2011 Polish parliamentary election

Parliamentary elections to both the Senate and the Sejm (lower house) were held in Poland on 9 October 2011. The previous election, in 2007, resulted in a Civic PlatformPolish People's Party government. All seats of both Houses were up for re-election.

2011 Polish parliamentary election

9 October 2011

All 460 seats to the Sejm
231 seats are needed for a majority in the Sejm
All 100 seats to the Senate of Poland
Turnout48.92%
  First party Second party Third party
 
Gościem dzisiejszego dnia jest Robert Korzeniowski (6166215272) (cropped).jpg
Jarosław Kaczyński Sejm 2016a (cropped).JPG
Janusz Palikot Sejm 2015 02.JPG
Leader Donald Tusk Jarosław Kaczyński Janusz Palikot
Party PO PiS RP
Leader since 1 June 2003 18 January 2003 18 October 2010
Leader's seat 19 – Warsaw I 19 – Warsaw I 19 – Warsaw I
Last election 209 seats, 41.5% 166 seats, 32.1% Did not exist
Seats before 208[1] 146[1] 0
Seats won 207 157 40
Seat change Decrease 1 Increase 11 Increase 40
Popular vote 5,629,773 4,295,016 1,439,490
Percentage 39.2% 29.9% 10.0%
Swing Decrease 2.3pp Decrease 2.2pp New party

  Fourth party Fifth party Sixth party
 
Waldemar Pawlak (8036264214) (cropped).jpg
Napieralski.jpg
Ryszard Galla posel (cropped).jpg
Leader Waldemar Pawlak Grzegorz Napieralski Ryszard Galla
Party PSL SLD KWMN
Leader since 29 January 2005 31 May 2008 25 September 2005
Leader's seat 16 – Płock 41 – Szczecin 21 – Opole
Last election 31 seats, 8.9% 53 seats, 13.2% 1 seat, 0.2%
Seats before 31[1] 43[1]
Seats won 28 27 1
Seat change Decrease 3 Decrease 16 Steady
Popular vote 1,201,628 1,184,303 28,014
Percentage 8.4% 8.2% 0.2%
Swing Decrease 0.5pp Decrease 5.0pp Steady

Seats won by Sejm District

Prime Minister before election

Donald Tusk
PO

Elected Prime Minister

Donald Tusk
PO

Prime Minister Donald Tusk's Civic Platform (PO) won a plurality of seats and Tusk became the first Polish prime minister to be appointed for a second consecutive term since the fall of communism. Both the Civic Platform and its junior partner, the Polish People's Party (PSL), agreed to continue their governing coalition after the election.

Electoral system

The election was for all 460 seats of the Sejm and all 100 seats of the Senate. Candidates for Deputies are nominated either by the electoral committees of the various political parties and or by individual voter committees.[2] The process of election for the Sejm is through party-list proportional representation via the D'hondt method in multi-seat constituencies (41 in total),[3] with a 5% threshold for single parties and 8% threshold for coalitions (requirements waived for national minorities).[4]

The election was the first one to take place under a new Election Code which altered the electoral system in the Senate election from a plurality block voting to the first-past-the-post voting, with one member to be returned in each of the 100 single member constituencies.[5]

There were 25,993 precincts for 30,512,850 voters.[6]

Senate constituencies.

Election date

The date of the election, October 9, was set by the President of Poland, Bronisław Komorowski,[7] and announced on 4 July. The latest possible date for the election to be held was 30 October 2011,[7] four years after the previous election. Prior to the announcement of the election date, the most likely dates were thought to be 16 October or 23 October.[8]

Although the governing coalition had a strong majority, it was suggested that the elections be brought forward to the spring,[9] to avoid the campaign interrupting Poland's Presidency of the Council of the European Union in the second half of the year. The idea was supported by the Democratic Left Alliance and Poland Comes First, but firmly opposed by Law and Justice.[10] The Civic Platform favoured an election date of 23 October.[11] Since the State Electoral Commission decided that 30 October falls too close to the national holiday of All Saints' Day,[12] and elections are always held on Sundays, 23 October was the latest possible date to hold the election. In the end, Komorowski decided on 9 October.

The idea of holding the election over two days instead of the usual one, to increase turnout, was raised.[11] An election over two days would have cost 130–140 million złoty, compared to 90 million for a one-day election.[12] The single day election option prevailed.

Parties

Civic Platform (PO), the largest governing party under prime minister Donald Tusk, was seeking reelection. Opinion polls over the past four years had fairly consistently shown the PO to have the largest level of popular support among Poland's political parties. PO was seeking either to win majority government in its own right, or to continue its coalition with the smaller Polish People's Party (PSL). During the election campaign, prime minister Donald Tusk ruled out the possibility of a coalition with either Law and Justice or Palikot's Movement.

Law and Justice Law and Justice (PiS), is Poland's second largest party as of 2007, and was the leading party of government from 2005–2007. PiS's greatest difficulty this election, was not only that it trailed PO in popular support, but that even if it were to outpoll the PO, it might have had difficulty in finding other parties willing to enter into a coalition with it. Jarosław Kaczyński had publicly denied the possibility of allying his party with the post-communist SLD and relations with the PSL (traditionally viewed by the media as an opportunist coalition partner, ready to form a coalition with everyone) were tense. This tension was exacerbated following PiS's spokesperson Adam Hofman's statement during the election campaign, in which he attacked PSL members in an abusive manner following the airing of the People's Party newest electoral TV ad.

Democratic Left Alliance Poland's strongest left-wing party, the Democratic Left Alliance (SLD) had struggled since 2005 to regain its position as one of the countries two largest parties. The SLD indicated its potential interest in being a coalition partner with PO following the election.

Polish People's Party The Polish People's Party (PSL) is an agrarian-rooted party. It was the minority partner in a coalition government with PO.[13] Although some opinion polls showed popular support for PSL to be dangerously close to the 5% electoral threshold, in the past PSL generally performed a little better than opinion polls indicated. It is widely seen as a coalition partner for every party that happens to need such.

Palikot's Movement Palikot's Movement (Ruch Palikota), officially the Movement of Support (Ruch Poparcia, RP), is a breakaway faction of the PO that followed MP Janusz Palikot after he had been expelled from the party for his "scandalous" remarks on late President Lech Kaczyński. The RP is distinctive on Poland's political scene in that it is the first party in the country's history that puts strong emphasis on its program's anticlerical features (the usual practice being that parties either try to win the Church's unofficial support or at least do not try to appear anti-Church) along with appeals for putting an end to the anti-abortion policy and introducing civil unions for same-sex couples. In terms of economy, the RP blends leftist and rightist ideas.

Poland Comes First A new party on the Polish political scene, Poland Comes First (PJN), emerged as a splinter group from PiS, following the 2010 Polish presidential election. PJN's future parliamentary representation was uncertain, given that most opinion polls showed support levels for PJN to be below the 5% electoral threshold. The party had suffered an almost constant internal crisis since its very foundation that led many of its MPs to leave it for the other parties in Parliament, including the most famous one, chairwoman Joanna Kluzik-Rostkowska, who joined the PO. Commentators argue that the PJN failed to establish itself as a real alternative on the political scene, being widely perceived as nothing but a milder variant of the party it had once left.

Other parties The only other party contesting all 41 electoral districts for the Sejm in 2011, was the Polish Labour Party (PPP). The remaining parties include Congress of the New Right (KNP) (21 districts), Right of the Republic (PR) (20 districts), Our Homeland Poland (NDP) (9 districts) and German Minority group (MN) (1 district). With the exception of the German Minority group (which as an ethnic minority party is exempt from the 5% election threshold requirement), these parties were not expected to poll the required 5% to enter the Sejm. Some other minor parties, had decided not to contest the elections independently, opting instead to negotiate a place for their candidates on the electoral lists of the larger parties. This strategy had worked for some minor parties in past elections, and seen them get some of their candidates elected in this way.[14]

Campaign

Tusk campaigned on a platform that drew on the record of its economic success during the previous government. He also said that he would pursue a "steady rapprochement" with Russia, in spite of prior rows over missile defence, gas pipelines and the inquiry into the plane crash that killed Poland's former president in 2010. Conversely the Law and Justice Party had been distrustful of Russia and Germany.[13]

Monitors

Various delegations from the electoral boards and of political party representatives from Tunisia, Egypt and Libya, due to hold their own free elections in the coming months, monitored the election in Warsaw, Radom and Płock at the invitations of the Foreign Ministry, as Deputy Foreign Minister Krzysztof Stanowski said that "I hope the climax of our help comes when [the countries’ policymakers] begin discussing the constitution, reforms in economy and local government." Rania Mbarki, from a local election commission in Tunis, said that "it's obligatory to stand in the voting booth before putting pen to paper. Here, the ballot papers are marked on tables with families around. There is a discussion. In our country it's confidential, we can't say what we have chosen, you can't show what you have chosen, so this is different for us;" while Mounira Belghouthi, from a local election board in Kairouan, added that the advanced voting machines were more technologically advanced than in Tunisia and they sought to get an idea its usage.[12]

Opinion polls

Opinion polls in the Polish parliamentary election, 2011 were first recorded on 16 May 2010 and culminated before election day on 9 October. The two largest parties, Civic Platform and the Law and Justice Party, reported significant declines in favourability; however, the former's breakaway Palikot Movement recorded a stellar rise, with little changes for the others.

Results

Powiats won by:
– Civic Platform
– Law and Justice
– Polish People's Party
– Democratic Left Alliance
Sejm election result
Senate election result by constituency.

With all votes counted, voter turnout was 48.92%. In the Sejm, Poznań recorded the highest turnout of 60.2% and Elbląg recorded the lowest turnout with 41.24%. The valid votes were 95.48% of the ballots. In the Senate, voter turnout was 48.92% with one of Warszawa I's seats recording the highest turnout of 73.61% and Opole recording the lowest turnout with 38.1%. The valid votes were 96.57% of the ballots.[15]

The Civic Platform party won a plurality with 207 seats in the Sejm, followed by the Law and Justice Party with 157 seats. The breakaway Palikot Movement won 40 seats and the second biggest incumbent coalition party, the Polish People's Party, won 28 seats. The Democratic Left Alliance got 27 seats.[13] In the Senate, Civic Platform won an absolute majority with 63 seats, while Law & Justice came away with 31. The only other party to achieve Senate representation was the Polish People's Party, which won 2 seats. Four independents were also elected.[16]

Sejm

PartyVotes%Seats+/–
Civic Platform5,629,77339.18207–2
Law and Justice4,295,01629.89157–9
Palikot's Movement1,439,49010.0240New
Polish People's Party1,201,6288.3628–3
Democratic Left Alliance1,184,3038.2427–26
Poland Comes First315,3932.190New
Congress of the New Right151,8371.060New
Polish Labour Party79,1470.5500
Right Wing of the Republic35,1690.240New
German Minority Electoral Committee28,0140.1910
Our Home Poland9,7330.0700
Total14,369,503100.004600
Valid votes14,369,50395.48
Invalid/blank votes680,5244.52
Total votes15,050,027100.00
Registered voters/turnout30,762,93148.92
Source: PKW

Party breakdown

Parties and coalitions Votes  % Seats
Civic Platform 5,123,486 35.66 191
Independents 491,259 3.42 16
Social Democracy of Poland 13,716 0.10 0
Democratic Party – demokraci.pl 1,312 0.01 0
Civic Platform 5,629,773 39.18 207
Law and Justice 3,545,517 24.67 132
Independents 679,793 4.73 23
National-Catholic Movement 48,647 0.34 1
Movement for Reconstruction of Poland 10,999 0.08 1
Piast Faction 8,678 0.06 0
Right Wing of the Republic* 1,382 0.01 0
United Right 4,295,016 29.89 157
Palikot's Movement 1,011,558 7.04 34
Independents 310,325 2.16 4
Reason of the Polish Left 94422 0.66 1
Democratic Left Alliance* 19,451 0.14 1
Democratic Party – demokraci.pl 1,614 0.01 0
Polish People's Party* 1,534 0.01 0
Palikot's Movement 1,439,490 10.02 40
Polish People's Party 966,426 6.73 27
Independents 235,105 1.64 1
Polish People's Party 1,201,628 8.36 28
Democratic Left Alliance 947,056 6.59 27
Independents 164,830 1.15 0
Labour Union 20,059 0.14 0
Women's Party 13,751 0.10 0
Greens 2004 12,445 0.09 0
Social Democracy of Poland 11,279 0.08 0
National Party of Retirees and Pensioners 7,326 0.05 0
Democratic Party – demokraci.pl 5,040 0.04 0
Movement for Economic Revival 1,035 0.01 0
Party of Regions 598 0.00 0
Polish Communist Party 518 0.00 0
Polish Socialist Party 360 0.00 0
Reason of the Polish Left 312 0.00 0
Self-Defence of the Republic of Poland* 190 0.00 0
Democratic Left Alliance 1,184,303 8.24 27
Poland Comes First 192,283 1.34 0
Independents 120,476 0.84 0
Alliance of Democrats 530 0.00 0
Polish People's Party* 516 0.00 0
National People's Movement 382 0.00 0
Conservative People's Party 286 0.00 0
League of Polish Families 265 0.00 0
National Party of Retirees and Pensioners 260 0.00 0
Law and Justice* 239 0.00 0
Union of Polish Monarchist Groups 156 0.00 0
Poland Comes First 315,393 2.19 0
Congress of the New Right 78,359 0.55 0
Independents 69,133 0.48 0
Real Politics Union 3,310 0.02 0
Party of Greens of the Republic of Poland 907 0.01 0
League of Polish Families 128 0.00 0
New Right of Janusz Korwin-Mikke 151,837 1.06 0
Independents 44,217 0.31 0
Polish Labour Party - August 80 31857 0.22 0
Self-Defence* 3,012 0.02 0
Polish Labour Party - August 80 79,147 0.55 0
Independents 19,964 0.14 0
Right Wing of the Republic 10,884 0.08 0
Real Politics Union 3,267 0.02 0
Piast Faction 370 0.00 0
League of Polish Families 360 0.00 0
Europe of the Free Homelands 65 0.00 0
Polish Nation Organization – Polish League 59 0.00 0
Christian Democracy of the 3rd Polish Republic 41 0.00 0
Polish Agreement 31 0.00 0
Labour Faction 18 0.00 0
Right Wing of the Republic 35,169 0.24 0
Independents 28,014 0.19 1
German Minority 28,014 0.19 1
Self-Defence of the Republic of Poland 7,102 0.05 0
Independents 2,552 0.02 0
League of Polish Families 60 0.00 0
Patriotic Poland 19 0.00 0
Our Home Poland - Andrzej Lepper's Self-Defence 9,733 0.07 0
Total 14,369,503 100 460
Source: Pliki Do Pobrania Okręgi wyborcze National Electoral Commission[lower-alpha 1]

* – individual members running on lists different from their own parties

Senate

PartyVotes%Seats+/–
Civic Platform5,173,30035.6063+3
Law and Justice3,915,35526.9431–8
Polish People's Party1,363,7969.392+2
Democratic Left Alliance1,355,1519.3300
Citizens to the Senate504,7923.470New
Rafał Dutkiewicz Electoral Committee261,1351.801New
Autonomy for Upper Silesia147,7101.020New
Poland Comes First109,1820.750New
Right Wing of the Republic82,1150.570New
Polish Labour Party76,9130.530New
Congress of the New Right73,0280.500New
W. Lubawskiego Senate for Citizens39,6390.270New
Podhalanie38,2430.260New
German Minority Electoral Committee34,2470.2400
Civic Poland33,4220.230New
San Valley Self-Government25,2960.170New
Nowy Ekran23,3690.160New
Bezpartyjni.pl19,8250.140New
League for the Defence of Sovereignty19,4400.130New
Confederation, Dignity and Rule of Law18,2770.130New
Our Home Poland16,3140.1100
Alliance for Poland13,8090.100New
Democratic Party12,8000.0900
Independent to the Senate10,2420.070New
League of Polish Families8,1670.0600
Ojcowizna3,2270.020New
Patriotic Poland3,4820.020New
Slavic Union2,9770.0200
National Revival of Poland2,9340.0200
Independents1,143,2757.873+2
Total14,531,462100.001000
Valid votes14,531,46296.57
Invalid/blank votes516,7983.43
Total votes15,048,260100.00
Registered voters/turnout30,762,93148.92
Source: PKW, Plankton Polityczny

By constituency

#VoivodeshipCommission#PartyElected member
1Lower SilesianLegnicaICivic CoalitionJan Michalski
2IICivic CoalitionJózef Pinior
3IIILaw and JusticeDorota Czudowska
4WałbrzychICivic CoalitionWiesław Kilian
5IICivic CoalitionStanisław Jurcewicz
6WrocławICivic CoalitionJarosław Duda
7IICivic CoalitionAlicja Chybicka
8IIIRafał Dutkiewicz Electoral CommitteeJarosław Obremski
9Kuyavian-PomeranianBydgoszczICivic CoalitionAndrzej Kobiak
10IICivic CoalitionJan Rulewski
11ToruńICivic CoalitionJan Wyrowiński
12IICivic CoalitionMichał Wojtczak
13IIICivic CoalitionAndrzej Person
14LublinLublinILaw and JusticeStanisław Gogacz
15IILaw and JusticeGrzegorz Czelej
16IIILaw and JusticeHenryk Cioch
17ChełmILaw and JusticeGrzegorz Bierecki
18IIPolish People's PartyJózef Zając
19IIILaw and JusticeJerzy Chróścikowski
20LubuszZielona GóraICivic CoalitionStanisław Iwan
21IICivic CoalitionHelena Hatka
22IIICivic CoalitionRobert Dowhan
23ŁódźŁódźICivic CoalitionMaciej Grubski
24IICivic CoalitionRyszard Bonisławski
25SieradzILaw and JusticePrzemysław Błaszczyk
26IICivic CoalitionAndrzej Owczarek
27IIILaw and JusticeMichał Seweryński
28Piotrków TrybunalskiILaw and JusticeWiesław Dobkowski
29IILaw and JusticeGrzegorz Wojciechowski
30Lesser PolandKrakówILaw and JusticeAndrzej Pająk
31IILaw and JusticeBogdan Pęk
32IIICivic CoalitionJanusz Sepioł
33IVCivic CoalitionBogdan Klich
34TarnówILaw and JusticeMaciej Klima
35IILaw and JusticeKazimierz Wiatr
36Nowy SączICivic CoalitionStanisław Hodorowicz
37IILaw and JusticeStanisław Kogut
38MasovianPłockILaw and JusticeMarek Martynowski
39IILaw and JusticeJan Jackowski
40WarszawaICivic CoalitionAnna Aksamit
41IICivic CoalitionŁukasz Abgarowicz
42IIIIndependentMarek Borowski
43IVCivic CoalitionMarek Rocki
44VCivic CoalitionBarbara Borys-Damięcka
45VICivic CoalitionAleksander Pociej
46SiedlceILaw and JusticeRobert Mamątow
47IILaw and JusticeHenryk Górski
48IIILaw and JusticeWaldemar Kraska
49RadomILaw and JusticeStanisław Karczewski
50IILaw and JusticeWojciech Skurkiewicz
51OpoleOpoleICivic CoalitionRyszard Knosala
52IICivic CoalitionPiotr Wach
53IIICivic CoalitionAleksander Świeykowski
54SubcarpathianRzeszówILaw and JusticeJanina Sagatowska
55IILaw and JusticeWładysław Ortyl
56IIILaw and JusticeKazimierz Jaworski
57KrosnoILaw and JusticeAlicja Zając
58IILaw and JusticeAndrzej Matusiewicz
59PodlaskieBiałystokILaw and JusticeBohdan Paszkowski
60IICivic CoalitionTadeusz Arłukowicz
61IIIIndependentWłodzimierz Cimoszewicz
62PomeranianSłupskICivic CoalitionKazimierz Kleina
63IICivic CoalitionRoman Zaborowski
64IIICivic CoalitionEdmund Wittbrodt
65GdańskICivic CoalitionBogdan Borusewicz
66IICivic CoalitionAndrzej Grzyb
67IIICivic CoalitionLeszek Czarnobaj
68SilesianCzęstochowaICivic CoalitionJarosław Lasecki
69IICivic CoalitionAndrzej Szewiński
70KatowiceICivic CoalitionMaria Pańczyk-Pozdziej
71IICivic CoalitionAndrzej Misiołek
72Bielsko-BiałaICivic CoalitionAdam Zdziebło
73IICivic CoalitionAntoni Motyczka
74KatowiceIIICivic CoalitionLeszek Piechota
75IVCivic CoalitionElżbieta Bieńkowska
76VCivic CoalitionZbigniew Meres
77VICivic CoalitionBogusław Śmigielski
78Bielsko-BiałaIIICivic CoalitionRafał Muchacki
79IVCivic CoalitionTadeusz Kopeć
80KatowiceVIIIndependentKazimierz Kutz
81ŚwiętokrzyskieKielceILaw and JusticeMieczysław Gil
82IILaw and JusticeBeata Gosiewska
83III Law and JusticeKrzysztof Słoń
84Warmian-MasurianElblągICivic CoalitionWitold Gintowt-Dziewałtowski
85IICivic CoalitionStanisław Gorczyca
86OlsztynICivic CoalitionRyszard Górecki
87IICivic CoalitionMarek Konopka
88Greater PolandPiłaICivic CoalitionMieczysław Augustyn
89IICivic CoalitionJan Libicki
90PoznańICivic CoalitionMarek Ziółkowski
91IICivic CoalitionJadwiga Rotnicka
92KoninICivic CoalitionPiotr Gruszczyński
93IICivic CoalitionIreneusz Niewiarowski
94KaliszICivic CoalitionMarian Poślednik
95IIPolish People's PartyAndżelika Możdżanowska
96IIICivic CoalitionWitold Sitarz
97West PomeranianSzczecinICivic CoalitionNorbert Obrycki
98IICivic CoalitionSławomir Preiss
99KoszalinICivic CoalitionGrażyna Sztark
100IICivic CoalitionPiotr Zientarski

Reactions

Civic Platform's Donald Tusk said of the victory that: "It is the highest honour for me and for Civic Platform that we will be working for the next four years for all of you, regardless of who you voted for today. In the next four years we will work twice as hard."[13] The Law and Justice Party's Jaroslaw Kaczynski conceded defeat.[17] Polish financial markets reacted positively to the outcome, while the zloty rose.[18]

Analysis

The Civic Platform was considered to be the big winner of the election, being the only Polish political party to have achieved reelection over the past 20 years of democratic elections. Further to that, PO saw only a very small voter swing against it (-2.3%) and a loss of only two seats from its 2007 outcome which was a record result. The other big winner, was the newly established Palikot Movement, which managed to poll double figures (10%) to come in at third place, ahead of PSL and SLD, both of which were longstanding established parties. Opinion polls, of only a month or so prior to the election, had Palikot's Movement at around 2% of the vote, well below the election threshold. The Polish People's Party (8.4%) managed to hang on to its support base (despite some opinion polls suggesting that they would struggle to achieve the threshold), allowing it to continue its coalition with PO, and maintain its level of representation in the new government.

On the other hand, Law and Justice was one of the big losers in the election. PiS was seeking to defeat PO, but failed to even lift its own vote (falling from over 32% in 2007 to less than 30% in 2011). The other big loser was the Democratic Left Alliance, which for the first time in its history failed to achieve a result above 10% (2001 -40%, 2005 - 11%, 2007 - 13%). It was the first time in which SLD fell to fifth place in party results, and the first time in which it polled below the Polish People's Party. Poland Comes First, failed to capture the middle ground between the two major parties, as it was hoping to do, and lost all of its parliamentary seats, achieving only a very modest 2.2% of the vote.

Bloomberg said of the victory for Civic Platform that, as Poland was the only EU country to avoid a recession in 2009, it could continue with its economic initiatives such as consolidating the budget with an expected shortfall and also to avoid austerity measures that many other EU countries have been forced to endure. It also added that the success of the breakaway Palikot movement, coupled with the People Party's reluctance to support some policies, could provide a counterweight to keeping Civic Platform from getting complacent.[19]

Government formation

Following Civic Platform's victory, Tusk said that his party's coalition alliance with the smaller Polish People's Party would continue.[17] Tusk also declared that his ministry would remain unchanged for the remainder of the year, citing the fact that this was the preferable course of action given Poland's presidency of the EU, which continues to the end of the year.[20]

Notes

  1. In result breakdown by candidate provided by the National Electoral Commission, the sum of party votes are different from final released vote totals for coalitions for Palikot's Movement (by 586), Polish People's Party (by 96), Democratic Left Alliance (by 496), Polish Labour Party - August 80 (by 61) and Right Wing of the Republic (by 110). In the table, figures provided for each party are taken from the candidate breakdown while coalition sums are taken from the final result.

References

  1. "Kluby i koła w Sejmie VI kadencji". Sejm of the Republic of Poland (in Polish). Archived from the original on 15 October 2019. Retrieved 12 August 2021.
  2. "Electoral law". Sejm of the Republic of Poland. Archived from the original on 27 February 2021. Retrieved 12 August 2021.
  3. Álvarez-Rivera, Manuel. "Elections to the Polish Sejm, Part I". Election Resources on the Internet. Archived from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 12 August 2021.
  4. "Republic Of Poland." Background Notes On Countries Of The World 2003 (2003): 1-13. Academic Search Premier. Web. 22 Dec. 2011.
  5. "Poland 2011". World Elections. 12 October 2011. Archived from the original on 24 November 2020. Retrieved 12 August 2021.
  6. "Elections 2011 to the Sejm and Senate". National Electoral Commission. Archived from the original on 7 June 2021. Retrieved 12 August 2021.
  7. "President to choose election date". TheNews.pl. Polskie Radio. 24 February 2010. Retrieved 20 December 2010.
  8. "Parliamentary elections on October 16 or 23 - Warsaw Business Journal - Online Portal - wbj.pl". Archived from the original on 2011-09-26. Retrieved 2011-03-03.
  9. "An interview with Joanna Kluzik-Rostkowska". The Economist. 1 December 2010. Retrieved 20 December 2010.
  10. "Spring elections before Poland's EU presidency?". TheNews.pl. Polskie Radio. 10 December 2010. Retrieved 20 December 2010.
  11. "PM and president discuss possible election date". TheNews.pl. Polskie Radio. 2 March 2011. Retrieved 20 December 2010.
  12. "State commission gives possible election dates". TheNews.pl. Polskie Radio. 24 February 2011. Retrieved 20 December 2010.
  13. "Poland re-elects PM Donald Tusk". BBC News. 10 October 2011.
  14. "IFES Election Guide | Elections: Poland Sejm October 2011". www.electionguide.org. Retrieved 2022-08-11.
  15. "Elections 2011 to the Sejm and Senate". National Electoral Commission. Archived from the original on 7 June 2021. Retrieved 12 August 2021.
  16. "Elections 2011 - Senate Results". National Electoral Commission. Retrieved 2011-10-12.
  17. "Polish PM wins second term". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 12 October 2011. Retrieved 12 August 2021.
  18. Pidd, Helen (10 October 2011). "Poland re-elects PM Donald Tusk". The Guardian. London.
  19. Bartyzel, Dorota; Rozlal, Monika (11 October 2011). "Poland's New Parliamentary Party May Help Spur Tusk's Economic Overhaul". Bloomberg.
  20. "Election 2011 – Tusk: 'No change in government till New Year'". Polskie Radio. 12 October 2011. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 12 August 2021.
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