Orders of magnitude (molar concentration)

This page lists examples of the orders of magnitude of molar concentration. Source values are parenthesized where unit conversions were performed.

M denotes the non-SI unit molar:

1 M = 1 mol/L = 10−3 mol/m3.

All orders
List of orders of magnitude for molar concentration
Factor (Molarity) SI prefix Value Item
10−24 yM 1.66 yM1 elementary entity per litre[1]
8.5 yMairborne bacteria in the upper troposphere (5100/m3)[2]
10−23
10−22
10−21zM 3.6 zMsolar neutrinos on Earth (6.5×1010 /cm2⋅s)[3]
10−20 12 zMradon in ambient, outdoor air in the United States (0.4 pCi/L ≈ 7000/L)[4]
10−19 120 zMindoor radon at the EPA's "action level" (4 pCi/L ≈ 70000/L)[5]
686 zMcosmic microwave background photons in outer space (413/cm3)[6]
10−18aM
10−17
10−16
10−15fM2 fMbacteria in surface seawater (1×109/L)[7]
10−14 20 fMvirions in surface layer North Atlantic seawater (10×109/L)[8]
50–100 fMgold in seawater[9]
10−13
10−12pM7.51–9.80 pMnormal range for erythrocytes in blood in an adult male ((4.52–5.90)×1012/L)[10][11]
10−11 10–100 pMgold in undersea hydrothermal fluids[9]
10−10170 pMupper bound for healthy insulin when fasting[12]
10−9nM5 nMinhaled osmium tetroxide is immediately dangerous to life or health (1 mg Os/m3)[13]
10−8
10−7101 nMhydronium and hydroxide ions in pure water at 25 °C (pKW = 13.99)[14]
10−6μM
10−5
10−4 180–480 μMnormal range for uric acid in blood[10]
570 μMinhaled carbon monoxide induces unconsciousness in 2–3 breaths and death in < 3 min (12800 ppm)[15]
10−3 mM 0.32–32 mMnormal range of hydronium ions in stomach acid (pH 1.5–3.5)[16]
5.5 mMupper bound for healthy blood glucose when fasting[17]
7.8 mMupper bound for healthy blood glucose 2 hours after eating[17]
10−2 cM 20 mMneutrinos during a supernova, 1 AU from the core (1058 over 10 s)[18]
44.6 mMpure ideal gas at 0 °C and 101.325 kPa[19]
10−1 dM140 mMsodium ions in blood plasma[10]
480 mMsodium ions in seawater[20]
100M1 Mstandard state concentration for defining thermodynamic activity[21]
101 daM 17.5 M pure (glacial) acetic acid (1.05 g/cm3)[22]
40 Mpure solid hydrogen (86 g/L)[23]
55.5 Mpure water at 3.984 °C, temperature of its maximum density (1.0000 g/cm3)[24]
102 hM 118.8 Mpure osmium at 20 °C (22.587 g/cm3)[25]
140.5 Mpure copper at 25 °C (8.93 g/cm3)
103kM
10424 kMhelium in the solar core (150 g/cm3 ⋅ 65%)[26]
105
106MM
107
108122.2 MMnuclei in a white dwarf from a 3 M☉ progenitor star (106.349 g/cm3)[27]
109GM
1010
1011
1012TM
1013
1014
1015PM
1016
1017228 PMnucleons in atomic nuclei (2.3×1017 kg/m3 = 1.37×1044/m3)[28]
1018EM
...
10773.9×1077 Mthe Planck concentration (2.4×10104/m3), inverse of the Planck volume


SI multiples
SI multiples of molar (M)
Submultiples Multiples
Value SI symbol Name Value SI symbol Name
10−1 M dM decimolar 101 M daM decamolar
10−2 M cM centimolar 102 M hM hectomolar
10−3 M mM millimolar 103 M kM kilomolar
10−6 M µM micromolar 106 M MM megamolar
10−9 M nM nanomolar 109 M GM gigamolar
10−12 M pM picomolar 1012 M TM teramolar
10−15 M fM femtomolar 1015 M PM petamolar
10−18 M aM attomolar 1018 M EM examolar
10−21 M zM zeptomolar 1021 M ZM zettamolar
10−24 M yM yoctomolar 1024 M YM yottamolar
10−27 M rM rontomolar 1027 M RM ronnamolar
10−30 M qM quectomolar 1030 M QM quettamolar

See also

References
  1. 1/L ÷ NA ≈ 1.66 yM
  2. DeLeon-Rodriguez, Natasha; Lathem, Terry L.; Rodriguez-R, Luis M.; Barazesh, James M.; Anderson, Bruce E.; Beyersdorf, Andreas J.; Ziemba, Luke D.; Bergin, Michael; Nenes, Athanasios; Konstantinidis, Konstantinos T. (12 February 2013). "Microbiome of the upper troposphere: Species composition and prevalence, effects of tropical storms, and atmospheric implications". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 110 (7): 2575–2580. Bibcode:2013PNAS..110.2575D. doi:10.1073/pnas.1212089110. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 3574924. PMID 23359712.
  3. Bahcall, John N.; Serenelli, Aldo M.; Basu, Sarbani (1 March 2005). "New Solar Opacities, Abundances, Helioseismology, and Neutrino Fluxes". The Astrophysical Journal. 621 (1): L85–L88. arXiv:astro-ph/0412440. Bibcode:2005ApJ...621L..85B. doi:10.1086/428929. S2CID 1374022.
  4. "Radon Toxicity Case Study: What are the Standards and Regulations for Environmental Radon Levels? | ATSDR - Environmental Medicine & Environmental Health Education - CSEM". www.atsdr.cdc.gov. CDC. Retrieved 26 November 2018.
  5. Basic Radon Facts (Report). United States Environmental Protection Agency. July 2016. Retrieved 14 December 2018.
  6. Smoot, George F. (13 May 1997). "The Cosmic Microwave Background Spectrum". arXiv:astro-ph/9705101. Bibcode:1997astro.ph..5101S. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  7. Gamfeldt, Lars; Lefcheck, Jonathan S.; Byrnes, Jarrett E. K.; Cardinale, Bradley J.; Duffy, J. Emmett; Griffin, John N. (March 2015). "Marine biodiversity and ecosystem functioning: what's known and what's next?". Oikos. 124 (3): 252–265. doi:10.1111/oik.01549.
  8. Bergh, Øivind; Børsheim, Knut Yngve; Bratbak, Gunnar; Heldal, Mikal (August 1989). "High abundance of viruses found in aquatic environments". Nature. 340 (6233): 467–468. Bibcode:1989Natur.340..467B. doi:10.1038/340467a0. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 2755508. S2CID 4271861.
  9. Kenison Falkner, K.; Edmond, J. M. (1 May 1990). "Gold in seawater". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 98 (2): 208–221. Bibcode:1990E&PSL..98..208K. doi:10.1016/0012-821X(90)90060-B. ISSN 0012-821X.
  10. Reference ranges for blood tests
  11. "Erythrocyte Count (RBC): Reference Range, Interpretation, Collection and Panels". Medscape. 7 January 2017. Retrieved 26 November 2018.
  12. "Insulin: Reference Range, Interpretation, Collection and Panels". Medscape. WebMD. 22 April 2018. Retrieved 30 November 2018.
  13. "CDC - Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations (IDLH): Osmium tetroxide (as Os) - NIOSH Publications and Products". www.cdc.gov. CDC. 2 November 2018. Retrieved 28 November 2018.
  14. Bandura, Andrei V.; Lvov, Serguei N. (2006). "The Ionization Constant of Water over Wide Ranges of Temperature and Density" (PDF). Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data. 35 (1): 15–30. Bibcode:2006JPCRD..35...15B. doi:10.1063/1.1928231.
  15. Goldstein, Mark (December 2008). "Carbon Monoxide Poisoning". Journal of Emergency Nursing. 34 (6): 538–542. doi:10.1016/j.jen.2007.11.014. PMID 19022078.
  16. Marieb EN, Hoehn K (2010). Human anatomy & physiology. San Francisco: Benjamin Cummings. ISBN 978-0-8053-9591-4.
  17. "Type 2 diabetes - Diagnosis and treatment - Mayo Clinic". www.mayoclinic.org.
  18. "nature physics portal - looking back - Neutrinos and neutrino mass from a supernova". www.nature.com. Nature Publishing Group 2006. Retrieved 26 November 2018.
  19. Vm = 8.3145 × 273.15 / 101.325 = 22.414 dm3/mol
  20. 0.469 mol/kg at an average density of 1.025 kg/L
  21. The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). "IUPAC - standard concentration (S05909)". goldbook.iupac.org. Retrieved 2022-11-13.
  22. PubChem. "Acetic Acid". pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2022-11-13.
  23. Dewar, James (1899). "Sur la solidification de l'hydrogène". Annales de Chimie et de Physique. 18: 145–150.
  24. Franks, Felix, ed. (1974). The Physics and Physical Chemistry of Water (2 ed.). New York: Plenum Press. p. 376. ISBN 9781468483345.
  25. Arblaster, J. W. (1995). "Osmium, the Densest Metal Known". Platinum Metals Review. 39 (4): 164. Archived from the original on 2011-09-27. Retrieved 2018-11-30.
  26. "Helio- and Asteroseismology". solar-center.stanford.edu. Stanford SOLAR Center. Retrieved 26 November 2018.
  27. Fields, C. E.; Farmer, R.; Petermann, I.; Iliadis, C.; Timmes, F. X. (20 May 2016). "Properties of Carbon-Oxygen White Dwarfs From Monte Carlo Stellar Models". The Astrophysical Journal. 823 (1): 46. arXiv:1603.06666. Bibcode:2016ApJ...823...46F. doi:10.3847/0004-637X/823/1/46. S2CID 118706003.
  28. "The Atomic Nucleus". www.cyberphysics.co.uk. Retrieved 26 November 2018.
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