Soybean oil

Soybean oil (British English: soyabean oil) is a vegetable oil extracted from the seeds of the soybean (Glycine max). It is one of the most widely consumed cooking oils and the second most consumed vegetable oil.[2] As a drying oil, processed soybean oil is also used as a base for printing inks (soy ink) and oil paints.

Soybean oil
Bottles of soybean oil
Clinical data
Trade namesNutrilipid, Intralipid, others
AHFS/Drugs.comProfessional Drug Facts
License data
Pregnancy
category
Routes of
administration
Intravenous (IV)
ATC code
  • none
Identifiers
CAS Number
DrugBank
UNII
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
ECHA InfoCard100.029.340

History

Soybeans were cultivated in China by the late Shang dynasty, around 1000 BCE.[3] Shijing, the Book of Odes, contains several poems mentioning soybeans.[4]

Production

CountryProduction, 2019
(tonnes)
1  China15,998,400
2  United States11,290,000
3  Brazil11,263,345
4  Argentina8,081,200
5  India1,438,200
6  Mexico874,503
7  Paraguay704,200
8  Russia741,173
9  Egypt653,400
10  Netherlands635,200
Source : FAOSTAT
Soybean oil, meal and beans

To produce soybean oil, the soybeans are cracked, adjusted for moisture content, heated to between 60 and 88 °C (140–190 °F), rolled into flakes, and solvent-extracted with hexanes. The oil is then refined, blended for different applications, and sometimes hydrogenated. Soybean oils, both liquid and partially hydrogenated are sold as "vegetable oil", or are ingredients in a wide variety of processed foods. Most of the remaining residue (soybean meal) is used as animal feed.

In the 2002–2003 growing season, 30.6 million tons (MT) of soybean oil were produced worldwide, constituting about half of worldwide edible vegetable oil production, and thirty percent of all fats and oils produced, including animal fats and oils derived from tropical plants.[5] In 2018–2019, world production was at 57.4 MT with the leading producers including China (16.6 MT), US (10.9 MT), Argentina (8.4 MT), Brazil (8.2 MT), and EU (3.2 MT).[6]

Composition

Soybean oil contains only trace amounts of fatty carboxylic acids (about 0.3% by mass in the crude oil, 0.03% in the refined oil).[7] Instead it contains esters. In the following content, the expressions "fatty acids" and "acid" below refer to esters rather than carboxylic acids.

Per 100 g, soybean oil has 16 g of saturated fat, 23 g of monounsaturated fat, and 58 g of polyunsaturated fat.[8][9] The major unsaturated fatty acids in soybean oil triglycerides are the polyunsaturates alpha-linolenic acid (C-18:3), 7-10%, and linoleic acid (C-18:2), 51%; and the monounsaturate oleic acid (C-18:1), 23%.[10] It also contains the saturated fatty acids stearic acid (C-18:0), 4%, and palmitic acid (C-16:0), 10%.

The high-proportion of oxidation-prone polyunsaturated fatty acid is undesirable for some uses, such as cooking oils. Three companies, Monsanto Company, DuPont/Bunge, and Asoyia in 2004 introduced low linolenic Roundup Ready soybeans. Hydrogenation may be used to reduce the unsaturation in linolenic acid. The resulting oil is called hydrogenated soybean oil. If the hydrogenation is only partially complete, the oil may contain small amounts of trans fat.

Trans-fat is also commonly introduced during conventional oil deodorization, with a 2005 review detecting 0.4 to 2.1% trans content in deodorized oil.[11][12][13]

Comparison to other vegetable oils

Properties of vegetable oils[14][15]
The nutritional values are expressed as percent (%) by mass of total fat.
TypeProcessing
treatment[16]
Saturated
fatty acids
Monounsaturated
fatty acids
Polyunsaturated
fatty acids
Smoke point
Total[14]Oleic
acid
(ω-9)
Total[14]α-Linolenic
acid
(ω-3)
Linoleic
acid
(ω-6)
ω-6:3
ratio
Avocado[17]11.670.652–66
[18]
13.5112.512.5:1250 °C (482 °F)[19]
Brazil nut[20]24.832.731.342.00.141.9419:1208 °C (406 °F)[21]
Canola[22]7.463.361.828.19.118.62:1204 °C (400 °F)[23]
Coconut[24]82.56.361.7175 °C (347 °F)[21]
Corn[25]12.927.627.354.715858:1232 °C (450 °F)[23]
Cottonseed[26]25.917.81951.915454:1216 °C (420 °F)[23]
Cottonseed[27]hydrogenated93.61.50.60.20.31.5:1
Flaxseed/linseed[28]9.018.41867.853130.2:1107 °C (225 °F)
Grape seed 10.414.814.3  74.90.1574.7very high216 °C (421 °F)[29]
Hemp seed[30]7.09.09.082.022.054.02.5:1166 °C (330 °F)[31]
High-oleic safflower oil[32]7.575.275.212.8012.8very high212 °C (414 °F)[21]
Olive, Extra Virgin[33]13.873.071.310.50.79.814:1193 °C (380 °F)[21]
Palm[34]49.337.0409.30.29.145.5:1235 °C (455 °F)
Palm[35]hydrogenated88.25.70
Peanut[36]16.257.155.419.90.31819.661.6:1232 °C (450 °F)[23]
Rice bran oil2538.438.436.62.234.4[37]15.6:1232 °C (450 °F)[38]
Sesame[39]14.239.739.341.70.341.3138:1
Soybean[40]15.622.822.657.77517.3:1238 °C (460 °F)[23]
Soybean[41]partially hydrogenated14.943.042.537.62.634.913.4:1
Sunflower[42]8.9963.462.920.70.1620.5128:1227 °C (440 °F)[23]
Walnut oil[43]unrefined9.122.822.263.310.452.95:1160 °C (320 °F)[44]

Applications

Food

Soybean oil is mostly used for frying and baking. It is also used as a condiment for salads.

Properties of common cooking fats (per 100 g)
Type of fat Total fat (g) Saturated fat (g) Mono­unsaturated fat (g) Poly­unsaturated fat (g) Smoke point
Butter[45] 80–88 43–48 15–19 2–3 150 °C (302 °F)[46]
Canola oil[47] 100 6–7 62–64 24–26 205 °C (401 °F)[48][49]
Coconut oil[50] 99 83 6 2 177 °C (351 °F)
Corn oil[51] 100 13–14 27–29 52–54 230 °C (446 °F)[46]
Lard[52] 100 39 45 11 190 °C (374 °F)[46]
Peanut oil[53] 100 17 46 32 225 °C (437 °F)[46]
Olive oil[54] 100 13–19 59–74 6–16 190 °C (374 °F)[46]
Rice bran oil 100 25 38 37 250 °C (482 °F)[55]
Soybean oil[56] 100 15 22 57–58 257 °C (495 °F)[46]
Suet[57] 94 52 32 3 200 °C (392 °F)
Ghee[58] 99 62 29 4 204 °C (399 °F)
Sunflower oil[59] 100 10 20 66 225 °C (437 °F)[46]
Sunflower oil (high oleic) 100 12 84[48] 4[48]
Vegetable shortening [60] 100 25 41 28 165 °C (329 °F)[46]

Drying oils

Soybean oil is one of many drying oils, which means that it will slowly harden (due to free-radical based polymerization) upon exposure to air, forming a flexible, transparent, and waterproof solid. Because of this property, it is used in some printing ink and oil paint formulations. However, other oils (such as linseed oil) may be superior for some drying oil applications.

Medical uses

Soybean oil is indicated for parenteral nutrition as a source of calories and essential fatty acids.[61][62]

Fixative for insect repellents

While soybean oil has no direct insect repellent activity, it is used as a fixative to extend the short duration of action of essential oils such as geranium oil in several commercial products.[63][64]

Trading

Soybean oil is traded at the Chicago Board of Trade in contracts of 60,000 pounds at a time. Prices are listed in cents and thousandths of a cent per pound, with a minimum fluctuation of 5/1000 cents.[65] It has been traded there since 1951.[66]

Below are the CQG contract specifications for Bean Oil:

Contract Specifications[67]
Bean Oil (BOA)
Exchange: CBOT
Sector: Grain
Tick Size: 0.01
Tick Value: 6 USD
BPV: 600
Denomination: USD
Decimal Place: 2

References

  1. "Fat emulsion Use During Pregnancy". Drugs.com. 30 June 2020. Retrieved 16 July 2020.
  2. "Global vegetable oil consumption, 2019/20".
  3. Li, Hui-lin (1983). "The Domestication of Plants in China: Ecogeographical Considerations". In Keightley, David N. (ed.). The Origins of Chinese Civilization. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 29–38. ISBN 0-520-04229-8.
  4. Hymowitz, T. (1970). "On the domestication of the soybean". Economic Botany. 24: 408–421. doi:10.1007/BF02860745.
  5. United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Statistics 2004 Archived 2013-03-02 at the Wayback Machine. Table 3-51.
  6. "World Soy Oil Production". The Soybean Processors Association of India. Archived from the original on 2019-01-04. Retrieved 2019-01-04.
  7. Rukunudin IH (1998). "A Modified Method for Determining Free Fatty Acidsfrom Small Soybean Oil Sample Sizes". Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society. 75 (5): 563–568. doi:10.1007/s11746-998-0066-z. S2CID 33242242.
  8. Poth U (2001). "Drying Oils and Related Products". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. doi:10.1002/14356007.a09_055. ISBN 3527306730.
  9. "Oil, soybean, salad or cooking Nutrition Facts & Calories". www.nutritiondata.com. Archived from the original on 2010-03-30. Retrieved 2012-11-22.
  10. Ivanov DS, Lević JD, Sredanović SA (2010). "Fatty acid composition of various soybean products". Journal of the Institute for Food Technology in Novi Sad. 37 (2): 65–70. Archived from the original on 4 October 2013. Retrieved 21 June 2013.
  11. Azizian H, Kramer JK (August 2005). "A rapid method for the quantification of fatty acids in fats and oils with emphasis on trans fatty acids using Fourier Transform near infrared spectroscopy (FT-NIR)". Lipids. 40 (8): 855–867. doi:10.1007/s11745-005-1448-3. PMID 16296405. S2CID 4062268.
  12. "Chapter 5 : Processing and refining edible oils". Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Retrieved 2021-07-04.
  13. Johnson LA, White PJ, Galloway R (2008). Soybeans : chemistry, production, processing, and utilization. Urbana, IL: AOCS Press. ISBN 978-0-12-804352-3. OCLC 491265615.
  14. "US National Nutrient Database, Release 28". United States Department of Agriculture. May 2016. All values in this table are from this database unless otherwise cited or when italicized as the simple arithmetic sum of other component columns.
  15. "Fats and fatty acids contents per 100 g (click for "more details"). Example: Avocado oil (user can search for other oils)". Nutritiondata.com, Conde Nast for the USDA National Nutrient Database, Standard Release 21. 2014. Retrieved 7 September 2017. Values from Nutritiondata.com (SR 21) may need to be reconciled with most recent release from the USDA SR 28 as of Sept 2017.
  16. "USDA Specifications for Vegetable Oil Margarine Effective August 28, 1996" (PDF).
  17. "Avocado oil, fat composition, 100 g". US National Nutrient Database, Release 28, United States Department of Agriculture. May 2016. Retrieved 6 September 2017.
  18. Ozdemir F, Topuz A (2004). "Changes in dry matter, oil content and fatty acids composition of avocado during harvesting time and post-harvesting ripening period" (PDF). Food Chemistry. Elsevier. pp. 79–83. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-01-16. Retrieved 15 January 2020.
  19. Wong M, Requejo-Jackman C, Woolf A (April 2010). "What is unrefined, extra virgin cold-pressed avocado oil?". Aocs.org. The American Oil Chemists' Society. Retrieved 26 December 2019.
  20. "Brazil nut oil, fat composition, 100 g". US National Nutrient Database, Release 28, United States Department of Agriculture. May 2016. Retrieved 6 September 2017.
  21. Katragadda HR, Fullana A, Sidhu S, Carbonell-Barrachina ÁA (2010). "Emissions of volatile aldehydes from heated cooking oils". Food Chemistry. 120: 59–65. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.09.070.
  22. "Canola oil, fat composition, 100 g". US National Nutrient Database, Release 28, United States Department of Agriculture. May 2016. Retrieved 6 September 2017.
  23. Wolke RL (May 16, 2007). "Where There's Smoke, There's a Fryer". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 5, 2011.
  24. "Coconut oil, fat composition, 100 g". US National Nutrient Database, Release 28, United States Department of Agriculture. May 2016. Retrieved 6 September 2017.
  25. "Corn oil, industrial and retail, all purpose salad or cooking, fat composition, 100 g". US National Nutrient Database, Release 28, United States Department of Agriculture. May 2016. Retrieved 6 September 2017.
  26. "Cottonseed oil, salad or cooking, fat composition, 100 g". US National Nutrient Database, Release 28, United States Department of Agriculture. May 2016. Retrieved 6 September 2017.
  27. "Cottonseed oil, industrial, fully hydrogenated, fat composition, 100 g". US National Nutrient Database, Release 28, United States Department of Agriculture. May 2016. Retrieved 6 September 2017.
  28. "Linseed/Flaxseed oil, cold pressed, fat composition, 100 g". US National Nutrient Database, Release 28, United States Department of Agriculture. May 2016. Retrieved 6 September 2017.
  29. Garavaglia J, Markoski MM, Oliveira A, Marcadenti A (2016). "Grape Seed Oil Compounds: Biological and Chemical Actions for Health". Nutrition and Metabolic Insights. 9: 59–64. doi:10.4137/NMI.S32910. PMC 4988453. PMID 27559299.
  30. Callaway J, Schwab U, Harvima I, Halonen P, Mykkänen O, Hyvönen P, Järvinen T (April 2005). "Efficacy of dietary hempseed oil in patients with atopic dermatitis". The Journal of Dermatological Treatment. 16 (2): 87–94. doi:10.1080/09546630510035832. PMID 16019622. S2CID 18445488.
  31. Melina V. "Smoke points of oils" (PDF). veghealth.com. The Vegetarian Health Institute.
  32. "Safflower oil, salad or cooking, high oleic, primary commerce, fat composition, 100 g". US National Nutrient Database, Release 28, United States Department of Agriculture. May 2016. Retrieved 6 September 2017.
  33. "Olive oil, salad or cooking, fat composition, 100 g". US National Nutrient Database, Release 28, United States Department of Agriculture. May 2016. Retrieved 6 September 2017.
  34. "Palm oil, fat composition, 100 g". US National Nutrient Database, Release 28, United States Department of Agriculture. May 2016. Retrieved 6 September 2017.
  35. "Palm oil, industrial, fully hydrogenated, filling fat, fat composition, 100 g". US National Nutrient Database, Release 28, United States Department of Agriculture. May 2016. Retrieved 6 September 2017.
  36. "Oil, peanut". FoodData Central. usda.gov.
  37. Orthoefer FT (2005). "Chapter 10: Rice Bran Oil". In Shahidi F (ed.). Bailey's Industrial Oil and Fat Products. Vol. 2 (6th ed.). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 465. doi:10.1002/047167849X. ISBN 978-0-471-38552-3.
  38. "Rice bran oil". RITO Partnership. Retrieved 22 January 2021.
  39. "Oil, sesame, salad or cooking". FoodData Central. fdc.nal.usda.gov. 1 April 2019.
  40. "Soybean oil, salad or cooking, fat composition, 100 g". US National Nutrient Database, Release 28, United States Department of Agriculture. May 2016. Retrieved 6 September 2017.
  41. "Soybean oil, salad or cooking, (partially hydrogenated), fat composition, 100 g". US National Nutrient Database, Release 28, United States Department of Agriculture. May 2016. Retrieved 6 September 2017.
  42. "FoodData Central". fdc.nal.usda.gov.
  43. "Walnut oil, fat composition, 100 g". US National Nutrient Database, United States Department of Agriculture.
  44. "Smoke Point of Oils". Baseline of Health. Jonbarron.org.
  45. "Butter, stick, salted, nutrients". FoodData Central. USDA Agricultural Research Service. Retrieved 24 April 2020.
  46. The Culinary Institute of America (2011). The Professional Chef (9th ed.). Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-42135-2. OCLC 707248142.
  47. "Oil, canola, nutrients". FoodData Central. USDA Agricultural Research Service. Retrieved 24 April 2020.
  48. "Nutrient database, Release 25". United States Department of Agriculture.
  49. Katragadda HR, Fullana A, Sidhu S, Carbonell-Barrachina ÁA (2010). "Emissions of volatile aldehydes from heated cooking oils". Food Chemistry. 120: 59. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.09.070.
  50. "Oil, coconut, nutrients". FoodData Central. USDA Agricultural Research Service. Retrieved 24 April 2020.
  51. "Oil, corn, nutrients". FoodData Central. USDA Agricultural Research Service. Retrieved 24 April 2020.
  52. "Lard, nutrients". FoodData Central. USDA Agricultural Research Service. Retrieved 24 April 2020.
  53. "Peanut oil, nutrients". FoodData Central. USDA Agricultural Research Service. Retrieved 24 April 2020.
  54. "Oil, olive, extra virgin, nutrients". FoodData Central. USDA Agricultural Research Service. Retrieved 24 April 2020.
  55. "Rice Bran Oil FAQ's". AlfaOne.ca. Archived from the original on 2014-09-27. Retrieved 2014-10-03.
  56. "Oil, soybean, nutrients". FoodData Central. USDA Agricultural Research Service. Retrieved 24 April 2020.
  57. "Beef, variety meats and by-products, suet, raw, nutrients". FoodData Central. USDA Agricultural Research Service. Retrieved 24 April 2020.
  58. "Nutrition data for Butter oil, anhydrous (ghee) per 100 gram reference amount"". FoodData Central. USDA Agricultural Research Service. Retrieved 25 July 2021.
  59. "Sunflower oil, nutrients". FoodData Central. USDA Agricultural Research Service. Retrieved 24 April 2020.
  60. "Shortening, vegetable, nutrients". FoodData Central. USDA Agricultural Research Service. Retrieved 24 April 2020.
  61. "Nutrilipid I.V. fat emulsion- soybean oil injection, solution". DailyMed. 23 June 2020. Retrieved 16 July 2020.
  62. "Intralipid- i.v. fat emulsion emulsion". DailyMed. 9 January 2019. Retrieved 16 July 2020.
  63. Barnard DR, Xue RD (July 2004). "Laboratory evaluation of mosquito repellents against Aedes albopictus, Culex nigripalpus, and Ochierotatus triseriatus (Diptera: Culicidae)". Journal of Medical Entomology. 41 (4): 726–730. doi:10.1603/0022-2585-41.4.726. PMID 15311467.
  64. Fradin MS, Day JF (July 2002). "Comparative efficacy of insect repellents against mosquito bites". The New England Journal of Medicine. 347 (1): 13–18. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa011699. PMID 12097535.
  65. "CONSECUTIVE SOYBEAN OIL CSO – CONTRACT SPECS". CME Group. Retrieved 25 December 2020.
  66. Shurtleff W, Aoyagi A (2016). History of Soybean Crushing: Soy Oil and Soybean Meal (980–2016):: Extensively Annotated Bibliography and Sourcebook. Soyinfo Center. p. 1850. ISBN 978-1-928914-89-1.
  67. "Download Historical Bean Oil Intraday Futures Data (BOA)". PortaraCQG. Retrieved 2022-04-14.
  • "Soybean oil". Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.