Operation Dada Idi

Map of Mpigi and surrounding locales

The Tanzanian-led forces did not pause after their victory at Lukaya, and instead renewed their advance toward Kampala.[17] This offensive was code-named "Operation Dada Idi",[18] and involved the 201st, 207th and 208th Brigades.[17] To secure the way to Kampala, the Tanzanians aimed at capturing Mpigi.[18] Diplomats reported that Amin initially planned to make a defensive "last stand" at this strategically important town close to Entebbe and 30 miles (48 km) south of Kampala.[19] However, any attempts at organising a proper defence were hampered by the chaos among Amin's forces. The area between Lukaya and Kampala was "crowded" with Ugandan and Libyan troops who mostly tried to flee to the capital.[17] Many Ugandan soldiers went rogue or deserted, often trying to flee north and then across the border to Zaire or Sudan.[20][21]

With the pro-Amin forces disorganised, the initial Tanzanian advance after Lukaya encountered no resistance. TPDF soldiers chanced upon a bus carrying Ugandan soldiers at Buwama which they took intact, while twenty Ugandans were killed as they tried to run away on foot. The Tanzanians eventually rested at a Catholic mission at Mtola Maria, where some of the exhausted troops played the Tanzanian national hymn, Mungu ibariki Afrika, at the church organ.[17] Around this time, Major General Musuguri was provided with intelligence reports according to which Mpigi had been garrisoned and fortified by "a strong Amin force".[17] Historian Richard J. Reid stated that the Ugandan President managed to gather around 3,000 Uganda Army soldiers, mostly of Sudanese origin, and a smaller number of Libyan and PLO troops at the town.[1] The PLO forces under Mahmoud Da'as reportedly played a major role in the attempts to set up defenses around Kampala.[22] Musuguri consequently ordered the 207th and 208th Brigades to directly advance on Mpigi, while the 201st Brigade would circumvent the town to the west, cutting off the road and railway line from Fort Portal to Kampala.[17] In anticipation of the attack, Ugandan forces took complete control of Mpigi while the civilian population evacuated.[23]

As the Tanzanians secured the areas around Mpigi, they clashed with bands of pro-Amin forces for a few days.[1][17] Mostly hindered by rain and difficult terrain in its advance, the TPDF easily killed several groups of Uganda Army soldiers, capturing several tanks, armoured personnel carriers, artillery pieces, Land Rovers, and buses.[17] Meanwhile, the 201st Brigade advanced down the Mityana road.[24] They encountered a Libyan camp at a coffee farm close to Mityana, overrunning it and killing 30 enemy soldiers.[17] On 19 March the brigade occupied the village of Kabolasoke. A 5-man team of sappers led by Lieutenant Alfred Marwa was dispatched to the Matonga area to mine the Maddu-Mityana road.[24] While completing this task the group was warned by a passing civilian that a Uganda Army vehicle was approaching their position from Mubende.[25] The Tanzanians laid an ambush and opened fire on the car as it approached. Its occupants—a Ugandan lieutenant colonel and his four bodyguards—dove out and managed to escape into the bush unharmed, but the sappers seized their vehicle.[26]

According to an exiled, unidentified "high Ugandan official", several members of the Ugandan high command urged Amin to step down in the second half of March. The President refused to do so, calling the officers cowards and declaring "If you don't want to fight, I'll do it myself." He consequently fired Army Chief of Staff Yusuf Gowon, and appointed Ali Fadhul as replacement.[27] At some point, a Tanzanian reconnaissance team spotted Amin as he was arriving at Mpigi in a Mercedes Benz, where he subsequently spoke to soldiers at a rally. When the TPDF frontline commanders were informed, they refrained from targeting the Ugandan President, as they had no desire to see his possible replacement surrender early and prevent the TPDF from capturing Kampala in battle.[28] On 26 March, the TPDF cut the road between Kampala and Entebbe, preventing further reinforcements and materiel from reaching the Ugandan capital.[29]

At some point, the defenders at Mpigi melted away, looting the town before fleeing to Kampala. The Tanzanians encountered no resistance when they occupied the settlement[28] on 28 March.[30][lower-alpha 1] The Ugandans continued looting as they fled, stripping displaced persons of their belongings and searching for vehicles to hasten their retreat.[31] Historian Richard J. Reid argued that the confrontation at Mpigi constituted "Amin's last stand".[1] The TPDF set up artillery at Mpigi, and began to shell Entebbe and Kampala.[29] On the same day, Radio Uganda and exile sources stated that Mityana had fallen to the TPDF.[32] At some point in late March, Tanzanians and Ugandan insurgents killed about two dozen Libyans in a clash at King's College Budo; the TPDF consequently occupied the college grounds to house some of its troops.[33]

By late March, diplomats estimated that just two Uganda Army battalions counting 2,500 soldiers remained loyal to Amin. Regardless, the Ugandan President and his high command prepared for a "showdown" north of Mpigi, clearing the area of civilians.[29] According to journalist Jonathan C.R., Amin committed his "praetorian guard" of "Nubian mercenaries and his own Kakwa tribesmen" to stop the TPDF advance.[34] This force reportedly included the Malire Battalion.[35] There were reports about clashes and shootouts in Kampala, possibly involving mutinous Uganda Army troops.[32]

At the same time, the Tanzanian commanders changed their original attack plans. Instead of striking at Kampala, they opted to attack Entebbe first, having observed a high volume of Libyan air traffic and a large contingent of Ugandan and Libyan soldiers at the peninsula from the high ground in Mpigi. If the TPDF seized Kampala before securing the town of Entebbe, TPDF positions in Kampala would be vulnerable to a flanking attack.[36] To support the assault on Entebbe, the TPDF occupied Katende near Mpigi where it deployed a company of tanks and an artillery battery. The Tanzanians then advanced south, overwhelming Ugandan and Libyan troops at Nakawuka, killing thirteen.[18] The Uganda Army and Libyan force launched a counter-attack with tanks, BM-21 Grad multiple rocket launchers, and anti-tank rifles on 4 April.[18][37] The operation took place at a tea or coffee plantation near Lubowa, about 5 miles (8.0 km) south of Kampala.[34][37] This assault quickly faltered in the face of heavy Tanzanian resistance, causing the Ugandans to flee while leaving most of their equipment behind.[18] The Libyans reportedly suffered heavy losses.[35] Afterwards, TPDF-led forces occupied Makindye, 2 miles (3.2 km) south of Kampala.[37]

Also on 4 April, Amin organised a four‐member war planning committee consisting of the few officers who were still loyal to him: Ali Fadhul, Juma Oris, Hussein Marijan, and Juma Sabuni. By then, Amin feared not just defeat at the hands of the Tanzanians, but also an internal coup. He reportedly sent appeals to Syria and Iraq for help, while Libyan troops began to desert their positions in Kampala. In a rally at the capital, Amin still promised his soldiers that victory remained possible and urged them to continue fighting.[27] On 5 April, the TPDF clashed with a Libyan contingent at Kisubi, where 10 Libyans were killed in action, 13 captured, and several drowned in the nearby swamps. The Tanzanians surrounded Entebbe on the following day.[18]