Operation Atlas (Mandatory Palestine)

Three captured parachutists

Numerous German-Arab commando operations were conducted over 1943-1944 from North Africa to Syria and Iraq, in order to collect intelligence, conduct sabotage operations against the Allies, and to foment uprisings.[3] Haj Amin al-Husseini was one of prominent Palestinian Arabs leaders who fled Mandatory Palestine in 1937 during 1936–1939 uprising and spent World War II period as visiting collaborator of the Axis Powers.

As the Allied forces closed in on Germany from the west of the Rhine and from the east through Prussia, operations were devised to disrupt and divert Allied forces on Germany's southern and eastern flanks. One such operation in the Middle Eastern theatre consisted of at least one sabotage operation in Palestine. The Waffen SS unit members were ordered to contact pro-Nazi agents in Palestine and set up secret bases in the region.

The operation, originally developed out by Walter Lorch and named Elias, was redesigned by his nephew Kurt Wieland in the summer of 1944 as Operation Atlas.[4] A similar plan had been hatched by Abdullatif Zul el-Kifel, a member of the circle around Amin al-Husayni.[lower-alpha 1] Al-Husayni argued that were the Jewish insurgency against British authorities in Palestine to fail, they would redirct their anger against Palestinian Arabs who would stand in need of leadership. The Palestine Arab Party (PAP) in Palestine was also pressing for action to retaliate for Arabs deaths incurred by the Jewish revolt.[lower-alpha 2] al-Husayni imagined preparing the ground by such an operation so that they could take over the leadership in what would be a defensive operation.[5] He also insisted that the Palestinian commandos in such a raiding operation avoid any confrontations with the British Mandatory power, envisaging that desistence would improve his future negotiating power in the region.[6]

To obtain Nazi support for his version of the plan, al-Husayni had to overcome his reluctance to allow Palestinian Germans to participate in the operation.[7] On the other hand, the anti-Jewish focus suited the SS, and one original proposal by Karl Tschierschky to include an Atlas attack on the Haifa Oil Refinery that would provoke British reprisals was scuppered for that reason.[7]

The implementation of this particular plan was assigned to Kurt Wieland, an intelligence operative, whose background in the region would enable him to make use of his operational experience, his familiarity with Palestine and his connections with the locals. Wieland was a Palestine-born German from the Templer community in Sarona and had developed a personal animus against the Yishuv after his family business had suffered as a result of a local Jewish anti-Nazi boycott.[8] He became head of the Palestinian Hitler Youth in 1938. He joined the Brandenburg regiment in 1940, Mallmann & Cüppers 2010, p. 201 and took part in the SSF covert German mission to Iraq in 1941. Wieland was assigned to the military intelligence corps due to his knowledge of languages. He advanced rapidly in the ranks and was soon appointed major, serving in the special commando unit of the Waffen-SS under the command of Otto Skorzeny. The unit involved belonged to Amt V1, the Third Reich's civilian foreign intelligence agency.[3] Wieland was in charge of the technical side of the operation.[9]

In addition to Wieland, two more German Templars, from the Brandenburg division: were assigned to the unit. Werner Frank, born in Haifa and a member of the Hitler Youth organization since 1934, was a radio-operator born in Haifa. Friedrich Deininger, born in Waldheim. Deininger had assisted the Palestinian Arab forces during the Palestinian uprising and, as a result, had been imprisoned at Bat Yam..

Two Palestinian Arabs, attached to Amin al Husseini's milieu in Germany, were also assigned to the unit: Hasan Salama,[10][11] and Abdul Latif, a native of Jerusalem, who had been sent into exile for involvement in the 1936-9 uprising and became the Berlin editor of the mufti's Arabic radio addresses Mallmann & Cüppers 2010, p. 201. He was delegated to look after political connections Adams 2009, p. 15. All five members of the unit were briefed by al-Husseini before the mission Mallmann & Cüppers 2010, p. 201.

The operation was a failure from the start due to intelligence gathered earlier by the local authorities about German operations in the area due to the defection of Abwehr agent Erich Vermehren earlier in February 1944 Adams 2009, p. 15, mismanagement of the parachute drop, and the cold reception their presence in the area encountered from local Palestinian Arabs Adams 2009, p. 15.

On the night of 6 October 1944, the five unit members parachuted from a captured B17 Flying Fortress flown by Luftwaffe KG 200 over the Jericho region in Wadi Qelt. Their equipment included submachine guns, dynamite, radio equipment, a duplicating machine, a German-Arabic dictionary Mallmann & Cüppers 2010, p. 201, 5,000 Pound sterling in different currencies and explosives. It was the discovery of these dispersed cargo boxes on 9 October that alerted the British to the fact an operation was underway Mallmann & Cüppers 2010, p. 201.

The unit was dropped in different locations near Jericho, and most of their equipment scattered around those locations. Hasan Salama, who was injured during the parachuting, began heading towards Jerusalem after he landed. Abdul Latif and two Germans hid in a cave in Wadi Qelt.

Both local people recommended by the Mufti, Nafith and Ali Bey al-Husseini, refused to provide any support to the commando. Later, during his interrogation by the police, Abdul Latif claimed that Ali Bey had stated that "he was not mad enough to provide them any support". He added that Nafith Bey had explained to him that they were not aware of the political relationship between Arabs and British and that it was a terrible mistake to participate to such an adventure with Germans.[12]

Kurt Wieland, Werner Frank and Abdul Latif were captured. The information about their capture was revealed to the inhabitants of Palestine in October 1944. On 16 October the British Mandate authorities published the following official statement:

Police information led to a combined military and police operation in the Wadi Qelt area and resulted in an important arrests by the Trans Jordan Frontier Force

On 27 October a full report of the capturing of the enemy parachutists was published in the Davar newspaper under the title:

Enemy parachutists were captured nine days after parachuting in the region. two Germans and one Arab. – They came equipped with money, Arab dictionaries and weapons.

The newspaper stated that on 8 October, the Jericho police chief learned that gold coins were being circulated in the city. As a result, an investigation was initiated which resulted in the seizure of gold coins from five local shepherds. The shepherds told the policemen of the site in which they discovered the coins. As a result, a manhunt began which involved military and local police forces, as well as members of the Arab Legion and the Transjordan Frontier Force. On 16 October a sergeant in the Jordanian Frontier Force discovered a man dressed in traditional Arab clothing, standing at the entrance to a cave and holding a gun. The man surrendered without a fight and soon afterwards two additional people were discovered inside the cave, a German and an Arab.

Hasan Salama and Frederick Deininger were not captured, and several days afterwards, the search for them was halted. Deininger was not caught until 1946, when he attempted to renew contact with his family in Wilhelma. Hasan Salama managed to flee to a house of a doctor in a small village near Qula, where he had a foot injury treated.

• Enemy parachutists have been captured, Davar, 27 October 1944 (Hebrew)
• 3 Nazi air officers caught in Palestine, published on The New York Times on 28 October 1944
• Nazi Parachutists Taken In Palestine, published on the Milwaukee Journal on 1 November 1944
• Nazis planned Palestine subversion, published on BBC News on 5 July 2001