devolution preferred as the solution, and was annually renewed by a vote in Parliament.

The Sunningdale Agreement in 1973 resulted in the brief existence of a power-sharing Northern Ireland Executive from 1 January 1974, which was ended by the loyalist Ulster Workers' Council strike on 28 May 1974. The strikers opposed the power-sharing and all-Ireland aspects of the new administration.

The Northern Ireland Constitutional Convention (1975–1976) and Northern Ireland Assembly (1982–1986) were unsuccessful in restoring devolved government. After the Anglo-Irish Agreement on 15 November 1985, the UK Government and Irish Government co-operated more closely on security and political matters.

Following the Belfast Agreement (also known as the Good Friday Agreement) on 10 April 1998, devolution returned to Northern Ireland on 2 December 1999. This removed many of the duties of the Secretary of State and his Northern Ireland Office colleagues and devolved them to locally elected politicians, constituting the Northern Ireland Executive.

Formerly holding a large portfolio over home affairs in Northern Ireland, the current devolution settlement has lessened the secretary of state's role, granting many of the former powers to the Northern Ireland Assembly and Northern Ireland Executive. The secretary of state is now generally limited to representing Northern Ireland in the UK cabinet, overseeing the operation of the devolved administration and a number of reserved and excepted matters which remain the sole competence of the UK Government e.g. security, human rights, certain public inquiries and the administration of elections.[10]

Created in 1972, the position has switched between members of Parliament from the Conservative Party and Labour Party. As Labour has not fielded candidates in Northern Ireland and the Conservatives have not had candidates elected to Northern Ireland Assembly or for House of Commons seats in the region, those appointed as secretary of state for Northern Ireland have not represented a constituency in Northern Ireland. This contrasts with the Secretary of State for Scotland and the Secretary of State for Wales.

The secretary of state officially resides in Hillsborough Castle, which was previously the official residence of the governor of Northern Ireland, and remains the royal residence of the monarch in Northern Ireland. The secretary of state exercises their duties through, and is administratively supported by, the Northern Ireland Office (NIO).

The devolved administration was suspended several times (especially between 15 October 2002 and 8 May 2007) because the Ulster Unionist Party and Democratic Unionist Party were uncomfortable being in government with Sinn Féin when the Provisional Irish Republican Army had failed to decommission its arms fully and continued its criminal activities. On each of these occasions, the responsibilities of the ministers in the Executive then returned to the Secretary of State and his ministers. During these periods, in addition to administration of the region, the Secretary of State was also heavily involved in the negotiations with all parties to restore devolved government.

Power was again devolved to the Northern Ireland Assembly on 8 May 2007. The Secretary of State retained responsibility for policing and justice until most of those powers were devolved on 12 April 2010.[11] Robert Hazell has suggested merging the offices of Secretary of State for Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales into one Secretary of State for the Union,[12] in a department into which Rodney Brazier has suggested adding a Minister of State for England with responsibility for English local government.[13]

Colour key
  Conservative   Labour

Secretary of state			Term of office		Party	Prime Minister
		William Whitelaw MP for Penrith and The Border	24 March 1972	2 December 1973	Conservative		Edward Heath
		Francis Pym MP for Cambridgeshire	2 December 1973	4 March 1974	Conservative
		Merlyn Rees MP for Leeds South	5 March 1974	10 September 1976	Labour		Harold Wilson
		Roy Mason MP for Barnsley	10 September 1976	4 May 1979	Labour		James Callaghan
		Humphrey Atkins MP for Spelthorne	5 May 1979	14 September 1981	Conservative		Margaret Thatcher
		Jim Prior MP for Lowestoft (until 1983) MP for Waveney (from 1983)	14 September 1981	11 September 1984	Conservative
		Douglas Hurd MP for Witney	11 September 1984	3 September 1985	Conservative
		Tom King MP for Bridgwater	3 September 1985	24 July 1989	Conservative
		Peter Brooke MP for Cities of London and Westminster South	24 July 1989	10 April 1992	Conservative
							John Major
		Patrick Mayhew MP for Tunbridge Wells	10 April 1992	2 May 1997	Conservative
		Mo Mowlam MP for Redcar	3 May 1997	11 October 1999	Labour		Tony Blair
		Peter Mandelson MP for Hartlepool	11 October 1999	24 January 2001	Labour
		John Reid MP for Hamilton North and Bellshill	25 January 2001	24 October 2002	Labour
		Paul Murphy MP for Torfaen	24 October 2002	6 May 2005	Labour
		Peter Hain MP for Neath (also Welsh Secretary)	6 May 2005	28 June 2007	Labour
		Shaun Woodward MP for St Helens South	28 June 2007	11 May 2010	Labour		Gordon Brown
		Owen Paterson MP for North Shropshire	12 May 2010	4 September 2012	Conservative		David Cameron (Coalition)
		Theresa Villiers MP for Chipping Barnet	4 September 2012	14 July 2016	Conservative
							David Cameron (II)
		James Brokenshire MP for Old Bexley and Sidcup	14 July 2016	8 January 2018	Conservative		Theresa May (I)
							Theresa May (II)
		Karen Bradley MP for Staffordshire Moorlands	8 January 2018	24 July 2019	Conservative
		Julian Smith MP for Skipton and Ripon	24 July 2019	13 February 2020	Conservative		Boris Johnson (I)
							Boris Johnson (II)
		Brandon Lewis MP for Great Yarmouth	13 February 2020	7 July 2022	Conservative
		Shailesh Vara MP for North West Cambridgeshire	7 July 2022	6 September 2022	Conservative
		Chris Heaton-Harris MP for Daventry	6 September 2022	Incumbent	Conservative		Liz Truss (I)
							Rishi Sunak (I)

• First Minister of Northern Ireland
• Great Seal of Northern Ireland
• Shadow Secretary of State for Northern Ireland
• Secretary of State (United Kingdom)
• Secretary of State for Scotland
• Secretary of State for Wales
• Chief Secretary for Ireland, office that existed until 1922
• Governor of Northern Ireland, office that existed from 1922 to 1973