Kohukohu, New Zealand

Kohukohu is a village on the Hokianga Harbour in the Northland Region of New Zealand. It was one of the first European settlements in New Zealand.

For the New Zealand native tree sometimes called kohukohu, see Pittosporum tenuifolium.

Kohukohu
Photograph of Kohukohu Wharf
Kohukohu Wharf
Coordinates: 35°21′41″S 173°32′39″E
CountryNew Zealand
RegionNorthland Region
DistrictFar North District
WardKaikohe/Hokianga
Electorates
Government
 • Territorial AuthorityFar North District Council
 • Regional councilNorthland Regional Council
Area
[1]
 • Total4.26 km2 (1.64 sq mi)
Population
 (June 2023)[2]
 • Total190
 • Density45/km2 (120/sq mi)

Kohukohu is situated on the northern shore of the harbour where it splits into two rivers, the Mangamuka River branching inland to the northeast and the Waihou River leading towards the east past Mangungu, Horeke and Rangiahua.

Where the harbour divides there is a small island called Motiti which was painted by Augustus Earle, the first European artist to spend several months in New Zealand, during his visit to the Hokianga in 1827. He wrote "we were sailing up a spacious sheet of water, which became considerably wider after entering it; while majestic hills rose on each side .... looking up the river we beheld various headlands stretching into the water and gradually contracting its width, 'till they became fainter and fainter in the distance and all was lost in the azure of the horizon".

History and culture

Pre-European settlement

According to Te Tai Tokerau tradition, the legendary Polynesian explorer Kupe visited the area prior to his return voyage to Hawaiiki. Angry at the food from the hangi (earth oven) being insufficiently cooked, he swore at those responsible.[3] Kohukohu is Māori for a swearword or expletive.[4]

Kohukohu in 1918. On the foreshore are the Kohukohu Hotel, the Bank of New Zealand, D B Wallace Store, Laslett's Cash Store, and W L Sargeant (machinist)

European settlement

The first recorded European to enter the Hokianga Harbour arrived in 1819 and by the 1830s, Kohukohu was the heart of New Zealand's timber industry.[5] The country's first Catholic mass was celebrated 8 kilometres north of Kohukohu at Totara Point in 1838.[6] The Hokianga Sawmill Company built a sawmill in 1878.

For nearly one hundred years Kohukohu was an important timber milling town and the largest commercial centre on the north of the harbour. In 1900, the township had a population of almost 2,000 people.[7]

Marae

Kohukohu has three marae affiliated with the hapū Te Ihutai: Pateoro or Te Karae Marae and Pōwhiri meeting house which affiliates with Te Rarawa;[8] Pikipāria Marae and Ngarunui meeting house which affiliates with Ngāpuhi;[9] and Tauteihiihi Marae and Tokimatahourua meeting house.[10]

There are also three marae affiliated with other Te Rarawa hapū: Motuti Marae and Tamatea meeting house are affiliated with Ngāti Tamatea, Ngāti Te Maara and Te Kai Tutae. Ngāi Tupoto Marae and Ngāhuia meeting house are affiliated with Ngāi Tūpoto and Ngāti Here. Waiparera Marae and Nukutawhiti meeting house are affiliated with Patutoka, Tahāwai, Te Whānau Pani and Te Hokokeha.[11][12]

In October 2020, the Government committed $1,407,731 from the Provincial Growth Fund to upgrade Ngāi Tupoto Marae and 8 other marae of Te Rarawa, creating 100 jobs.[13]

New Zealand's oldest bridge

The Kohukohu footbridge near the centre of the town is the first stone bridge built in New Zealand, and is the oldest surviving bridge of any construction still in existence in the country.[14] It was built some time between 1843 and 1851 at the mouth of the Waihouuru Creek where it flowed into the Hokianga Harbour. At the time, ships from Sydney used sandstone blocks as ballast, which they left at Kohukohu in exchange for more-valuable timber, and these sandstone blocks were used to build the bridge. When a timber mill opened next to the bridge in 1879 sawdust was used to gradually reclaim the harbour, and the reclamation has buried most of the bridge, which is now about 100 m back from the foreshore. The bridge was registered in 2008 as a Category 1 Historic Place.[14]

  • Kohukohu footbridge
  • Kohukohu c. 1867-1869. The old stone bridge is clearly visible, before the harbour was filled in
    Kohukohu c. 1867-1869. The old stone bridge is clearly visible, before the harbour was filled in
  • Kohukohu bridge around 1900 to 1920, with the timber mill visible in the background
    Kohukohu bridge around 1900 to 1920, with the timber mill visible in the background
  • Kohukohu footbridge today
    Kohukohu footbridge today

Kohukohu today
Hokianga Arch of Remembrance at Kohukohu

Today, Kohukohu is a community of 150 people who live within the village and approximately 350 who live in the surrounding area. The smaller settlements of Tauteihiihi, Motukaraka, Pikiparia, Te Karae, Mata, and Paponga are very close by. Kohukohu has a school, general store, café, art galleries, arts and crafts shop, hotel, voluntary fire and ambulance services, and a health clinic. There are also two churches and three marae within the locality.

In recent years, Kohukohu has become a destination for travellers who are attracted by its scenery, history, culture and arts.[15]

Demographics

Statistics New Zealand describes Kohukohu as a rural settlement. It covers 4.26 km2 (1.64 sq mi)[1] and had an estimated population of 190 as of June 2023,[2] with a population density of 45 people per km2. Kohukohu is part of the larger Kohukohu-Broadwood statistical area.[16]

Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
2006186—    
2013168−1.44%
2018168+0.00%
Source: [17]

Kohukohu had a population of 168 at the 2018 New Zealand census, unchanged since the 2013 census, and a decrease of 18 people (−9.7%) since the 2006 census. There were 81 households, comprising 78 males and 90 females, giving a sex ratio of 0.87 males per female. The median age was 58.0 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 24 people (14.3%) aged under 15 years, 21 (12.5%) aged 15 to 29, 72 (42.9%) aged 30 to 64, and 54 (32.1%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 75.0% European/Pākehā, 37.5% Māori, 1.8% Pacific peoples, and 3.6% Asian. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

Of those people who chose to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 50.0% had no religion, 32.1% were Christian and 1.8% had other religions.

Of those at least 15 years old, 39 (27.1%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 27 (18.8%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $19,500, compared with $31,800 nationally. 9 people (6.2%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 33 (22.9%) people were employed full-time, 21 (14.6%) were part-time, and 9 (6.2%) were unemployed.[17]

Education

Kohukohu School is a co-educational full primary (years 1-8) school[18] with a roll of 35 students as of April 2023.[19] The school was established in 1883, but moved to a new location in 1972 because the ground on the original site was unstable. The original site with the original school building is now a historic reserve.[20]

Notable people

Notes
  1. "ArcGIS Web Application". statsnz.maps.arcgis.com. Retrieved 2 April 2022.
  2. "Subnational population estimates (RC, SA2), by age and sex, at 30 June 1996-2023 (2023 boundaries)". Statistics New Zealand. Retrieved 25 October 2023. (regional councils); "Subnational population estimates (TA, SA2), by age and sex, at 30 June 1996-2023 (2023 boundaries)". Statistics New Zealand. Retrieved 25 October 2023. (territorial authorities); "Subnational population estimates (urban rural), by age and sex, at 30 June 1996-2023 (2023 boundaries)". Statistics New Zealand. Retrieved 25 October 2023. (urban areas)
  3. Te Ahukaramū Charles Royal (8 February 2005). "Places associated with Kupe". Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand.
  4. "kohukohu - Māori Dictionary". maoridictionary.co.nz. Retrieved 9 August 2020.
  5. Shadbolt, Maurice (2010). Reader's Digest Guide to New Zealand. Reader's Digest. A bawdy timber town from the 1830s
  6. Shadbolt, Maurice (2010). Reader's Digest Guide to New Zealand. Reader's Digest. New Zealand's first Catholic mass was celebrated near by in 1838; a memorial 8 kilometres north on Totara Point marks the site.
  7. Shadbolt, Maurice (2010). Reader's Digest Guide to New Zealand. Reader's Digest. with a population of 20000 at the turn of the century, it now musters less than 200
  8. "Pateoro (Te Karae) | Maori Maps". maorimaps.com. Retrieved 9 August 2020.
  9. "Pikipāria | Maori Maps". maorimaps.com. Retrieved 9 August 2020.
  10. "Tauteihiihi | Maori Maps". maorimaps.com. Retrieved 9 August 2020.
  11. "Te Kāhui Māngai directory". tkm.govt.nz. Te Puni Kōkiri.
  12. "Māori Maps". maorimaps.com. Te Potiki National Trust.
  13. "Marae Announcements" (Excel). growregions.govt.nz. Provincial Growth Fund. 9 October 2020.
  14. Park, Stuart (4 September 2007). "Stone Bridge". Heritage New Zealand. Retrieved 2 October 2018.
  15. "Kohukohu Travel Guide". Jasons Travel Media.
  16. 2018 Census place summary: Kohukohu-Broadwood
  17. "Statistical area 1 dataset for 2018 Census". Statistics New Zealand. March 2020. 7000195.
  18. Education Counts: Kohukohu School
  19. "New Zealand Schools Directory". New Zealand Ministry of Education. Retrieved 12 December 2022.
  20. Macrae, Alan (2011). "Heritage Assessment: Former Kohukohu School" (PDF). Department of Conservation.
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