Owain Glyndŵr

The site of Owain Glyndŵr's court at Sycharth, Powys. Only a large mound now remains after the building was burnt down by the future King Henry V in 1403.

Owain Glyndŵr was born in 1354 in the northeast Welsh Marches (near the border between Wales and England) to a family of uchelwyr – nobles descended from the pre-conquest native Welsh royal dynasties – in traditional Welsh society. This group moved easily between Welsh and English societies and languages, occupying important offices for the Marcher Lords while maintaining their position as uchelwyr.[5] His father, Gruffydd Fychan II, hereditary Tywysog of Powys Fadog and Lord of Glyndyfrdwy,[6] died sometime before 1370,[7] leaving Glyndŵr's mother Elen ferch Tomas ap Llywelyn, a woman with an accent from Ceredigion (Deheubarth) a widow when he was a boy still.[8] Owain Glyndŵr was a direct descendant of several Welsh royal dynasties including the princes of Powys via the House of Mathrafal through his father. Through his mother, he was also a descendant of the kings and princes of Deheubarth as well as the royal House of Dinefwr, and the kings and princes of Gwynedd and their cadet branch the House of Aberffraw.[9]

The young Owain ap Gruffydd was possibly fostered at the home of David Hanmer, a rising lawyer shortly to be a justice of the King's Bench, or at the home of Richard FitzAlan, 3rd Earl of Arundel. Owain is then thought to have been sent to London to study law at the Inns of Court.[10][11] He probably studied as a legal apprentice in London,[6] for a period of seven years. He was possibly in London during the Peasants' Revolt of 1381. By 1384, he was living in Wales and married to Margaret Hanmer; their marriage took place 1383 in St Chad's Church, Holt,[12][13] although they may have married at an earlier date in the late 1370s according to sources.[14] They started a large family and Owain established himself as the squire of Sycharth and Glyndyfrdwy.[15]

Glyndŵr joined the king's military service in 1384 when he undertook garrison duty under the renowned Welshman Sir Gregory Sais, or Sir Degory Sais, on the English–Scottish border at Berwick-upon-Tweed. His surname Sais, meaning 'Englishman' in Welsh, refers to his ability to speak English, not common in Wales at the time.[16] In August 1385, he served King Richard II under the command of John of Gaunt, again in Scotland.[6][17][18] In 1386, he was called to give evidence at the High Court of Chivalry,[11] in the Scrope v Grosvenor trial at Chester on 3 September that year. In March 1387, Owain fought as a squire to Richard FitzAlan, 4th Earl of Arundel,[6] in the English Channel at the defeat of a Franco-Spanish-Flemish fleet off the coast of Kent. Upon the death in late 1387 of his father-in-law, Sir David Hanmer, knighted earlier that same year by Richard II, Glyndŵr returned to Wales as executor of his estate.[19] Glyndŵr served as a squire to Henry Bolingbroke (later King Henry IV),[6] son of John of Gaunt, at the short, sharp Battle of Radcot Bridge in December 1387.[11] From 1384 until 1388 he had been active in military service and had gained three full years of military experience in different theatres, and had witnessed some key events and noteworthy people at first hand.[20]

King Richard was distracted by a growing conflict with the Lords Appellant from this time on. Glyndŵr's opportunities were further limited by the death of Sir Gregory Sais in 1390 and the sidelining of FitzAlan, and he probably returned to his stable Welsh estates, living there quietly for ten years during his forties. The bard Iolo Goch, himself a Welsh lord, visited Glyndŵr in Sycharth in the 1390s and wrote a number of odes to Owain, praising his host's liberality and writing of Sycharth, "Rare was it there / to see a latch or a lock."[21]

In the late 1390s, a series of events began to push Owain towards rebellion, in what was later to be called the Welsh Revolt, the Glyndŵr Rising or (within Wales) the Last War of Independence. His neighbour, Baron Grey de Ruthyn, had seized control of some land, for which Glyndŵr appealed to the English Parliament.[11] Owain's petition for redress was ignored. Later, in 1400, Lord Grey informed Glyndŵr too late of a royal command to levy feudal troops for Scottish border service, thus enabling him to call the Welshman a traitor in London court circles.[22] Lord Grey had stature in the royal court of Henry IV. The law courts refused to hear, or the case was delayed because Lord Grey prevented Owain's letter from reaching the King.[23]

On 16 September 1400, Owain Glyndŵr instigated a 15-year Welsh Revolt against the rule of Henry IV of England.[24][25] With the use of guerrilla tactics, the Welsh troops managed to inflict a series of defeats on the English forces and captured key castles across Wales, rapidly gaining control of most of the country. News of the rebellion's success spread internationally across Europe, and Glyndŵr began receiving naval support from Scotland and Brittany. He also received the support of King Charles VI of France, who agreed to send French troops and supplies to aid the rebellion.[26] In 1403 a Welsh army including a French contingent assimilated into forces mainly from Glamorgan and the Rhondda Valleys region commanded by Owain Glyndŵr, his senior general Rhys Gethin and Cadwgan, Lord of Glyn Rhondda, defeated a large English invasion force reputedly led by King Henry IV himself at the Battle of Stalling Down in Glamorgan.[27][28] Iolo Morganwg (1747–1826) wrote that while raiding English-held territories in Wales, Glyndŵr and his rebels took from the powerful and rich and distributed the loot among the poor,[29] hence why Glyndŵr is often also viewed as a Robin Hood figure.[30]

Sources state that Glyndŵr was under threat because he had written an angry letter to Lord Grey, boasting that lands had come into his possession,[6] and he had stolen some of Lord Grey's horses, and believing Lord Grey had threatened to "burn and slay" within his lands, he threatened retaliation in the same manner. Lord Grey then denied making the initial threat to burn and slay and replied that he would take the incriminating letter to Henry IV's council and that Glyndŵr would hang for the admission of theft and treason contained within the letter.[31] The deposed king, Richard II, had support in Wales, and in January 1400 serious civil disorder broke out in the English border city of Chester after the public execution of an officer of Richard II.[32][33]

Monument to Owain Glyndŵr's victory at the Battle of Mynydd Hyddgen in 1401

These events led to Glyndŵr's formally assuming his ancestral title of Prince of Powys on 16 September 1400 at his Glyndyfrdwy estate.[11] With a small band of followers which included his eldest son, his brothers-in-law, and the Bishop of St Asaph in the town of Corwen, possibly in the church of SS Mael and Sulien, he launched an assault on Lord Grey's territories.[6] After a number of initial confrontations between Henry IV and Owain's followers in September and October 1400, the revolt, a prequel to the War of the Roses began to spread.[6] Much of northern and central Wales went over to Glyndŵr.[11] Henry IV appointed Henry Percy – the famous "Hotspur" – to bring the country to order. The King and the English parliament issued an amnesty on 10 March 1401 which applied to all rebels with the exception of Owain and his cousins[6] Rhys ap Tudur and Gwilym ap Tudur, sons of Tudur ap Gronw (ancestor of King Henry VII of England). Both the Tudors were pardoned after their capture of Edward I's great castle at Conwy on 28 May 1401.[34] In June, Glyndŵr scored his first major victory in the field at Mynydd Hyddgen on Pumlumon. Retaliation by Henry IV on Strata Florida Abbey followed by October.[6] The rebel uprising had occupied all of North Wales; labourers seized whatever weapons they could, farmers sold their cattle to buy arms, secret meetings were held everywhere, and bards "wandered about as messengers of sedition". Castles fell into Glyndŵr's hands as he assumed the title of Prince of Wales. Henry IV heard of a Welsh uprising at Leicester; Henry's army wandered North Wales to Anglesey and drove out Franciscan friars who favoured Richard II. All the while Glyndŵr, who was in hiding, had his estate forfeited to John Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset. Glyndŵr had been offered a pardon on 10 March 1401 but rejected the plea. On 30 May Hotspur, having won a battle near Cadair Idris, left his command for the English army and began dealings with Glyndŵr. During this time in the spring of 1401, Glyndŵr appears in South Wales, and by autumn Gwynedd, Ceredigion (which temporarily submitted to England for a pardon) and Powys adhered to the rising against the English rule. Glyndŵr's attempts at stoking rebellion with help from the Scottish and Irish were quashed, with the English showing no mercy and hanging some messengers.[6]

Depiction of Owain Glyndŵr in battle by Arthur Cadwgan Michael

In 1401 and 1402, the English Parliament enacted penal laws against the Welsh, designed to coerce submission in Wales, but the result was to create resentment that pushed many Welshmen into the rebellion.[35] In the same year, Glyndŵr captured his archenemy Baron Grey de Ruthyn. He held him for almost a year until he received a substantial ransom from Henry. In June 1402, Glyndŵr defeated an English force led by Sir Edmund Mortimer near Pilleth (the Battle of Bryn Glas), where Mortimer was captured. Glyndŵr offered to release Mortimer for a large ransom but, in sharp contrast to his attitude to de Grey, Henry IV refused to pay. Mortimer's nephew could be said to have had a greater claim to the English throne than Henry himself, so his speedy release was not an option. In response, Mortimer negotiated an alliance with Glyndŵr and married one of Glyndŵr's daughters.[11][6][36] It is also in 1402 that mention of the French and Bretons helping Owain was first heard. The French were certainly hoping to use Wales as they had used Scotland: as a base from which to fight the English.

Glyndŵr, facing years on the run, finally lost his estate in the spring of 1403, when Prince Henry as usual marched into Wales unopposed and burnt down Glyndŵr's houses at Sycharth and Glyndyfrdwy, as well as the commote of Edeirnion and parts of Powys. Glyndŵr continued to besiege towns and burn down castles; for 10 days in July that year, he toured the south and southwest of Wales until all of the south joined arms in rebelling against English rule. These actions induced an internal rebellion against the King of England, with the Percys joining the rising.[6] It is around this stage of Glyndŵr's life that Hywel Sele, a cousin of the Welsh prince, attempted to assassinate Glyndŵr at the Nannau estate.[6][37]

In 1403 the revolt became truly national in Wales. Royal officials reported that Welsh students at Oxford and Cambridge Universities were leaving their studies to join Glyndŵr,[6][35] and also that Welsh labourers and craftsmen were abandoning their employers in England and returning to Wales. Owain could also draw on Welsh troops seasoned by the English campaigns in France and Scotland. Hundreds of Welsh archers and experienced men-at-arms left the English service to join the rebellion.[27]

Owain Glyndŵr's Parliament at Machynlleth. (Illustration from Hutchinson's History of the Nations, 1915)

In 1404, Glyndŵr's forces took Aberystwyth Castle and Harlech Castle,[11] then continued to ravage the south by burning Cardiff Castle. Then a court was held at Harlech and Gruffydd Young was appointed as the Welsh Chancellor. There had been communication to Louis I, Duke of Orléans in Paris to try (unsuccessfully) to open the Welsh ports to French trade.[6]

Crowning as Prince of Wales

By 1404 no less than four royal military expeditions into Wales had been repelled and Owain had solidified his control of the nation. In 1404, he was officially crowned Prince of Wales (Welsh: Tywysog Cymru) and held a parliament at Machynlleth, where he outlined his national programme for an independent Wales. This included such plans as building two national universities (one in the south and one in the north), re-introducing the traditional Welsh laws of Hywel Dda, and establishing an independent Welsh church. There were envoys from other countries including France, Scotland and the Kingdom of León (in Spain). In the summer of 1405, four representatives from every commote in Wales were sent to Harlech.[38]

Rear of the Parliament House in Machynlleth

Machynlleth may have been chosen due to its central location in Wales and the recently acquired possession of three nearby castles: Castell y Bere, Aberystwyth Castle and Harlech Castle.[39] The current Parliament House (Senedd-dy) in Machynlleth is associated with the 1404 parliament but the present building is more recent. Local tradition has it that the stones used came from the original 1404 building.[40]

The Pennal Letter: the vision of an independent Wales

Owain Glyndŵr Great Seal impression (On horseback)

Glyndŵr's Great Seal impression (On throne)

Owain Glyndŵr's Privy seal impression (Coat of arms)

By 1405, most French forces had withdrawn after politics in Paris shifted towards peace, with the Hundred Years' War continuing between England and France.[47] On 31 March 1406 Glyndŵr wrote a letter to be sent to Charles VI of France during a synod at the Welsh Church at Pennal, hence its name. Glyndŵr's letter requested maintained military support from the French to fend off the English in Wales. Glyndŵr suggested that in return he would recognise Benedict XIII of Avignon as the Pope. The letter sets out the ambitions of Glyndŵr for an independent Wales with its own parliament, led by himself as Prince of Wales. These ambitions also included the return of the traditional law of Hywel Dda, rather than the enforced English law, establishment of an independent Welsh church as well as two universities, one in south Wales, and one in north Wales.[48] Following this letter, senior churchmen and important members of society flocked to Glyndŵr's banner and English resistance was reduced to a few isolated castles, walled towns, and fortified manor houses.[38]

Glyndŵr's Great Seal and a letter handwritten by him to the French in 1406 are in the Bibliothèque nationale de France in Paris. This letter is currently held in the Archives Nationales in Paris. Facsimile copies involving specialist ageing techniques and moulds of Glyndŵr's seal were created by the National Library of Wales and presented by the heritage minister Alun Ffred Jones to six Welsh institutions in 2009.[49][50][51] The royal great seal from 1404 was given to Charles IV of France and contains images and Glyndŵr's title – Latin: Owynus Dei Gratia Princeps Walliae – 'Owain, by the grace of God, Prince of Wales'.[52]

The rebellion falters

Charles VI of France did not continue to support Glyndŵr's revolt

During early 1405 the Welsh forces, who had until then won several easy victories, suffered a series of defeats. Glyndŵr's brother, Lord Tudur ap Gruffudd, a commander during the war, died at the Battle of Pwll Melyn in May 1405. English forces landed in Anglesey from Ireland and would over time push the Welsh back until the resistance in Anglesey formally ended toward the end of 1406.[17]

Following the intervention of French forces, battling ensued for years, and in 1406 Prince Henry restored fines and redemption for Welsh soldiers to choose their own fate, prisoners were taken after the battle, and castles were restored to their original owners, this same year a son of Glyndŵr died in battle. By 1408 Glyndŵr had taken refuge in the North of Wales, having lost his ally from Northumberland.[6]

Despite the initial success of the revolution, in 1407 the superior numbers, resources, and wealth that England had at its disposal eventually began to turn the tide of the war, and the much larger and better-equipped English forces gradually began to overwhelm the Welsh. In times of war, the English changed their strategy.[53] Rather than focusing on punitive expeditions as favoured by his father, the young Prince Henry adopted a strategy of economic blockade. Using the castles that remained in English control, he gradually began to retake Wales while cutting off trade and the supply of weapons. By 1407 this strategy was beginning to bear fruit, and by 1409 they had reconquered most of Wales. In 1409, it was the turn of Harlech Castle to surrender.[53] Edmund Mortimer died during the siege, and Owain's wife Margaret along with two of his daughters (including Catrin) and three of Mortimer's granddaughters were captured on the fall of the castle and imprisoned in the Tower of London. They were all to die in the Tower in 1413 and were buried at St Swithin, London Stone. [54]

Glyndŵr managed to escape capture by disguising himself as an elderly man, sneaking out of the castle and slipping past the English military blockade in the darkness of the night. Glyndŵr retreated to the Welsh wilderness with a band of loyal supporters; he refused to surrender and continued the war with guerrilla tactics such as launching sporadic raids and ambushes throughout Wales and the English borderlands.

Harlech Castle

Glyndŵr remained free, but he had lost his ancestral home and was a hunted prince. He continued the rebellion, particularly wanting to avenge his wife. In 1410 Owain led a raid into rebel-controlled Shropshire,[11] and in 1412 he carried out one of the final successful raids. With his most faithful soldiers, he cut through the King's men in an ambush in Brecon, where he captured, and later ransomed, a leading Welsh supporter of King Henry, Dafydd Gam ('Crooked David').[55] This was the last time that Owain was seen alive by his enemies, although it was claimed he took refuge with the Scudamore family.[56] In the autumn, Glyndŵr's Aberystwyth Castle surrendered while he was away fighting.[53] But by then things were changing. Henry IV died in 1413 and his son Henry V began to adopt a more conciliatory attitude towards the Welsh. Royal pardons were offered to the major leaders of the revolt and other opponents of his father's regime.[57] As late as 1414, there were rumours that the Herefordshire-based Lollard leader Sir John Oldcastle was communicating with Owain, and reinforcements were sent to the major castles in the north and south.

On 21 December 1411, the King of England issued pardons to all Welsh except their leader and Thomas of Trumpington (until 9 April 1413, from which Glyndŵr was no longer excepted).[6] Glyndŵr twice ignored offers of a pardon from the new king Henry V, and despite the large rewards offered for his capture, Glyndŵr was never betrayed by the Welsh. His death was recorded by a former follower in the year 1415, at the age of approximately 56.[27]

Nothing certain is known of Glyndŵr after 1412.[11] Despite enormous rewards being offered, he was neither captured nor betrayed. He ignored royal pardons. Tradition has it that he died and was buried possibly in the church of Saints Mael and Sulien at Corwen close to his home, or possibly on his estate in Sycharth or on the estates of his daughters' husbands: Kentchurch in south Herefordshire or Monnington in west Herefordshire.[58]

In his book The Mystery of Jack of Kent and the Fate of Owain Glyndŵr, Alex Gibbon argues that the folk hero Jack of Kent, also known as Siôn Cent – the family chaplain of the Scudamore family – was, in fact, Owain Glyndŵr himself. Gibbon points out a number of similarities between Siôn Cent and Glyndŵr (including physical appearance, age, education, and character) and claims that Owain spent his last years living with his daughter Alys, passing himself off as an ageing Franciscan friar and family tutor.[59] There are many folk tales of Glyndŵr donning disguises to gain an advantage over opponents during the rebellion.[60]

Previously, George Owen, in his book A Dialogue of the Present Government of Wales, written in 1594, commented on the topic of the "Cruell lawes against Welshmen made by Henrie the ffourth" in his attempts to quell the revolt.[65] But it was not until the late 19th century that Glyndŵr's reputation was revived, when the Cymru Fydd ('Young Wales') movement recreated Glyndŵr as the father of Welsh nationalism.[66]

Glyndŵr is now remembered as a national hero and numerous small groups have adopted his symbolism to advocate independence for Wales or Welsh nationalism. For example, during the 1980s, a group calling itself Meibion Glyndŵr ('the Sons of Glyndŵr') claimed responsibility for the burning of English holiday homes in Wales.[67] The creation of the National Assembly for Wales brought Owain Glyndŵr back into the spotlight and in 2000 celebrations were held all over Wales to commemorate the 600th anniversary of his revolt, including a historic reenactment at the National Eisteddfod of Wales in Llanelli in 2000.[68]

Glyndŵr was described by Fidel Castro as the first effective guerrilla leader. It has been suggested that Castro, who may have kept books about the Welshman, and Che Guevara copied some of Glyndŵr's methods in the Cuban Revolution.[69][70]

The Owain Glyndŵr Stone in Machynlleth

Statue of Glyndŵr at Cardiff City Hall

Equestrian statue in Corwen

During the First World War, the prime minister David Lloyd George unveiled a statue to Glyndŵr in Cardiff City Hall.[71] A statue of Glyndŵr by the sculptor Simon van de Put was installed in The Square in Corwen in 1995,[72][73] and in 2007 it was replaced with a larger equestrian statue by Colin Spofforth.[74][75] A monument was erected in Machynlleth in 2000, on the 600th anniversary of the beginning of the Glyndŵr Rising. The plinth of the monument has an englyn by the poet Dafydd Wyn Jones, which he has translated as follows:[76]

Owain, you're our defiance, – Owain,
Yours is our allegiance,
Our steel, and in your stance
See our nation's renaissance.

— Dafydd Wyn Jones

Glyndŵr's name in public use

'Owen Glendower', East Indiaman, entering Bombay Harbour

VoR 2-6-2T No.7 "Owain Glyndwr", built at GWR Swindon Works 1923

The Owain Glyndwr Hotel in Corwen is a historic inn. An earlier building had been a monastery and church dating from the age of Glyndŵr in the 14th century, although the current building mostly dates from the 18th century.[91][92] The waymarked long-distance footpath Glyndŵr's Way runs through Mid Wales near to his homelands.[93] As well as in North Wales, in the capital, Cardiff is the Owain Glyndwr pub on St. John Street in the city centre.[94][95]

At least two ships and one locomotive have been named after Glyndŵr.

• In 1808, the Royal Navy launched a 36-gun fifth-rate frigate, HMS Owen Glendower. She served in the Baltic Sea during the Gunboat War where she participated in the seizure of Anholt Island, and then in the Channel. Between 1822 and 1824, she served in the West Africa Squadron (or 'Preventative Squadron') chasing down slave ships, capturing at least two.[96]
• Owen Glendower, an East Indiaman, a Blackwall frigate built in 1839.[97]
• In 1923, a 2-6-2T Vale of Rheidol locomotive was named after Glyndŵr. The locomotive is still operational and was one of a few used by British Rail until it was privatised.[98]

Following Glyndŵr's death, he acquired mythical status as the hero awaiting a call to return and liberate his people in the classic Welsh mythical role Y Mab Darogan ('The Foretold Son').[82][83] Glyndŵr came second to Aneurin Bevan in the 100 Welsh Heroes poll of 2003/2004.[99] Stamps were issued with his likeness in 1974 and 2008,[100] and streets, parks, and public squares were named after him throughout Wales. There is a campaign to make 16 September (Owain Glyndŵr Day), the date Glyndŵr raised his standard, a public holiday in Wales, including by Dafydd Wigley in 2021.[101] Many schools and organisations commemorate the day, and street parades such as Gŵyl y Fflam ('Festival of the Flame') are held to celebrate it.[102][103][104]

On 16th September 2023, a portrait of Owain Glyndwr was unveiled at Sycharth by the artist, Dan Llywelyn Hall. The portrait was made in support of a campaign to restore the motte and bailey of Sycharth.[105]

An annual award for achievement in the arts and literature, the Glyndŵr Award, is named after Glyndŵr.[106] From 2008 to 2023, Wrexham University was known as (Wrexham) Glyndŵr University in his honour. Despite adopting its new name without Glyndŵr in 2023, the university maintains links with the Owain Glyndŵr Society for one of its annual top graduate awards.[107][108][109] Glendower Residence, at the University of Cape Town in South Africa, was named after Owain Glyndŵr. The residence was opened in 1993 having previously been the Glendower Hotel. The hall of residence houses 135 male students.[110]

Glyndŵr's personal standard (the quartered arms of Powys and Deheubarth rampant) began to be seen all over Wales on commercial products, and also flags used at rugby union games and other sporting events.[111][112] RGC 1404 (Rygbi Gogledd Cymru/North Wales Rugby) rugby union team is named in honour of the year Owain Glyndŵr was crowned Prince of Wales.[113][114]

• 
  Owain Glyndŵr's Coat of arms. Glyndŵr adopted his arms from Llywelyn ap Gruffydd on the basis of his direct descent via Llywelyn's daughter Catherine, Catherine being a heraldic heiress. [115][116][117][118][119] [lower-alpha 2]
• 
  Gold dragon of Wales, a flag used by Glyndŵr in his independence campaign.[120]^: 238[121]^: 43
• 
  Arms assigned Owain Glyndŵr in A Tour in Wales by Thomas Pennant (1726–1798), which chronicles the three journeys he made through Wales between 1773 and 1776.[84]
• 
  Owain Glyndŵr arms used as a sign for a hotel at Pale Hall.[122]

A sketch of Owain Glyndŵr as he appeared to William Blake in a late-night vision. This is one of a number of such sketches known collectively as the Visionary Heads.

Owain married Margaret Hanmer, also known by her Welsh name Marred ferch Dafydd, daughter of Sir David Hanmer of Hanmer, early in his life.[11][6][123][lower-alpha 3]

Owain's daughter Alys had secretly married Sir John Scudamore,[6] the King's appointed Sheriff of Herefordshire. Somehow he had weathered the rebellion and remained in office. It was rumoured that Owain finally retreated to their home at Kentchurch. A grandchild of the Scudamores was Sir John Donne of Kidwelly, a successful Yorkist courtier, diplomat and soldier, who after 1485 made an accommodation with his fellow Welshman, Henry VII. Through the Donne family, many prominent English families are descended from Owain, including the House of de Vere, successive holders of the title Earl of Oxford, and the Cavendish family (Dukes of Devonshire).[124] Glyndŵr's daughters Janet and Margaret married respectively Sir John de Croft and Sir Richard Monnington, in Herefordshire.

Owain's sons were either taken prisoner or died in battle and had no issue. Gruffudd, born about 1375, was captured by the English, confined in Nottingham Castle, and taken to the Tower of London in 1410. He died in prison of bubonic plague in about 1412. Maredudd, whose date of birth is unknown, was still living in 1421 when he accepted a pardon. Little is known about Madog, Thomas, and John. Owain had additional illegitimate children: David, Gwenllian, Ieuan, and Myfanwy.[123][lower-alpha 4]

Owain Glyndŵr's ancestry:[125][126][127]

• Buildings associated with Owain Glyndŵr
• Welsh heraldry
• Welsh Seal
• List of people who disappeared

• Bradley, A. G. (1901). Owen Glyndwr and the Last Struggle for Welsh Independence. G. P. Putnam's Sons.
• Davies, John; Jenkins, Nigel; Baines, Menna, eds. (2008). The Welsh Academy Encyclopaedia of Wales. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. ISBN 978-0708319536.
• Davies, R. R. (1995). The Revolt of Owain Glyn Dŵr. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 293–324. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198205081.003.0012. ISBN 978-0198205081. Retrieved 26 October 2022.
• Davies, R. R.; Morgan, Gerald (2009). Owain Glyn Dŵr: Prince of Wales. Ceredigion: Y Lolfa. ISBN 978-1-84771-127-4.
• Hodge, Geoffrey (1995). Owain Glyn Dwr: The War of Independence in the Welsh Borders. Logaston Press. ISBN 1-873827-24-5.
• Livingston, Michael, ed. (2013). Owain Glyndŵr: A Casebook. Liverpool University Press. ISBN 978-0-85989-884-3.
• Lloyd, J. E. (1931). Owen Glendower. Oxford University Press.
• Pierce, Thomas Jones (1959). "Owain Glyndwr (c. 1354–1416), 'Prince of Wales'". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
• Tout, T.F. (1901). "Glendower, Owen (1359?–1416?), Welsh rebel" . In Stephen, Leslie (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 21. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
• Williams, Gruffydd Aled (2017). The Last Days of Owain Glyndŵr. Y Lolfa. ISBN 978-1-7846-146-38. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 23 November 2017.

• Burton, Robert (1730). The history of the principality of Wales. : In three parts. Paternoster Row, London. – A history of the Principality of Wales at Google Books
• Latimer, Jon; Murray, John (2001). Deception in War. pp. 12–13.
• Lowe, Walter Bezant (1912). The Heart of Northern Wales. Vol. 1. pp. 205–207. – The Heart of Northern Wales, p. 205, at Google Books
• Morgan, Owen (1911). A history of Wales from the Earliest Period: Including Hitherto Unrecorded Antiquarian Lore. – A History of Wales at Google Books
• Moseley, Charles (1 August 1999). Burke's Peerage & Baronetage (106 ed.). pp. 714, 1295. ISSN 0950-4125.

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Owen Glendower

• "Canolfan & Senedd-Dŷ Owain Glyndŵr (Owain Glyndŵr's parliament & centre)". canolfanowainglyndwr.org.
• "The Owain Glyndŵr Society". owain-glyndwr.wales.
• "Owain Glyn Dŵr". britannica.com.
• "BBC Wales History – Profile of Owain Glyndŵr". bbc.co.uk.
• "Owain Glyndwr ap Gruffudd, Prince of Wales". geni.com.
• "Owain Glyndwr and his uprising – Interpretation Plan" (PDF). cadw.gov.wales.
• Cefn Caer