Jokela school shooting

The Jokela High school shooting occurred on 7 November 2007, at Jokela High School in the town of Jokela, Tuusula, Finland. The gunman, 18-year old Pekka-Eric Auvinen, entered the school that morning armed with a semi-automatic pistol. He killed eight people and wounded one person in the toe before shooting himself in the head; twelve others were also injured by flying glass or sprained ankles.[4] Auvinen died later that evening in a Helsinki hospital.

Jokela High school shooting
Jokela High School's yard
LocationJokela, Tuusula, Finland
Coordinates60°32′56″N 024°57′49″E
Date7 November 2007 (2007-11-07)
11:42–12:04[1] (UTC+2)
TargetStudents and staff at Jokela High School
Attack type
School shooting, mass shooting, mass murder, murder–suicide, attempted arson
Weapons.22 calibre SIG Sauer Mosquito semi-automatic pistol
Deaths9 (including the perpetrator)[2][3]
Injured13 (1 by gunfire)[4]
PerpetratorPekka-Eric Auvinen
MotiveSchool Bullying, Misanthropy, Social Darwinism

This was the second school shooting in the history of Finland. The previous incident occurred in 1989 at the Raumanmeri school in Rauma, when a 14-year-old fatally shot two fellow students.[5] Less than one year after the Jokela school massacre, the Kauhajoki school shooting occurred, which is thought to have been heavily inspired by Auvinen.

Massacre

At approximately 11:40 (09:40 UTC), Pekka-Eric Auvinen entered Jokela High School's ground-floor main hallway, having missed his first lesson. He encountered a student in the corridor and killed him at 11:42, then moved to the lavatories. Soon after, other students found the victim's body but assumed he was rendered unconscious from a bump to his head. Other students heard the sound of gunshots but did not recognise them. At the lavatories, Auvinen fatally shot two more students, prompting the school nurse to call emergency services. After shooting and killing a student outside the lavatory, Auvinen ran after the nurse, caught up to her, and fatally shot her and another student at 11:46.[4]

At 11:47, head teacher Helena Kalmi was alerted to the shooting by the deputy head teacher. She immediately ordered all students and teachers via PA system to barricade themselves inside their classrooms. After this, Auvinen began shouting and firing randomly, discharging his gun a total of 53 times in the corridors. At one point, he encountered the mother of a student as she was entering the school but spared her. Auvinen then attempted to enter a classroom, shooting three times through the barricaded door and hitting a student in the toe. Auvinen then moved on to the school's second floor and found two students sitting on a bench in the corridor. While one student escaped uninjured, the other was shot and killed.[4]

Auvinen began pouring two-stroke engine fuel (a petrol and oil mixture) on corridor walls and floors, but he was not able to ignite the fuel.[6] He then went to the school canteen on the first floor and tried to enter, but the sliding glass doors were locked. After demanding to be let in, Auvinen fired through the glass, hitting some chairs inside. People hiding in the canteen were able to escape through the other end of the room and hid in the rooms behind the kitchen. No one in the canteen was injured.[4]

At 11:54, Kalmi left the school with the education welfare officer and stopped between the building and a nearby pond to talk on the telephone. The education welfare officer went on ahead to the car park to guide rescue vehicles into the area.[4] Auvinen, cursing, emerged from the school and encountered Kalmi,[4] who tried to convince him to surrender. At 11:57, he shot her seven times in view of a group of students in the schoolyard, fatally wounding her.[7]

Auvinen reentered the school, went back to the first floor,[4] and began walking around, knocking on classroom doors.[8] He then managed to enter an occupied comprehensive-school classroom.[4] Inside, he shouted orders at some of the students, proclaimed a revolution, and urged the students to destroy school property.[8] Despite firing two shots at a television set and a window, Auvinen left the classroom without shooting anyone.[4]

A few minutes later, Auvinen spotted the first responding police officers and paramedics converging at the area of the inner court. He fired a shot at them through a window, but the bullet failed to penetrate the glass. At 12:03, Auvinen took another position near the main entrance and fired two more shots at police officers who tried to approach and negotiate with him. No officers were hit. Soon afterward, he walked into the lavatory next to the canteen and threw his jacket and bag on the floor. After that Auvinen shot himself in the head, ending the shooting at 12:04.[4] Auvinen was found and taken to the Töölö campus of Helsinki University Central Hospital at 14:45, where he died at 22:15 from the gunshot wound.[9][10][11] The victims all sustained multiple injuries to the upper body and head.[12]

Emergency response

The first emergency services call was reported at 11:43:14 by a student, though it was initially reported that the victim in question was bleeding from a bump on his head. The operator alerted two ambulances at 11:44:11. During the alert, gunshots were heard in the background, but the operator either did not hear them or was unable to identify them. The caller then tried to inform the operator that there was someone with a gun, but he was in a state of panic at the time and the operator could not understand the situation. At 11:46:38, it was finally determined a shooter was involved, and the incident was reclassified as a shooting.[13]

Police patrols were alerted, and the first officers arrived at the scene at 11:55 to begin evacuating students and staff from the building. Ambulances also arrived at the same time.[13] In addition to officers from the local police department, officers from the Central Uusimaa, Hyvinkää, and Vantaa police departments, along with officers from a special readiness unit, were involved in the police response.[13] The medical response consisted of a total of twelve ambulance units, along with two rescue units and a medical helicopter.

Despite reports of only one gunman, the police realised the information was not definite and considered the possibility of multiple assailants. They converged on the inner court, where they believed three or four victims were located according to information given by students, but found no bodies there. Meanwhile, between 12:05 and 12:15, a patrol blockading the pool beside the school building found Kalmi, alive but badly wounded. Basic life support was initiated on her, but despite these efforts she died of her injuries at the scene.[13]

Between 12:35 and 12:37, an estimated 200 students and staff were evacuated from the school and relocated to a nearby centre. Readiness unit officers entered the school, and by 13:38, they found six of the victims, four in the hallway and the other two on a corridor stairway. At 13:54, they found Auvinen's body next to a men's lavatory near the canteen. Signs of life were detected on his person and he was moved out of the building to receive first-aid. At 13:58, the officers found the last victim on the school's second floor. They believed he was still alive and moved him out of the school to receive first-aid, but a doctor determined that the victim had already died by the time he was found.[13]

By 14:29, the school was cleared, and no additional gunmen were found. A second inspection of the building was initiated for final confirmation, and the last students were evacuated by 15:17. The second inspection was completed at 15:40.[4][9][10][11][13]

Victims

All of the following were killed in the shooting (minus the perpetrator):[14]

  • Sameli "Same" Nurmi, male, 17 (student)
  • Mika Petteri Pulkkinen, male, 17 (student)
  • Ari Juhani Palsanen, male, 18 (student)
  • Hanna Katariina Laaksonen Kinnunen, female, 25 (student)
  • Sirkka Anneli Kaarakka, female, 43 (nurse)
  • Mikko Tapani “Mikkous” Hiltunen, male, 17 (student)
  • Ville Valtteri “Viltsi” Heinonen, male, 16 (student)
  • Helena Kalmi, female, 61 (head teacher/principal)

Perpetrator
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Pekka-Eric Auvinen (4 June 1989 – 7 November 2007), an 18-year-old student at Jokela High School, was born in Tuusula, Uusimaa, Finland.[15] Prior to the shooting he had no criminal record. His father, a musician, named him after the guitarists Pekka Järvinen and Eric Clapton. According to the official report filed by the National Bureau of Investigation, Auvinen did moderately well in school and had plans to graduate in the following spring. He was regarded as a shy student, often isolating himself from others, and blushing easily when embarrassed. According to some, he had been the target of long-term bullying.

Mental health

Between December 2006 and January 2007, Auvinen's parents tried to get him referred to a psychiatric outpatient clinic for his depression and anxiety, but the offer was refused due to his perceived mild symptoms. Instead, treatment using antidepressants was recommended to Auvinen's parents before any attempts to hospitalize him. Auvinen would go on to tell his online acquaintance, Vaula Kuuluvainen, that he would not be making it to military service the following months, leaving several other cryptic and homicidal messages with her the day before his attack.[4] Auvinen had irregularly taken SSRIs one year prior to his death.[16] Auvinen was frequently bullied at school[17] and school students reported changes in his behavior to a youth worker, saying he acted threateningly and remarked that they would die in "a white revolution".[4] One of his teachers described him as a militant radical who was interested in both far-right and far-left movements.[4][18] Auvinen had apparently been planning the shooting since at least early March 2006 before he met any of the YouTubers or online gamers who had later been blamed for the massacre.[4]

Online activity

Auvinen had a number of online accounts, including two YouTube accounts under the aliases of "Sturmgeist89" and "NaturalSelector89" on which he uploaded videos about school shootings and violent incidents, including the Columbine High School massacre, the Waco siege, the Tokyo subway sarin attack, and bombing during the 2003 invasion of Iraq.[2] He would also post videos attacking religion. Shortly before the shooting, Auvinen posted a video of him displaying his weapon and shooting at apples. Before the attack, his final video was posted titled "Jokela High School Massacre - 11/7/2007". The video began with a picture of Jokela High School, before it faded to red-filtered pictures depicting the shooter holding his firearm. The song "Stray Bullet" by KMFDM is played in the background throughout the entire video.

Several months before the shooting, an American YouTube vlogger, TJ Kirk, called for authorities to investigate accounts with content on school shootings, including one used by Auvinen. What seemed to have linked the two was a middle-aged anarchist whose username on YouTube was "Robin McVeigh" (a reference to the US domestic terrorist Timothy McVeigh, who she idolized along with other well-known killers). She would routinely attack those who disagreed with murder and threatened the lives of many YouTube users. She was also connected to the second "YouTube Killer" Dillon Cossey.[19] "Robin McVeigh" later organized the small but vocal community of online individuals who idolized mass killers (such as Auvinen) into slandering both Kirk and a female YouTuber friend who told him of the dangers by claiming the two had bullied Auvinen, despite multiple attempts on Kirk's part to reach out to Auvinen for emotional support.[20][21][22][23][24][25] A spokesman for the cyber crime department of Helsinki police has stated that "it's highly probable that there was some form of contact between Pekka-Eric Auvinen and Dillon Cossey", a 14-year-old boy arrested in October on suspicion of planning an attack on his school in a suburb of Philadelphia. Auvinen often liked playing violent video games, such as Hitman: Codename 47, Hitman 2: Silent Assassin, Super Columbine Massacre RPG!, and Battlefield 2.[26][27]

File package

Before setting off on his rampage, Auvinen uploaded a file package containing twenty-one media files to the Internet. It contained pictures of himself, his firearm, Jokela High School, one undisclosed music file, and three documents in Finnish and English.[28][29]

The longest text was the "Natural Selector's Manifesto", in which Auvinen explained his thoughts and rationale behind the shooting. He emphasized that he wanted his attack to be seen as not a mere school shooting but an outright act of terrorism. The text is an amalgamation of Auvinen's favorite various socially-critical thinkers, including Plato and Friedrich Nietzsche, and also contained references to the Unabomber manifesto. Auvinen separates human beings into three groups based on their ability to think critically, as well as explains his role as a "natural selector" meant to weed out the weakest aspects of humanity. He refers to his actions as a "total war against humanity" and rationalizes his massacre by depicting it as a rightful culling of the weak-minded majority. He insisted that both his upbringing and the media he consumed were not at fault for his actions.

Auvinen had also left suicide notes on his computer directed towards his parents the night before the massacre, with one beginning, "By the time you're reading this, I'm probably already dead."

Obtaining the gun

Auvinen had received his gun licence in October, then purchased a .22-calibre SIG Sauer Mosquito and 500 rounds of ammunition on 2 November, five days before the shooting. He was a registered member of the Helsinki Shooting Club since 31 August.[4] A club spokesman revealed that Auvinen had attended a single one-hour training session.[12] He had been given the licence since he was a member of a local shooting club and held no previous criminal record.

The Finnish police require a shooting hobby to begin with a .22-calibre weapon. Auvinen initially wanted to purchase a 9mm Glock pistol, but the application was rejected by police on 12 October under the grounds that, due to its high firepower, the firearm was not suited for precision shooting, as Auvinen had hoped to use it for.[4][30] He later successfully filed an application to purchase a .22-calibre Ruger MK III pistol, only to find on the day of the purchase that it was unavailable at the time. He then opted to purchase the SIG Sauer Mosquito instead.[4]

Auvinen uploaded a video to YouTube prior to the shooting, declaring that he would carry out a "massacre",[31][32] and uploaded a manifesto to a file sharing website. His manifesto expressed anger at his social alienation and called on "strong-minded and intelligent individuals" to revolt against the "idiocracy" of the "weak-minded masses".[2][4][33]

Criminal investigation

The police found a total of 75 casings and 327 unused rounds of ammunition at the scene.[4] Flammable liquid was found poured on the walls and floors of the second floor, suggesting that Auvinen had attempted to set the school on fire. They also found Auvinen's suicide note and began analyzing his Internet postings.[34][35] A 2,000-page police report into the shooting was released in April 2008.[36]

Government responses
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Finnish government

Flags were flown at half-staff on 8 November throughout the country by officials and private entities alike, and the Finnish government held a moment of silence while in session. Prime Minister Matti Vanhanen sent "his government's heartfelt condolences", strongly noting the need of the media, parents and schools to discuss the incident in correct light. The Finnish National Board of Education immediately posted directions for the teachers and principals on how to discuss the shootings with pupils, along with shorter instructions for parents. President Tarja Halonen sent her condolences as well.[37][38][39] The Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland opened a crisis centre, situated in the Church of Jokela, in which professional help was administered to those afflicted by the tragedy.[40] A number of groups appeared on IRC-Gallery and Facebook to grieve or commemorate the victims [41]

The Lutheran Archbishop Jukka Paarma of Turku, the Orthodox Archbishop Leo of Karelia, the Catholic Bishop Józef Wróbel of Helsinki and other church authorities expressed their condolences to the relatives and loved ones of those who died in the massacre.[42][43][44] Throughout the country, church buildings were opened for anyone seeking pastoral care; the incident was a major topic in religious services, many of which were specifically held because of the incident.

On 9 November 2007, the Finnish government decided to drop objections to the European Union directive on firearms. This mandated a common European minimum age limit of 18 years for gun ownership.[45] After the decision was announced, interior minister Anne Holmlund commented through her aide that it was not a direct consequence of the shootings, as the directive had been prepared for a long time and "wouldn't have prevented the events anyway."[46]

On 13 November, the Finnish government announced that it would set up a "Commission of Inquiry to investigate the Jokela school shooting and events that bear relevance to the incident".[47] The investigation report was released in February 2009.[48]

According to the Finnish Ministry of Justice, a legislative process aimed at establishing an enabling Act covering the Terms of an official Investigative Commission would be finalised by the end of March 2008. The plan was to have a Final Report, covering the Jokela school shooting incident, finalised in one year.[49]

International governments and organisations
  •  Norway: King Harald V sent a message of condolences to Finnish President Tarja Halonen. "It is with deep sorrow that I have received the news of the tragedy at the Jokela secondary school in Tusby yesterday, which resulted in such a meaningless loss of lives. I send you my heartfelt condolences and my sincerest sympathies to all the bereaved and the Finnish people."[53]
  •  Sweden: King Carl XVI Gustaf expressed his condolences and described the shooting as a horrific affair.
"Unfortunately this sort of thing is spreading around the world. That is odd," the king added at a news conference in Luleå. The Swedish TV-channel SVT 2 would also show the movie Elephant, a movie whose general theme is a school shooting, the day after the massacre, but they took it off the schedule in respect to Finland. Instead, the movie Swimming Pool was shown.[54]

Copycat threats

In Finland

On 9 November 2007, the Finnish police rushed to three schools due to threats of attacks posted on the Internet. One of the schools was Hyrylä high school in Tuusula and the others in Kirkkonummi and Maaninka.[56] The 16-year-old boy who posted a video titled "Maaninka massacre" on YouTube was arrested on 11 November. The suspect has stated that the video was a joke.[57]

Three weeks after the Jokela shootings, the Finnish police, flooded with hoax threats, made a public plea for threats against schools to cease. The police reminded prospective perpetrators of severe judicial consequences as well as of the feelings of the families touched by the Jokela events.[58]

The Kauhajoki school shooting occurred on 23 September 2008, at Seinäjoki University of Applied Sciences in Kauhajoki, a town in the former province of Western Finland. The gunman, 22-year-old culinary arts student Matti Juhani Saari, shot and fatally injured ten people with a semi-automatic pistol, before shooting himself in the head. He died a few hours later in Tampere University Hospital. Finnish police first stated that Saari "very likely" knew Pekka-Eric Auvinen,[59] but in the final investigation no proof of that was found.

Elsewhere

In neighbouring Sweden, two boys, aged 16 and 17, were arrested in Stockholm for conspiring to murder their school's principal and janitor.[60] According to the principal, "they had spoken about and glorified Columbine High and what happened in Finland."[61]

See also

References
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