Rice hulls

Combustion of rice hulls affords rice husk ash (acronym RHA). This ash is a potential source of amorphous reactive silica, which has a variety of applications in materials science. Most of the ash is used in the production of Portland cement.[1] When burnt completely, the ash can have a Blaine number of as much as 3,600 compared to the Blaine number of cement (between 2,800 and 3,000), meaning it is finer than cement. Silica is the basic component of sand, which is used with cement for plastering and concreting. This fine silica will provide a very compact concrete. The ash also is a very good thermal insulation material. The fineness of the ash also makes it a very good candidate for sealing fine cracks in civil structures, where it can penetrate deeper than the conventional cement sand mixture.

Rice husk ash has long been used in ceramic glazes in rice growing regions in the Far East, e.g. China and Japan.[2] Being about 95% silica, it is an easy way of introducing the necessary silica into the glaze, and the small particle size helps with an early melt of the glaze.

A number of possible uses for RHA include absorbents for oils and chemicals, soil ameliorants, a source of silicon, insulation powder in steel mills, as repellents in the form of "vinegar-tar" release agent in the ceramics industry, as an insulation material. More specialized applications include the use of this material as a catalyst support.[3]

Goodyear announced plans to use rice husk ash as a source for tire additive.[4][5]

Rice hulls are a low-cost material from which silicon carbide "whiskers" can be manufactured. The SiC whiskers are then used to reinforce ceramic cutting tools, increasing their strength tenfold.[6]

In Tamilnadu & Kerala, India, charcoal from Rice husks (Umikari in Tamil & Malayalam) were majorly used for over centuries in cleaning teeth, before toothpaste replaced it.

Rice bran oil is the oil extracted from the hard outer brown layer of rice called chaff (rice husk). It is popular as a cooking oil in the Indian subcontinent and East Asian countries, including India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Japan, Southern China and Malaysia.

Rice hulls can be used in brewing beer to increase the lautering ability of a mash. Rice husk is also used in one step of traditional preparation processes of Kaoliang (Sorghum) liquid. After fermentation, rice husk can be added into the wine tank to increase the void, which is advantageous for distillation.

Rice hulls can be composted, but their high lignin content can make this a slow process. Sometimes earthworms are used to accelerate the process. Using vermicomposting techniques, hulls can be converted to fertilizer in about four months.

Rice hulls that are parboiled (PBH) are used as a substrate or medium for gardening, including certain hydrocultures. The hulls decay over time. Rice hulls allow drainage,[7] and retain less water than growstones.[8] It has been shown that rice hulls do not affect plant growth regulation.[7]

Rice hulls are coated with fine-grained gunpowder and used as the main bursting charge in aerial fireworks shells.

Rice hulls can be pressed into logs for use in cooking fires instead of wood

With proper techniques, rice hulls can be burned and used to power steam engines. Some rice mills originally disposed of hulls in this way. Unfortunately the direct combustion of rice hulls produces large quantities of smoke. An alternative is gasification. Rice hulls are easily gasified in top-lit updraft gasifiers. The combustion of this rice hull gas produces a blue flame, and rice hull biochar makes a good soil amendment.[9]

Traditional brickmaking kilns in Mekong Delta are using rice hulls as fuel.

Rice hulls are used as a "press aid" to improve extraction efficiency of apple pressing.[10]

Rice hulls are an inexpensive byproduct of human food processing, serving as a source of fiber that is considered a filler ingredient in pet foods.[11]

Rice hulls are used as pillow stuffing. The pillows are loosely stuffed and considered therapeutic as they retain the shape of the head.

Rice hulls themselves are a class A thermal insulating material because they are difficult to burn and less likely to allow moisture to propagate mold or fungi.[12] It is also used as roofing after mixing it with mud and water.

Rice hulls are also used to make particle boards and cardboard. The silica in rice husk make the particle boards less attractive to termites.[13]

Due to high amorphous silica content, the RHA (rice husk ash) can be used as a precursor material for geopolymer concrete.[14]

To achieve the best pozzolanic properties the combustion of the husks has to be carefully controlled by keeping the temperature below 700°C and to create conditions to minimize carbon formation by feeding sufficient air.[15][16] At a given water-cement ratio, the addition of small amounts of rice hull ash (2 to 3 % of cement mass) may be useful to improve the workability of concrete mixtures by reducing the cement milk separation and segregation and increasing the strength and durability of concrete.[17] However, the introduction of large quantities of this additive may result in poor workability of the concrete mixture if strong water reducing additives are not used.[18]