List of pre-modern Iranian scientists and scholars
Iranian scientists, engineers, and scholars who lived from antiquity up until the beginning of the modern age incluse:
Photo taken from medieval manuscript by Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi. The image depicts an epicyclic planetary model.
A
- Abdul Qadir Gilani (12th century) theologian and philosopher
- Abu al-Qasim Muqane'i (10th century) physician
- Abu Dawood (c. 817–889), Islamic scholar
- Abu Hanifa (699–767), Islamic scholar
- Abu Said Gorgani (10th century) [1]
- 'Adud al-Dawla (936–983), scientific patron
- Ahmad ibn Farrokh (12th century), physician
- Ahmad ibn 'Imad al-Din (11th century), physician and chemist
- Alavi Shirazi (1670–1747), royal physician in Mughal India
- Amuli, Muhammad ibn Mahmud (c. 1300–1352), physician
- Abū Ja'far al-Khāzin (900–971), mathematician and astronomer [2]
- Ansari, Khwaja Abdullah (1006–1088), Islamic scholar
- Aqa-Kermani (18th century), physician
- Aqsara'i (?–1379), physician
- Abu Hafsa Yazid, physician
- Arzani, Muqim (18th century), physician
- Astarabadi (15th century), physician
- Aufi, Muhammad (1171–1242), scientist and historian
- Albubather, physician and astrologer [3]
- Ibn Abi al-Ashʿath, physician
- Abu al-Hassan al-Amiri, theologian and philosopher
- Abu al-Hasan al-Ahwazi, mathematician and astronomer [4]
B
- Brethren of Purity[5]
- Bahmanyār, philosopher
- Al-Baghawi (c. 1041–1122), Islamic scholar
- Bahāʾ al-dīn al-ʿĀmilī (1547–1621), poet, philosopher, architect, mathematician, astronomer
- Baha Al-Dowleh Razi (died c. 915), physician
- Al-Baladhuri (?–892), historian
- Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi (787–886), known in Latin as Albumasar, astrologer [6]
- Abu Zayd al-Balkhi (850–934), geographer and mathematician [7]
- Banū Mūsā brothers (9th century)[8]
- Abu'l-Fadl Bayhaqi, historian
- Abu'l-Hasan Bayhaqi, historian and Islamic scholar
- Al-Bayhaqi, faqih and muhadith
- Muhammad Baqir Behbahani (1706–1791), theologian
- Bubares (died after 480 BC), engineer
- Ibn Bibi (13th century), historian of the Seljuks of Rum
- Biruni (973–1048), astronomer and mathematician [9]
- Muhammad al-Bukhari (810–870), Islamic scholar
- Sahl ibn Bishr (c. 786–845 ?), astrologer, mathematician
- Bukhtishu (8th century?), Persian Christian physician of Academy of Gundishapur
- Bukhtishu, Abdollah ibn (c. 940–1058), Christian physician in Persia
- Jabril ibn Bukhtishu (9th century), Christian physician
- Bukhtishu, Yuhanna (9th century), Christian physician
- Borzuya (6th century), a.k.a. Borzouyeh-i Tabib, physician of Academy of Gundishapur
- Birjandi (?–1528), astronomer and mathematician [10]
- Muhammad Bal'ami, historian
- Abu Bakr Rabee Ibn Ahmad Al-Akhawyni Bokhari, physician [11]
- Abu'l-Fadl al-Bal'ami
C
- Cabir Bin Hayyan, science; alchemist, chemist and pharmacist; physicist, astronomer and astrologer; medical and physical therapist; engineer, geographer, philosopher and Sufi.
- Cuveyni, historian
D
- Abu Hanifa Dinawari (815–896), polymath [12]
- Ibn Durustawayh (872–958), grammarian, lexicographer and student of the Quran and hadith
- Ibn Qutaybah (828–885), historian
E
- Abubakr Esfarayeni (13th century?), physician
F
- Al-Farghani (d. 880), astronomer, known in Latin as Alfraganus [13]
- Al-Farabi (872–950) (Al-Farabi, Pharabius), philosopher [14]
- Fazari, Ibrahim (?–777), mathematician and astronomer
- Fazari, Mohammad (?–796), mathematician and astronomer
- Feyz Kashani, Mohsen (?–1680), theologian
- Firishta (1560–1620), historian
- Ibn al-Faqih, historian and geographer
- Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr al‐Farisi (d. 1278/1279), astronomer
- Fazlallah Khunji Isfahani (1455–1521), religious scholar, historian and political writer
G
- Gardizi (?–1061), geographer and historian
- Ghazali (Algazel, 1058–1111), philosopher
- Gilani, Hakim (?–1609), royal physician
- Kushyar Gilani (971–1029), mathematician, geographer, astronomer
- Zayn al-Din Gorgani (1041–1136), royal physician
- Rostam Gorgani (16th century), physician
- Al-Masihi (?–999), Avicenn'a master
H
- Hakim Ghulam Imam, physician
- Hakim Muhammad Mehdi Naqi (18th century), physician
- Hakim Muhammad Sharif Khan (18th century), physician
- Hakim Nishaburi (933–1012), Islamic scholar
- Hallaj (858–922), mystic-philosopher
- Hamadani, Mir Sayyid Ali (1314–1384), poet and philosopher
- Harawi, Abolfadl (10th century), astronomer of Buyid dynasty
- Harawi, Muwaffak (10th century), pharmacologist
- Harawi, Muhammad ibn Yusuf (d. 1542), physician
- Hasani, Qavameddin (17th century), physician
- Ibn Hindu (1019–1032), man of letters, physician
- Haji Bektash Veli, mystic
- Ayn al-Quzat Hamadani, jurisconsult, mystic, philosopher, poet and mathematician
- Haseb Tabari, astronomer
- Hammam ibn Munabbih, Islamic scholar
- Hamza al-Isfahani (ca. 893–after 961), philologist and historian
- Abu Ja'far ibn Habash
I
- Ibn Abi Sadiq (11th century), "The Second Hippocrates", Avicenna's disciple
- Ibn Khordadbeh (c. 820–912), geographer
- Ibn Rustah (9th century), explorer and geographer
- Ilaqi, Yusef (11th century), Avicenna's pupil
- Mansur ibn Ilyas (14th century), physician
- Ibn Sina (Avicenna, 980–1037), philosopher and physician
- Isfahani, Jalaleddin (19th century), physician
- Isfahani, Husayn (15th century), physician
- Istakhri (?–957), geographer, gives the earliest known account of windmills
- Iranshahri (9th century), philosopher, teacher of Abu Bakr al-Razi
- Al-Isfizari (11th–12th century), mathematician and astronomer
J
- Jaghmini (14th century), physician
- Juwayni (1028–1085), philosopher, theologian
- Juzjani, Abu Ubaid (?–1070), physician
- Jamal ad-Din Bukhari, astronomer
- Jamasp, philosopher
- Jamasp, sage and philosopher
- Al-Abbās ibn Said al-Jawharī (800–860), geometer
K
- Karaji (953–1029), mathematician
- Jamshid-i Kashani (c. 1380–1429), astronomer and mathematician
- Kashfi, Jafar (1775/6–1850/1), theologian
- Sadid al-Din al-Kazaruni (14th century), physician
- Kermani, Iwad (15th century), physician
- Kermani, Shams-ud-Din, Islamic scholar
- Al-Khazini (c. 1130), physicist
- Khayyam, Omar (1048–1131), poet, mathematician, and astronomer
- Khorasani, Sultan Ali (16th century), physician
- Al-Kharaqī, astronomer and mathematician
- Khujandi (c. 940–c. 1000), mathematician and astronomer
- Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi (a.k.a. Al-Khwarazmi, c. 780–c. 850), creator of algorithm and algebra, mathematician and astronomer
- Najm al-Dīn al-Qazwīnī al-Kātibī, logician and philosopher
- Shams al-Din al-Khafri, astrologer
- Abū Sahl al-Qūhī, mathematician and astronomer
- Kubra, Najmeddin (1145–1220)
- Abu Ishaq al-Kubunani (d. after 1481), mathematician, astronomer
- Abu Zayn Kahhal, physician
M
- Mahani (9th century), mathematician and astronomer
- Majusi, Ibn Abbas (?–c. 890), physician
- Marvazi, Abu Taher (12th century), philosopher
- Habash al-Hasib al-Marwazi, mathematician, astronomer, geographer
- Masawaiyh (777–857), or Masuya
- Mashallah ibn Athari (740–815), of Jewish origins, from Khorasan who designed the city of Baghdad based on Firouzabad
- Miskawayh (932–1030), philosopher
- Sharaf al-Zaman al-Marwazi, physician
- Hamdallah Mustawfi (1281–1349), geographer
- Mulla Sadra (1572–1640), philosopher
- Ibn al-Muqaffa' (?–756), founder of Arabic prose along with Abdol-Hamid
- bin Musa, Hasan (9th century), astronomer, mathematician
- bin Musa, Ahmad (9th century), astronomer, inventor
- bin Musa, Muhammad (9th century), astronomer, mathematician
- Muhammad ibn Muhammad Tabrizi (13th century), philosopher
- Abu Mansur al-Maturidi, Islamic scholar
- Muqatil ibn Sulayman, mufassir of Quran
- Ibn Manda, Hadith scholar
- Abu Ahmad Monajjem (241/855-56–in 13 Rabi' I 300/29 October 912), music theorist, literary historian
- Masarjawaih (7th century), physician
- Muhammad Abdolrahman, physician
N
- Nagawri (14th century), physician
- Nahavandi, Benjamin, Jewish scholar
- Nahavandi, Ahmad (9th century), astronomer
- Nakhshabi (14th century), physician
- Nasir Khusraw (1004–1088), scientist, Ismaili scholar, mathematician, philosopher, traveler and poet
- Natili Tabari (10th century), physician
- Naubakht (9th century), designer of the city of Baghdad
- Naubakht, Fadhl ibn (8th century), astronomer
- Nawbakhty (4th Hijri century), Islamic scholar, philosopher
- Nizam al-Din Nishapuri, mathematician, astronomer, jurist, exegete, and poet
- Nawbakhti, Ruh (10th century), Islamic scholar
- Nayrizi (865–922), mathematician and astronomer
- Naqshband, Baha ud-Din (1318–1389), philosopher
- Abu al-Qasim al-Habib Neishapuri (18th century), physician
- Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj (c. 815–875), Islamic scholar
- Nurbakhshi (16th century), physician
- Abu Hafs Umar an-Nasafi, theologian, mufassir, muhaddith and historian
- Al-Nasa'i, hadith collector
- Shihab al-Din Muhammad al-Nasawi, historian and biographer
- Abu Nu`aym, Islamic scholar
O
- Ostanes, ancient Persian alchemist
P
- Paul the Persian (6th century), philosopher
Q
- Qazwini, Zakariya (1203–1283), physician
- Qumi, Qazi Sa’id (1633–1692), theologian
- Qumri (10th century), physician
- Ali Qushji (1403–16 December 1474), mathematician, astronomer and physician
- Ali al-Qari, Islamic scholar
- Ali Ibn Ibrahim Qomi, jurist and Shia scholar
- Al-Quda'i (d. 1062), judge, preacher and historian in Fatimid Egypt
R
- Razi, Amin (16th century), geographer
- Razi, Zakariya (Rhazes) (c. 865–925), chemist, physician, and philosopher
- Razi, Najmeddin (1177–1256), mystic
- Rumi, Jalal ad-Din Muhammad (1207–1273), Muslim poet, jurist, Islamic scholar, theologian, and Sufi mystic
- Rashid-al-Din Hamadani (1247–1318), historian, physician and politician
- Abu Hatim Ahmad ibn Hamdan al-Razi, Ismaili philosopher
- Rudaki (858–941), Persian poet
S
- Sabzevari, Mulla Hadi (1797–1873), poet and philosopher
- Saghani Ostorlabi (?–990), astronomer
- Sahl, Fadl ibn (?–818), astronomer
- Sahl, Shapur ibn (?–869), physician
- Samarqandi, Najibeddin (13th century), physician
- Samarqandi, Ashraf (c. 1250–c. 1310), mathematician, astronomer
- Sarakhsi, Muhammad ibn Ahmad (?–1096), Islamic scholar
- Ahmad ibn al-Tayyib al-Sarakhsi, historian, traveller
- Shahrastani (1086–1153), historian of religions
- Shahrazuri (13th century), philosopher and physician
- Shahrazuri, Ibn al-Salah (1181–1245), Islamic scholar
- Shaykh Tusi (996–1067), Islamic scholar
- Ibn Babawayh (923–991), theologian
- Ibn Sahl, mathematician, physicist
- Abu ul-Ala Shirazi (d. 1001 CE), physician
- Shaykh Muhammad ibn Thaleb, physician
- Shirazi, Imad al-Din Mas'ud (16th century), physician
- Shirazi, Muhammad Hadi Khorasani (18th century), physician
- Shirazi, Qutbeddin (1236–1311), astronomer
- Shirazi, Mahmud ibn Ilyas (18th century), physician
- Shirazi, Najm al-Din Mahmud ibn Ilyas (?–1330), physician
- Shirazi, Qurayshi (17th century), physician
- Shirazi, Sultan Waezin (1894–1971), theologian
- Sibawayh, linguist and grammarian
- Sijzi (c. 945–c. 1020), mathematician and astronomer
- Sijzi, Mas'ud (14th century), physician
- Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi (903–986), astronomer from Ray who invented the meridian ring
- Mūsā ibn Shākir, astronomer
- Suhrawardi, Shahab al-Din (1155–1191), philosopher
- Abu Sulayman Sijistani, philosopher
- ‘Abd ar-Razzaq as-San‘ani, Islamic scholar
- Zayn al-Din Omar Savaji, philosopher and logician
- Zeynalabdin Shirvani, geographer, philosopher and poet
- Abu Yaqub al-Sijistani, Ismaili philosopher
- Abu'l-'Anbas Saymari, astrologer
T
- Tabarani, Abu al-Qasim (873–970), Islamic scholar
- Tabari Amoli (839–923), historian
- Tabari, ibn Farrukhan (?–815), astrologer and architect
- Tabari, Abul Hasan (10th century), physician
- Tabari, Ibn Sahl (c. 783–c. 858), Jewish convert physician, master of Rhazes
- Tabrizi, Maqsud Ali (17th century), physician
- Taftazani (1322–1390), theologian, linguist
- Tayfur, Ibn Abi Tahir (819–893), linguist
- Tirmidhi (824–892), Islamic scholar
- Tunakabuni (17th century), physician
- Tughra'i (c. 1061–1122), physician
- Tusi, Nizam ol-Molk (1018–1092), Persian scholar and vizier of the Seljuq Empire
- Tusi, Nasireddin (1201–1274), Persian polymath, architect, philosopher, physician, scientist, and theologian
- Tusi, Sharafeddin (?–1213/4), mathematician
- Ahmad ibn Muhammad al-Tha'labi, Islamic scholar
- 'Abd al-Hamīd ibn Turk, Persian or Turkish mathematician
U
- Safi al-Din al-Urmawi (c. 1216–1294), musician
- Abu al‐Uqul al‐Tabari (14th century), Yemenite astronomer of Iranian origin
V
- Amin al-Din Rashid al-Din Vatvat (13th century), scholar and physician
W
- Waqidi (748–822), historian
- Wassaf, historian
- Al-Wabkanawi, astronomer
Y
- Yaʿqūb ibn Ṭāriq (?–796), mathematician and astronomer
- Yunus ibn Habib, linguist
- Yahya ibn Ma'in, Islamic scholar
- Yunus al-Katib al-Mughanni, musician
- Yahya ibn Abi Mansur (d. 830 CE), astronomer
Z
- Zamakhshari (1074/5–1143/4), scholar and geographer
- Muhammad Zarrindast (11th century), oculist
- Zayn-e-Attar (?–c. 1403), physician
- Zarir Jurjani (9th century), mathematician and astronomer
- Zakariya al-Qazwini (1203–1283) physician, astronomer, geographer, and proto-science fiction writer
See also
- List of contemporary Iranian scientists, scholars, and engineers
- List of Iranian mathematicians
- Nezamiyeh
- Academy of Gondishapur
- International rankings of Iran in science and technology
- List of Christian scientists and scholars of the medieval Islamic world
- List of pre-modern Arab scientists and scholars
Notes
- Brentjes, Sonja. Jan P. Hogendijk, “The Geometrical Works of Abu Sa’id al-Darir al-Jurjani”. SCIAMVS 2, (2001), pp. 47-74., Abstracta Iranica [En ligne], Volume 26 | 2005, document 324, mis en ligne le 07 décembre 2005, consulté le 05 juin 2021.
- Calvo, Emilia, “Khāzin,” The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers, editor-in-chief Thomas Hockey, New York: Springer-Verlag (2014) 1191-1192 | ISBN 978-1-4419-9916-0
- Vadet, J.-C., “Ibn al-K̲h̲aṣīb”, Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs. Consulted online on 05 June 2021
- Negahban, Farzin, “Abū al-Ḥasan al-Ahwāzī”, Encyclopaedia Islamica, Editors-in-Chief: Wilferd Madelung and, Farhad Daftary. Consulted online on 04 February 2017
- Walker, Paul E., “EḴWĀN AL-ṢAFĀʾ,” Encyclopaedia Iranica
- Pingree, David E., “Abū Maʿshar al-Balkhī,” Dictionary of Scientific Biography, editor-in-chief Charles Coulston Gillispie, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons (1970-1980) vol. 1, pp. 32-39; Idem, Abū Maʿshar Al-Balkhī, Jaʿfar Ibn Muḥammad, Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Encyclopedia.com
- Watt, W. M., “ABŪ ZAYD BALḴĪ,” Encyclopædia Iranica
- Hamedani, Hossein Masoumi and Esots, Janis, “Banū Mūsā”, Encyclopaedia Islamica, Editors-in-Chief: Wilferd Madelung and, Farhad Daftary. Consulted online on 06 June 2021
- (Multiple Authors), BĪRŪNĪ, ABŪ RAYḤĀN – Encyclopaedia Iranica
- Kusuba, Takanori, “Birjandi,” The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers, editor-in-chief Thomas Hockey, Springer Reference, New York: Springer-Verlag (2014) pp. 225-226. ISBN 978-1-4419-9916-0
- Biesterfeldt, H. H., “AḴAWAYNĪ BOḴĀRĪ,” Encyclopædia Iranica
- Lewin, B., “Al-Dīnawarī,” Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition, eds. H. A. R. Gibb, J. H. Kramers, E. Lévi-Provençal, J. Schacht, Leiden: Brill (1954–2005) vol. 2, p. 300; Pellat, Charles, “DĪNAVARĪ, ABŪ ḤANĪFA AḤMAD,” Encyclopaedia Iranica
- Sabra, A. I., “AL-FARGHĀNĪ,” Dictionary of Scientific Biography, editor-in-chief Charles Coulston Gillispie, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons (1970-1980) vol. 4, pp. 541-545; Pingree, David E., “FARḠĀNĪ, AḤMAD,” Encyclopaedia Iranica
- Druart, Therese-Anne, "al-Farabi", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2020 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.),
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