Kanab ambersnail

The Kanab ambersnail, formerly classified as Oxyloma haydeni kanabense or Oxyloma kanabense, is a small, air-breathing land snail belonging to the the family Succineidae, the ambersnails. This terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc was previously considered a critically endangered subspecies or species. In 2013, a scientific investigations report by the United States Geological Survey concluded that the Kanab ambersnail is not a genetically distinct species.[2] In June 2021, the Fish and Wildlife Service removed the Kanab ambersnail from the United States Fish and Wildlife Service list of endangered mammals and birds and classified it with other common ambersnails within the same taxa, officially negating its status as a distinct subspecies.[3]

Kanab ambersnail
A Kanab ambersnail at Vasey's Paradise in Grand Canyon National Park.
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Gastropoda
Subclass: Heterobranchia
Order: Stylommatophora
Family: Succineidae
Genus: Oxyloma
Species:
O. haydeni
Subspecies:
O. h. kanabense
Trinomial name
Oxyloma haydeni kanabense
Habitat of the Kanab ambersnail
(marked in orange)
Synonyms

Oxyloma kanabense Pilsbry, 1948

The common name of the amber snails is based on the shell, which is translucent and when empty usually resembles the color of amber.[4]

This snail is endemic to the United States, specifically the states of Arizona and Utah, where it was first collected in the early 20th century. This snail lives in wetlands, springs, and seeps,[5] and only two of its natural habitats are known to exist: Three Lakes, a meadow near Kanab, Utah, and Vasey's Paradise, a springs along the Colorado River within Grand Canyon National Park.[5] In its natural habitat it is rather polyphagous, feeding mainly on bacteria, plants and fungi. It reproduces during the summer.

Previously considered a critically endangered species on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species[6] due to a series of factors (including anthropic influence[7]), the Kanab ambersnail had been reintroduced to three springs above the historic high water level along the Colorado River.

The snail had been listed as endangered on the United States Fish and Wildlife Service list of endangered species in 1991. In June 2021, following genetic testing that showed it was never a distinct subspecies, the Fish and Wildlife Service delisted the Kanab ambersnail from the federal endangered species list.[8]

Taxonomy
An ambersnail crawls across a hand, next to a U.S. dime (18 mm / 0.7 in diameter).

Specimens of the Kanab ambersnail were first collected in 1909 by James Ferriss from: "The Greens", 10 kilometers (6.2 mi) above Kanab, Utah on Kanab Wash, on a wet ledge among moss and Cypripediums.[9] These specimens were originally thought to belong to the species Succinea hawkinsi.[5]

Pilsbry (1948)[1] transferred these specimens to the genus Oxyloma and erected the subspecies kanabensis in the species haydeni for them. Arthur Clarke (1991) notes that Pilsbry’s decision to accord the Kanab ambersnail subspecific status was preliminary, and that, as Pilsbry himself noted, “its taxonomic status should be reevaluated.”

Clarke (1991)[10] and Shei K. Wu (Colorado Museum of Natural History, Boulder, Colorado, pers. comm. 1992, 1995)[11] suggest that the Kanab ambersnail may deserve full species status. Earle Spamer (Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, pers. comm. 1994)[11] stated that although current published mollusk checklists (Turgeon et al. 1988 and Groombridge 1993) treat the Kanab ambersnail at species level rather that as a subspecies, nonetheless, until the criteria are derived (and published) by which the taxon can be known to be a separate species, it should continue to be called by its original name, the one published by Pilsbry (1948): Oxyloma haydeni spp. kanabensis.[11]

Delisting

In 2013, a report from the United States Geological Survey's scientific investigations concluded that the Kanab ambersnail does not represent a genetically distinct species.[2] In January 2020, the Fish and Wildlife Service published a proposed rule removing the Kanab ambersnail from the Federal List of Endangered Species due to "taxonomic error".[12][13] In June 2021, the FWS finalized the removal of the Kanab ambersnail from the endangered species list because it is not a district subspecies.[3][8]

Description

The Kanab ambersnail is a terrestrial snail in the family Succineidae. The empty shell is a light amber color. The live snail has a mottled grayish-amber to yellowish-amber colored shell. The shell is dextral (right-handed spiral), thin-walled, with an elevated spire and a Daly, patulous (expanded) aperture. Fully mature individuals are about 14 to 19 mm (0.5 to 0.75 inch) long, 7 to 9 mm (0.25 to 0.33 inch) in diameter, with 3.25 to 3.75 whorls in a drawn out spire.[11]

Its eyes are borne at the ends of long peduncles (stalks), while the tentacles are reduced to small protuberances at the base of the eye stalks.[11]

Ecology

The natural predators of this snail are passerines, such as the (American robin),[11] and deer mice.[14]

Vasey's Paradise, one of the two natural habitats of the Kanab ambersnail.

Habitat

In 1996, 16% of the ambersnail's habitat at Vasey's Paradise was destroyed in a flood, and a more disastrous previous flood in 1994 had probably already threatened the snail's habitat.[15] The suitable area for habitat in Three Lakes is believed to extend to an area 1.3 km long, and 90 m wide, and genetic diversity seems to indicate that the area is more stable than Vasey's Paradise. However their redistribution is also affected by the presence of their host plants and rock ledges.[16]

Three Lakes, a privately owned wet meadow near Kanab, is one of only two natural habitats for the Kanab ambersnail. The snail's habitat is threatened by commercial development by the owner of Three Lakes, Best Friends Animal Society.[17]

Despite being air-breathing molluscs, they can survive for up to 32 hours in cold, highly oxygenated water, which may have helped to disperse its population around the Colorado Valley area since a controlled release was conducted in 1998.[5]

Feeding habits

The Kanab ambersnail is typically found on host plants, primarily the scarlet monkeyflower (Erythranthe cardinalis) and watercress (Nasturtium officinale),[18] but also sedges and rushes. It feeds on plant tissue, fungi, algae, and bacteria, using its radula to scrape off food.[19]

Life cycle

Like all pulmonate land snails, ambersnails are hermaphroditic, having both male and female reproductive systems, and are believed to be capable of self-fertilization. In the wild they live for between 12 and 15 months. Young snails enter dormancy between October and November, becoming active again in March and April. Mature snails reproduce in the summer months.[5]

Population

Only two wild populations of the snail are known to exist, specifically, Three Lakes near Kanab, Utah and Vasey's Paradise.[15] The latter was not discovered until 1991 when a survey of mollusks in the area was conducted.[16] There was formerly a third population present in Kanab, Utah, but it is believed to have become extirpated through the destruction of its habitat.[20]

In the 2013 Culver et al. study, scientists from the Fish and WIldlife service collected 14 ambersnails from 12 locations in Arizona and Utah, including "Kanab ambersnail, Niobrara ambersnail, blunt ambersnail (Oxyloma retusum), undescribed species of Oxyloma, and individuals from Catinella (used to provide an outgroup comparison)."[3] This study included samples from all three extant populations identified as Kanab ambersnail. Between the Oxyloma populations, shell morphology did not have the variation usually associated with different species, leading the authors to state that none of the 12 populations sampled was reproductively isolated from the others.[2][21]

Conservation

In November 1991, Kanab ambersnail was proposed for emergency listing by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service.[22] The Kanab ambersnail had been included United States Fish and Wildlife Service list of endangered mammals and birds since April 1992.[23]

The Kanab ambersnail was previously evaluated as Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.[6]

Reintroduction releases were conducted at three sites along the Colorado river, each releasing 150 snails.[5] The first of these releases was conducted in September 1998, and all sites were sufficiently high enough to not be flooded by normal dam activity. A second release was conducted at the same three sites in July 1999 to boost population densities and improve genetic variability, but only one of the three sites, Upper Elves Chasm, has established a new population.[5]

In Utah, its habitat was threatened by commercial development,[7] whereas the Grand Canyon population is threatened by discharges from the Glen Canyon Dam which can sweep the snail and its habitat downstream.

Post Delisting

With this delisting, the previously applied prohibitions and conservation measures under the Act ceased to apply to the snail formerly known as the Kanab ambersnail. This change in status also lifted restrictions on interstate commerce, import, and export related to the snail.[3] Additionally, Federal agencies are no longer mandated to consult under section 7 of the Act regarding actions that may potentially affect the snails previously identified as Kanab ambersnail or their habitat.[3] This deregulation reflects the updated understanding of the snail's taxonomy and its alignment with other common ambersnails within the same taxa.

References

This article incorporates public domain text (a public domain work of the United States Government) from the reference.[11]

  1. Pilsbry H.A. 1948. Land Mollusca of North America. The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia Monographs. Vol. II (Part 2): 797-798.
  2. Culver, Melanie; Herrmann, Hans-Werner; Miller, Mark; Roth, Barry; Sorenson, Jeff (2013). "Anatomical and genetic variation of western Oxyloma (Pulmonata: Succineidae) concerning the endangered Kanab ambersnail (Oxyloma haydeni kanabense) in Arizona and Utah". Anatomical and genetic variation of western Oxyloma (Pulmonata: Succineidae) concerning the endangered Kanab ambersnail (Oxyloma haydeni kanabense) in Arizona and Utah. Scientific Investigations Report. Vol. Scientific Investigations Report. U.S. Geological Survey. pp. 45–78. doi:10.3133/sir20135164. Retrieved 23 October 2023.
  3. Final Rule: Removing the Kanab Ambersnail From the List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife, 86 FR 33138 (June 24, 2021).
  4. "Mollusks". Grand Canyon National Park. Archived from the original on 2007-09-28. Retrieved 2006-11-25.
  5. Jeff Sorensen. "Kanab Ambersnail (Oxyloma haydeni kanabensis)". gf.state.az.us. Archived from the original on 2006-10-04. Retrieved 2006-11-26.
  6. Roth, B (1996). "Oxyloma kanabense". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T15780A5148979. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T15780A5148979.en.
  7. Randall Fitzgerald, Mugged by the State: Outrageous Government Assaults on Ordinary People and their Property, Regnery Publishing, Inc. (2003) ISBN 0-89526-102-2
  8. "Advances in Genetic Research Reveal Kanab Ambersnail Not a Distinct Subspecies". U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Mountain-Prairie Region. Retrieved 1 December 2021.
  9. Ferriss, J. H. (1910). "A collecting excursion north of the Grand Canyon of the Colorado". The Nautilus. 23: 109–112.
  10. Clarke, A.H. 1991. Status survey of selected land and freshwater gastropods in Utah. Unpublished report prepared for the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Denver, Colorado. 70 pp + cxii.
  11. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1995. Kanab Ambersnail (Oxyloma haydeni kanabensis) recovery plan. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Denver, Colorado. 21 pp. online http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recovery_plan/951012.pdf Archived 2011-10-17 at the Wayback Machine
  12. Proposed Rule: Removing the Kanab Ambersnail From the List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife, 85 FR 488 (Jan. 6, 2020).
  13. Renda, Matthew (3 January 2020). "Genetic Testing Leads to End of Protections for Grand Canyon Snail". Courthouse News Service. Retrieved 5 July 2020.
  14. Stevens, L.E., V.J. Meretsky, D.M. Kubly, J.C. Nagy, C. Nelson, J.R. Petterson, F.R. Protiva, and J.A. Sorensen. 1997b. The impacts of an experimental flood from Glen Canyon Dam on the endangered Kanab Ambersnail at Vaseys Paradise, Grand Canyon, Arizona: Final Report. Grand Canyon Monitoring and Research Center, Flagstaff. Archived 2006-10-04 at the Wayback Machine
  15. Miller, Mark P.; Stevens, Larry P.; Busch, Joseph D.; Sorensen, Jeff A.; Keim, Paul. Amplified fragment length polymorphism and mitochondrial sequence data detect genetic differentiation in endangered southwestern U.S.A. ambersnails (Oxyloma epp.) Archived 2006-09-15 at the Wayback Machine
  16. Brown, Steve; Cherlow, Jay R (2004). Bureau Of Reclamation: An Assessment of the Environmental Impact Statement on the Operations of the Glen Canyon Dam. DIANE Publishing. pp. 77–8. ISBN 0-7881-4057-4.
  17. Best Friends purchases Three Lakes property - Southern Utah News, https://www.sunews.net/article.cfm?articleID=1975
  18. Stevens, Lawrence E. (2001). "Planned Flooding and Colorado River Riparian Trade-Offs Downstream from Glen Canyon Dam, Arizona". Ecological Applications. 11 (3): 705. doi:10.1890/1051-0761(2001)011[0701:pfacrr]2.0.co;2. S2CID 54533865.
  19. Bill Vercammen. "Success at snail's pace: KAS recovery update". desertusa.com. Archived from the original on 2006-10-07. Retrieved 2006-11-27.
  20. Clarke, A.H. 1991. Status survey of selected land and freshwater gastropods in Utah.
  21. "Federal Register" (PDF). USGS. June 24, 2021. p. 33139. Retrieved 24 October 2023.Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  22. Proposal to list the Kanab Ambersnail as Endangered and Designate Critical Habitat, 56 FR 58020 (Nov. 15, 1991).
  23. Final rule to list the Kanab ambersnail as endangered, 57 FR 13657 (April 17, 1992).
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