Penares

Penares is a widely distributed genus of demosponges. [2]

Penares
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Porifera
Class: Demospongiae
Order: Tetractinellida
Family: Geodiidae
Subfamily: Erylinae
Genus: Penares
Gray, 1867
Type species
Penares helleri
(Schmidt, 1864)
Species

See text.

Synonyms[1]
  • Jasplakina de Laubenfels, 1954
  • Pachamphilla Lendenfeld, 1907
  • Papyrula Schmidt, 1868

Description

These sponges are irregularly massive and have a thin cortex. Species belonging to this genus have dichotriaenes (spicules with pairs of branched rays) and oxeas (needle-like spicules with both ends pointed). Smooth microrhabds (modified microxeas (small oxeas) or microstrongyles (small rods with both ends blunt or rounded)) form a crust in the ectosome. Euasters (star-shaped microscleres with multiple rays radiating from a central point) may also be present.[3]

Species

The following species are recognised: [1]

  • Penares alatus (Lendenfeld, 1907)
  • Penares angeli Sim-Smith, Hickman & Kelly, 2021
  • Penares anisoxia Boury-Esnault, 1973
  • Penares apicospinatus Desqueyroux-Faúndez & van Soest, 1997
  • Penares astronavis Sim-Smith & Kelly, 2019
  • Penares aureus Sim-Smith & Kelly, 2019
  • Penares candidatus (Schmidt, 1868)
  • Penares chelotropa Boury-Esnault, 1973
  • Penares cortius de Laubenfels, 1930
  • Penares deformis Sim-Smith & Kelly, 2019
  • Penares dendyi (Hentschel, 1912)
  • Penares euastrum (Schmidt, 1868)
  • Penares foliaformis Wilson, 1904
  • Penares hartmeyeri (Uliczka, 1929)
  • Penares helleri (Schmidt, 1864)
  • Penares hilgendorfi (Thiele, 1898)
  • Penares hongdoensis Jeon & Sim, 2009
  • Penares incrustans Tanita, 1963
  • Penares intermedius (Dendy, 1905)
  • Penares kermadecensis Sim-Smith & Kelly, 2019
  • Penares mastoideus (Schmidt, 1880)
  • Penares metastrosus (Lebwohl, 1914)
  • Penares micraster Lévi, 1993
  • Penares mollis Sim-Smith & Kelly, 2019
  • Penares nux (de Laubenfels, 1954)
  • Penares ochraceus (Carter, 1886)
  • Penares okokewae Sim-Smith & Kelly, 2019
  • Penares orbis Sim-Smith & Kelly, 2019
  • Penares orthotriaena Burton, 1931
  • Penares palmatoclada Lévi, 1993
  • Penares saccharis (de Laubenfels, 1930)
  • Penares scabiosus Desqueyroux-Faúndez & van Soest, 1997
  • Penares schulzei (Dendy, 1905)
  • Penares sclerobesus Topsent, 1904
  • Penares sineastra Van Soest, 2017
  • Penares sollasi Thiele, 1900
  • Penares sphaera (Lendenfeld, 1907)
  • Penares turmericolor Sim-Smith & Kelly, 2019
  • Penares tylotaster Dendy, 1924
  • Penares vermiculatus Sim-Smith & Kelly, 2019

References
  1. "Penares". WoRMS. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 30 September 2021.
  2. "Penares". Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Retrieved 30 September 2021.
  3. Hooper, John N. A. (2002), Hooper, John N. A.; Van Soest, Rob W. M.; Willenz, Philippe (eds.), "Family Acarnidae Dendy, 1922", Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges, Boston, MA: Springer US, pp. 412–431, doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-0747-5_51, ISBN 978-1-4615-0747-5, retrieved 2021-09-30
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