Pact of Steel

Germany and Italy fought against each other in World War I.[2] Popularity and support for radical political parties (such as the Nazis of Adolf Hitler and the Fascists of Benito Mussolini) exploded after the Great Depression had severely hampered the economies of both countries.[2]

In 1922, Mussolini secured his position as Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Italy.[3] His first actions made him immensely popular - massive programs of public works providing employment and transforming Italy's infrastructure.[4] In the Mediterranean, Mussolini built a powerful navy, larger than the combined might of the British and French Mediterranean fleets.[2]

When he was appointed Chancellor in 1933, Hitler initiated a huge wave of public works and secret rearmament.[5] Fascism and Nazism shared similar principles and Hitler and Mussolini met on several state and private occasions in the 1930s.[6] On 23 October 1936, Italy and Germany signed a secret protocol aligning their foreign policy for the first time on such issues as the Spanish Civil War, the League of Nations and the Abyssinia Crisis.[7]

In 1931, Japanese forces invaded the region of Manchuria because of its rich grain fields and reserves of raw minerals.[2] This, however, provoked a diplomatic clash with the Soviet Union, which bordered Manchuria.[2] To combat this Soviet threat, the Japanese signed a pact with Germany in 1936.[2] The aim of the pact was to guard against any attack from Soviet Russia were it to move on China.[2]

Japan elected to focus on anti-Soviet alliances instead of anti-Western alliances like Italy and Germany.[8] Germany, however, feared that an anti-USSR alliance would create the possibility of a two-front war before they could conquer Western Europe.[8] So when Italy invited Japan to sign the Pact of Steel, it demurred.[8]

Officially, the Pact of Steel obliged Germany and Italy to aid the other country militarily, economically or otherwise in the event of war, and to collaborate in wartime production.[9] The Pact aimed to ensure that neither country was able to make peace without the agreement of the other.[10] The agreement was based on the assumption that a war would not occur within three years.[10] When Germany invaded Poland on 1 September 1939 and war broke out on 3 September, Italy was not yet prepared for conflict and had difficulty meeting its obligations.[11] Consequently, Italy did not enter World War II until June 1940, with a delayed invasion of Southern France.[12]

Article I

The Contracting Parties will remain in permanent contact with each other in order to come to an understanding of all common interests or the European situation as a whole.[10]

Article II

In the event that the common interests of the Contracting Parties be jeopardized through international happenings of any kind, they will immediately enter into consultation regarding the necessary measures to preserve these interests. Should the security or other vital interests of one of the Contracting Parties be threatened from outside, the other Contracting Party will afford the threatened Party its full political and diplomatic support in order to remove this threat.[10]

Article III

If it should happen, against the wishes and hopes of the Contracting Parties, that one of them becomes involved in military complications with another power or other Powers, the other Contracting Party will immediately step to its side as an ally and will support it with all its military might on land, at sea and in the air.[10]

Article IV

In order to ensure, in any given case, the rapid implementation of the alliance obligations of Article III, the Governments of the two Contracting Parties will further intensify their cooperation in the military sphere and the sphere of war economy. Similarly the two Governments will keep each other regularly informed of other measures necessary for the practical implementation of this Pact. The two Governments will create standing commissions, under the direction of the Foreign Ministers, for the purposes indicated in Article I and II.[10]

Article V

The Contracting Parties already at this point bind themselves, in the event of a jointly waged war, to conclude any armistice or peace only in full agreement with each other.[10]

Article VI

The two Contracting Parties are aware of the importance of their joint relations to the Powers which are friendly to them. They are determined to maintain these relations in future and to promote the adequate development of the common interests which bind them to these Powers.[10]

Article VII

This Pact comes into force immediately upon its signing. The two Contracting Parties are agreed upon fixing the first period of its validity at 10 years. In good time before the elapse of this period they will come to an agreement regarding the extension of the validity of the Pact.[10]

After being told the original name, "Pact of Blood", would likely be poorly received in Italy, Mussolini proposed the name "Pact of Steel", which was ultimately chosen.[14]

According to Article VII, the pact was to last 10 years, but this did not happen.[10] In November 1942, the Axis forces in North Africa, led by Field Marshal Erwin Rommel, were decisively defeated by the British and British Commonwealth forces at the Second Battle of El Alamein.[15] In July 1943 the Western Allies opened up a new front by invading Sicily.[15] In the aftermath of this, Mussolini was overthrown by 19 members of the Gran Consiglio who voted in favour of the Ordine Grandi. The new Italian government, under Field Marshal Pietro Badoglio, signed an armistice with the Allies in September and became a non-belligerent, thus effectively ending Italy's involvement in the pact.[15]

Although a puppet government under Mussolini, the Italian Social Republic, was established in Northern Italy by Nazi Germany, Italy continued as a member of the pact in name only.[15]

• Anti-Comintern Pact
• Causes of World War II
• Tripartite Pact

Notes

Bibliography

Print

• Belco, Victoria (2010). War, Massacre, and Recovery in Central Italy, 1943–1948. University of Toronto. ISBN 978-0-8020-9314-1.
• Corvaja, Santi (2013). Hitler & Mussolini: The Secret Meetings. Enigma Books. ISBN 978-0982491164.
• Hiden, John (2014). Germany and Europe 1919–1939. Routledge Publishing. ISBN 978-1-317-89627-2.
• Knight, Patricia (2013). Mussolini and Fascism. Routledge. ISBN 978-1136477508.
• Knox, MacGregor (2002). Hitler's Italian Allies: Royal Armed Forces, Fascist Regime, and the War of 1940–1943. Cambridge University. ISBN 978-1-139-43203-0.
• Maltarich, William (2005). Samurai and Supermen: National Socialist Views of Japan. Peter Lang Publishing. ISBN 978-3-03-910303-4.
• Nicholls, David (2000). Adolf Hitler: A Biographical Companion. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-0-87436-965-6.
• Shirer, William (1960). The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-671-62420-0.
• Stumpf, Reinhard (2001). "From the Berlin–Rome Axis to the Military Agreement of the Tripartite Pact: The Sequence of Treaties from 1936 to 1942". Germany and the Second World War. Vol. VI: The Global War – Widening of the Conflict into a World War and the Shift of the Initiative 1941–1943. Clarendon Press. pp. 144–160.

Online

• "The Italo-German Alliance, May 22, 1939". United States Office of Counsel for Prosecution of Axis Criminality. Archived from the original on 20 July 2011. Retrieved 12 March 2015.
• "The Pact of Steel: The Pact of Friendship and Alliance Between Germany and Italy, May 24, 1941". Historical Resources. 10 September 2008. Retrieved 12 March 2015.

Media

• The Mediterranean and North Africa (television documentary). United States: World Media Rights. 2009. Retrieved 12 March 2015.
• The Road To War (television documentary). United States: World Media Rights. 2009. Archived from the original on 28 February 2015. Retrieved 12 March 2015.