Ortho ester

In organic chemistry, an ortho ester is a functional group containing three alkoxy groups attached to one carbon atom, i.e. with the general formula RC(OR′)3. Orthoesters may be considered as products of exhaustive alkylation of unstable orthocarboxylic acids and it is from these that the name 'ortho ester' is derived. An example is ethyl orthoacetate, CH3C(OCH2CH3)3, more correctly known as 1,1,1-triethoxyethane.[1]

The general formula of orthoesters.

Synthesis

Ortho esters can be prepared by the Pinner reaction, in which nitriles react with alcohols in the presence of one equivalent of hydrogen chloride. The reaction proceeds by formation of imido ester hydrochloride:

RCN + R′OH + HCl → [RC(OR′)=NH2]+Cl−

Upon standing in the presence of excess alcohol, this intermediate converts to the ortho ester:

[RC(OR′)=NH2]+Cl− + 2 R′OH → RC(OR′)3 + NH4Cl

The reaction requires anhydrous conditions.[1]

Although a less common method, ortho esters were first produced by reaction of 1,1,1-trichloroalkanes with sodium alkoxide:[1]

RCCl3 + 3 NaOR′ → RC(OR′)3 + 3 NaCl

Reactions

Hydrolysis

Ortho esters are readily hydrolyzed in mild aqueous acid to form esters:

RC(OR′)3 + H2O → RCO2R′ + 2 R′OH

For example, trimethyl orthoformate CH(OCH3)3 may be hydrolyzed (under acidic conditions) to methyl formate and methanol;[2] and may be further hydrolyzed (under alkaline conditions) to salts of formic acid and methanol.[3]

Hydrolysis of methyl orthoformate to methyl formate

Johnson–Claisen rearrangement

The Johnson–Claisen rearrangement is the reaction of an allylic alcohol with an ortho ester containing a deprotonatable alpha carbon (e.g. triethyl orthoacetate) to give a γ,δ-unsaturated ester.[4]

The Johnson–Claisen rearrangement

Bodroux–Chichibabin aldehyde synthesis

In the Bodroux–Chichibabin aldehyde synthesis an ortho ester reacts with a Grignard reagent to form an aldehyde; this is an example of a formylation reaction.

Bodroux-Chichibabin aldehyde synthesis

Examples
Hygromycin B, an antibiotic, is one of several naturally occurring ortho esters.
OBO: 4-methyl-2,6,7-trioxa-bicyclo[2.2.2]octan-1-yl

Trimethyl orthoformate and triethylorthoacetate are reagents. Another example is the bicyclic OBO protecting group (4-methyl-2,6,7-trioxa-bicyclo[2.2.2]octan-1-yl) which is formed by the action of (3-methyloxetan-3-yl)methanol on activated carboxylic acids in the presence of Lewis acids. The group is base stable and can be cleaved in two steps under mild conditions, mildly acidic hydrolysis yields the ester of tris(hydroxymethyl)ethane which is then cleaved using e.g. an aqueous carbonate solution.[5]

See also

References
  1. E. H. Cordes (1969). "Ortho Esters". In Saul Patai (ed.). Carboxylic Acids and Esters. PATAI'S Chemistry of Functional Groups. pp. 623–667. doi:10.1002/9780470771099.ch13. ISBN 9780470771099.
  2. Clayden, Jonathan; Greeves, Nick; Warren, Stuart; Wothers, Peter (2001). Organic Chemistry (1st ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 345. ISBN 978-0-19-850346-0.
  3. United States Patent Application 20070049501, Saini; Rajesh K.; and Savery; Karen, March 1, 2007
  4. Johnson, William Summer.; Werthemann, Lucius.; Bartlett, William R.; Brocksom, Timothy J.; Li, Tsung-Tee.; Faulkner, D. John.; Petersen, Michael R. (February 1970). "Simple stereoselective version of the Claisen rearrangement leading to trans-trisubstituted olefinic bonds. Synthesis of squalene". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 92 (3): 741–743. doi:10.1021/ja00706a074.
  5. Kocieński, Philip J. (2005). Protecting groups (3. ed.). Stuttgart: Thieme. ISBN 978-3-13-135603-1.
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