Phase-out of fossil fuel vehicles
Vehicles that are powered by fossil fuels, such as gasoline (petrol), diesel, kerosene, and fuel oil are set to be phased out by a number of countries. It is one of the three most important parts of the general fossil fuel phase-out process, the others being the phase-out of fossil fuel power plants for electricity generation and decarbonisation of industry.[1]
Part of a series on |
Climate change and society |
---|
Many countries and cities around the world have stated they will ban the sale of passenger vehicles (primarily cars and buses) powered by fossil fuels such as petrol, liquefied petroleum gas, and diesel at some time in the future.[2][3] Synonyms for the bans include phrases like "banning gas cars",[4] "banning petrol cars",[5] "the petrol and diesel car ban",[6] or simply "the diesel ban".[7] Another method of phase-out is the use of zero-emission zones in cities.
A few places have set dates for banning other types of vehicles, such as fossil-fuelled ships and lorries.
Background
Reasons for banning the further sale of fossil fuel vehicles include: reducing health risks from pollution particulates, notably diesel PM10s, and other emissions, notably nitrogen oxides;[8] meeting national greenhouse gas, such as CO2, targets under international agreements such as the Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Agreement; or energy independence. The intent to ban vehicles powered by fossil fuels is attractive to governments as it offers a simpler compliance target,[9] compared with a carbon tax or phase-out of fossil fuels.[10]
The automotive industry is working to introduce electric vehicles to adapt to bans[3] with varying success and it is seen by some in the industry as a possible source of money in a declining market. A 2020 study from the Eindhoven University of Technology showed that the manufacturing emissions of batteries of new electric cars are much smaller than what was assumed in the 2017 IVL study[note 1] (around 75 kg CO2/kWh) and that the lifespan of lithium batteries is also much longer than previously thought (at least 12 years with a mileage of 15,000 km annually): they are cleaner than internal combustion cars powered by diesel or petrol.[13]
There is some opposition to simply moving from fossil-fuel-powered cars to electric cars, as they would still require a large proportion of urban land.[14] On the other hand, there are many types of (electric) vehicles that take up little space, such as (cargo) bicycles and electric motorcycles and scooters.[15] Making cycling and walking over short distances, especially in urban areas, more attractive and feasible with measures such as removing roads and parking spaces and improving cycling infrastructure and footpaths (including pavements), provides a partial alternative to replacing all fossil-fuelled vehicles with electric vehicles.[15][16] Although there are as yet very few completely carfree cities (such as Venice), several are banning all cars in parts of the city, such as city centers.[17][18]
Methods
The banning of fossil-fuelled vehicles of a defined scope requires authorities to enact legislation that restricts them in a certain way. Proposed methods include:
- A prohibition on further sales or registration of new vehicles powered with specific fuels from a certain date in a certain area.[19] At the date of implementation, existing vehicles would remain legal to drive on public highways.[20]
- A prohibition on the importation of new vehicles powered with specific fuels from a certain date into a certain area. This is planned in countries such as Denmark, Israel, and Switzerland;[21][22][23] however, some countries, such as Israel, have no legislation on the subject.[24]
- A prohibition on any use of certain vehicles powered with specific fuels from a certain date within a certain area. Restrictions such as these are already in place in many European cities, usually in the context of their low-emission zones (LEZs).[25]
- Making emission legislation so strict that it can in reality not be fulfilled.
Fuel cell (electric) vehicles (FCVs or FCEVs) also allow running on (some) non-fossil fuels (i.e., hydrogen, ethanol,[26] methanol,[27] ).
Cities generally use the introduction of low-emission zones (LEZs) or zero-emission zones (ZEZs), sometimes with an accompanying air quality certificate sticker such as Crit'air (France), to restrict the use of fossil-fuelled cars in some or all of its territory.[19] These zones are growing in number, size, and strictness.[19][28] Some city bans in countries such as Italy, Germany, and Switzerland are only temporarily activated during particular times of the day, during winter, or when there is a smog alert (for example, in Italy in January 2020); these do not directly contribute to the phase-out of fossil fuel vehicles, but they make owning and using such vehicles less attractive as their utility is restricted and the cost of driving them increases.[29][30][31]
Some countries have given consumers various incentives such as subsidies or tax breaks to stimulate the purchase of electric vehicles, while fossil-fuelled vehicles are taxed increasingly heavily.[19]
Helped by government incentives, Norway became the first country to have the majority of new vehicles sold in 2021 be electric. In January 2022, 88 per cent of new vehicles sold in the country were electric, and based upon current trends, they would most likely hit the goal of no new fossil fuel cars being sold by 2025.[32]
Places with planned fossil-fuel vehicle restrictions
International
At the 2021 United Nations Climate Change Conference held in Glasgow multiple governments and companies signed a not legally binding declaration to accelerate the transition to 100% zero emission cars and vans (the Glasgow Declaration). They wanted all new cars and vans to not emit any greenhouse gas at the tailpipe by 2035 in leading markets and by 2040 globally.[33][34][35] The United States and China (the biggest car markets) did not sign and neither did Germany (the biggest car market in the EU). Also absent from the list of signatories were major car manufacturers Volkswagen, Toyota, Renault-Nissan and Hyundai-Kia.[36]
European Union
In 2018, Denmark proposed an EU-wide prohibition on petrol and diesel cars, but that turned out to be contrary to EU regulations. In October 2019, Denmark made a proposal for phasing out fossil fuel vehicles on the member state level by 2030 which was supported by 10 other EU member states.[21] In July 2021, France opposed a ban on combustion-powered cars and in particular on hybrid vehicles.[37] In July 2021, the European Commission proposed a 100% reduction of emissions for new sales of cars and vans as of 2035.[38][39] On 8 June 2022, the European Parliament voted in favour of the proposal of the European Commission, but agreement with the European Union member states was necessary before a final law could be passed.[40] On 22 June 2022, German Finance Minister Christian Lindner stated that his government would refuse to agree on the ban.[41] But on 29 June 2022, after 16 hours of negotiations, all climate ministers of the 27 EU member states agreed to the commission's proposal (part of the 'Fit for 55' package) to effectively ban the sale of new internal combustion vehicles by 2035 (through '[introducing] a 100% CO2 emissions reduction target by 2035 for new cars and vans').[42][43][44] Germany backed the 2035 target, asking the Commission whether hybrid vehicles or CO2-neutral fuels could also comply with the proposal; Frans Timmermans responded that the Commission kept an "open mind", but at the time 'hybrids did not deliver sufficient emissions cuts and alternative fuels were prohibitively expensive.'[43] The law for "zero CO2 emissions for new cars and vans in 2035" was approved by the European Parliament on 14 February 2023.[45]
Countries
Countries with proposed bans or implementing 100% sales of zero-emissions vehicles include China (including Hong Kong and Macau), Japan, Singapore, the UK, South Korea, Iceland, Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Slovenia, Germany, Italy, France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Portugal, Canada, the 12 U.S. states that adhered to California's Zero-Emission Vehicle (ZEV) Program, Sri Lanka, Cabo Verde, and Costa Rica.[2]
![](../I/Phase-out_of_fossil_fuel_vehicles.svg.png.webp)
Country | Start year | Status | Scope | Details |
---|---|---|---|---|
Armenia | 2040 | Signatory of the Glasgow Declaration[33][34] | Emitting | New vehicle sales by 2040 at latest |
Austria | 2040 | Signatory of the Glasgow Declaration[33][34] | Emitting | New vehicle sales by 2040 at latest |
Azerbaijan | 2040 | Signatory of the Glasgow Declaration[33][34] | Emitting | New vehicle sales by 2040 at latest |
Belgium | 2026[46]
2029[47] |
Climate plan | 2026: No further tax deductibility of Diesel, petrol employee company cars
2029: (Flanders region) Diesel, petrol |
2026: Only for new cars which are provided as compensation to employees
2029: (Flanders region) New car and van sales |
Cambodia | 2040 | Signatory of the Glasgow Declaration[33][34][35] | Emitting | New vehicle sales by 2040 at latest |
Canada | 2035[note 2] | climate plan[48][49] | Diesel, petrol, non-electric | New light-duty vehicle sales. |
Cape Verde | 2040 | Signatory of the Glasgow Declaration[33][34] | Emitting | New vehicle sales by 2040 at latest |
Chile | 2035 | Chilean government Green New Deal.[50] | Diesel, petrol | New vehicle sales |
People's Republic of China | 2035 | Government climate plan.[51] | Diesel, petrol | New private vehicle sales and registration. |
Costa Rica | 2050[52][53] | Proposed by Costa Rica President Carlos Alvarado as a "roadway" in 2019. | Diesel, petrol | New light vehicle sales |
Croatia | 2040 | Signatory of the Glasgow Declaration[33][34] | Emitting | New vehicle sales by 2040 at latest |
Cyprus | 2040 | Signatory of the Glasgow Declaration[33][34] | Emitting | New vehicle sales by 2040 at latest |
Denmark | 2030–2035[54] | Diesel, petrol | New vehicle sales (2030), new hybrid vehicle sales will continue to be allowed until 2035.[54] | |
Dominican Republic | 2040 | Signatory of the Glasgow Declaration[33][34] | Emitting | New vehicle sales by 2040 at latest |
Egypt | 2040[55] | Government plan | Diesel, petrol, non-electric | New car sales |
El Salvador | 2040 | Signatory of the Glasgow Declaration[33][34] | Emitting | New vehicle sales by 2040 at latest |
Finland | 2040 | Signatory of the Glasgow Declaration[33][34] | Emitting | New vehicle sales by 2040 at latest |
Germany | 2030 | Bundesrat decision[56] | Emitting | New car sales[56] |
Ghana | 2040 | Signatory of the Glasgow Declaration[33][34] | Emitting | New vehicle sales by 2040 at latest |
Greece | 2030 | Government plan[57] | Emitting, non-electric | New vehicle sales |
The Holy See | 2040 | Signatory of the Glasgow Declaration[33][34] | Emitting | New vehicle sales by 2040 at latest |
Hong Kong (PRC) | 2035[58] | Hong Kong Legislature plan, Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic Of China. | Diesel, petrol | New private vehicle sales and registration. |
Iceland | 2030 | climate plan[59] | Cars than run exclusively on Diesel, petrol | New car sales, but with exceptions for regional considerations (areas where it would be difficult to ban petrol or diesel cars)[59] |
India | 2040[60] | Signatory of the Glasgow Declaration[60][33][34] | Petrol, diesel[60] | New vehicle sales[60] |
Indonesia | 2050[61] | Proposed by the Government as a "roadway" in 2021 | Diesel, petrol | All motorcycle sales (2040), all car sales (2050) |
Ireland | 2040 | Signatory of the Glasgow Declaration[33][34] | Emitting | New vehicle sales by 2040 at latest |
Israel | 2030 | Emitting, non-electric | New car sales, newly imported vehicles | |
Italy | 2035 | Ministry of ecologic transition directive[62] | Emitting | New private vehicle sales by 2035 New commercial vehicle sales by 2040 |
Japan | 2035 | Japanese government plan | cease sales of new Diesel-, petrol-only cars | Diesel and petrol hybrid cars to continue to be sold indefinitely[63] |
Kenya | 2040 | Signatory of the Glasgow Declaration[33][34] | Emitting | New vehicle sales by 2040 at latest |
Republic of Korea | 2035[55] | Government climate plan | Petrol, diesel | New vehicle sales. |
Liechtenstein | 2040 | Signatory of the Glasgow Declaration[33][34] | Emitting | New vehicle sales by 2040 at latest |
Lithuania | 2040 | Signatory of the Glasgow Declaration[33][34] | Emitting | New vehicle sales by 2040 at latest |
Luxembourg | 2040 | Signatory of the Glasgow Declaration[33][34] | Emitting | New vehicle sales by 2040 at latest |
Macau (PRC) | 2035 | Macau Legislature plan, Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic Of China. | Diesel, petrol | New private vehicle sales and registration. |
Malaysia | 2050 | Malaysia Net-Zero Emission by 2050 | Emitting | New vehicle sales by 2050 at latest |
Malta | 2040 | Signatory of the Glasgow Declaration[33][34] | Emitting | New vehicle sales by 2040 at latest |
Mexico | 2040 | Signatory of the Glasgow Declaration[33][34] | Emitting | New vehicle sales by 2040 at latest |
Morocco | 2040 | Signatory of the Glasgow Declaration[33][34] | Emitting | New vehicle sales by 2040 at latest |
Netherlands | 2030[64] | coalition agreement[65] | Diesel, petrol | New passenger car sales. Commercial vehicles to continue to use petrol and diesel until 2040. |
New Zealand | 2040 | Signatory of the Glasgow Declaration[33][34] | Emitting | New vehicle sales by 2040 at latest |
Norway | 2025 | tax and usage incentives[66] | Diesel, petrol | All new passenger cars. Commercial vehicles to continue to use petrol and diesel until 2035. |
Paraguay | 2040 | Signatory of the Glasgow Declaration[33][34] | Emitting | New vehicle sales by 2040 at latest |
Poland | 2040 | Signatory of the Glasgow Declaration[33][34] | Emitting | New vehicle sales by 2040 at latest |
Portugal | 2035 | Government climate plan proposed by the ruling Socialist Party of Portugal.[67][68] | Diesel, petrol | New car sales |
Rwanda | 2040 | Signatory of the Glasgow Declaration[33][34] | Emitting | New vehicle sales by 2040 at latest |
Singapore | 2023 (Public Sector Vehicles)[69]
2025 (Diesel-only Cars and Taxis, non-electric airside light vehicles)[70][71] 2030 (Petrol-only and Diesel-only Vehicles)[72] |
February 2021 Climate plan, brought forward ten years earlier since 2020 announcement. | Petrol, Diesel, non-electrified | All new cars procured and registered by the public sector will be clean energy vehicles with zero tailpipe emissions from 2023 onwards with all non-zero tailpipe emission public sector vehicles to be phased out by 2035.[69] All new airside light vehicles to be of fully electric models from 2025 onwards.[71]
Sales and Registration of all new Diesel-only Cars and Taxis to cease by 2025, Sales and Registration of all new Diesel-only Commercial Vehicles and Petrol-only Vehicles to cease by 2030. All new vehicles to run on cleaner energy (electric, hybrid, hydrogen fuel cell) from 2030, phase-out of internal combustion engines (from the entire population of motor vehicles) completed by 2040.[70][72][73][74] |
Slovenia | 2031 | emission limit of 50 g/km[75][76] Signatory of the Glasgow Declaration[33][34] | Allow Diesel and petrol if emissions < 50 gr/km | New car registration |
Spain | 2040[3] | Signatory of the Glasgow Declaration[33][34] | ICE | New passenger car sales only. Commercial vehicles[77] and motorcycles[78] to continue to use petrol or diesel. |
Sweden | 2030 | coalition agreement[79] | Diesel, petrol | New car sales |
Taiwan | 2040[80] | Government Climate plan announced by the Environmental Protection Administration. | Diesel, petrol | All bus and government-owned car use (2030), all motorcycle sales (2035), all car sales (2040)[80] |
Thailand | 2035[81][82] | Only proposals of National Electric Vehicle Policy Committee, not yet effective in any way.[82] | Diesel, petrol | New car sales[81][82] and new car registration.[82] |
Turkey | 2040 | Signatory of the Glasgow Declaration[33][34] and declaration on lorries and buses[83] | Emitting | New vehicle sales by 2040 at latest |
Ukraine | 2040 | Signatory of the Glasgow Declaration[33][34] | Emitting | New vehicle sales by 2040 at latest |
United Kingdom | 2035,[84] 2040[85] | Government plan | Diesel, petrol | New non-electric car sales and new hybrid car sales from 2035, new CO2 emitting lorry and bus sales from 2040 |
United States | 2035[86][87] | Imposed by US President Joe Biden as Executive Order 14057 that mandates all new light duty vehicles added to the government fleet are 100% zero emissions by 2027.[86][87] | Diesel, petrol, non-electric | Government acquisition of light-duty vehicles (2027) and government acquisition of all vehicle types (2035). Entire fleet of government-owned vehicles with ICE engines will be phased-out and will be replaced with 100% all-electric vehicles by 2035-2040.[86][87] |
Uruguay | 2040 | Signatory of the Glasgow Declaration[33][34][35] | Emitting | New vehicle sales by 2040 at latest |
Some politicians in some countries have made broad announcements[88][22] but have implemented no legislation[24] and therefore there is no phase-out and no binding legislation.[89] Ireland, for example, had made announcements but ultimately did not ban diesel nor petrol vehicles.[90][91]
The International Energy Agency predicted in 2021 that 70% of India's new car sales will be fossil powered in 2030,[92] despite earlier government announcements that were discarded in 2018.[93] In November 2021, the Indian government was amongst 30 national governments and six major automakers who pledged to phase out the sale of all new petrol and diesel vehicles by 2040 worldwide, and by 2035 in "leading markets".[60]
Cities and territories
European emission standards | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(older) | 1992 | 1996 | 2000 | 2005 | 2009 | 2014 |
Euro 0 | Euro 1 | Euro 2 | Euro 3 | Euro 4 | Euro 5 | Euro 6 |
Some cities or territories have planned or taken measures to partially or entirely phase out fossil fuel vehicles earlier than their national governments. In some cases, this is achieved through local or regional government initiatives, in other cases through legal challenges brought on by citizens or civil organisations enforcing partial phase-outs based on the right to clean air.[94]
Some cities listed have signed the Fossil Fuel Free Streets Declaration, committing to banning emitting vehicles by 2030,[95] but this does not necessarily have the force of law in those jurisdictions. The bans typically apply to a select number of streets in the urban centre of the city where most people live, not to its entire territory. Some cities take a gradual approach to prohibit the most polluting categories of vehicles first, then the next-most polluting, all the way up to a complete ban on all fossil-fuel vehicles; some cities have not yet set a deadline for a complete ban, and/or are waiting for the national government to set such a date.[96][97][98]
In California, emissions requirements for automakers to be permitted to sell any vehicles in the state were expected to force 15% of new vehicles offered for sale between 2018 and 2025 to be zero emission. Much cleaner emissions and increased efficiency in petrol engines mean this will be met with just 8% of ZEV vehicles.[99] The "Ditching Dirt Diesel" law SB 44 sponsored by Nancy Skinner and adopted on 20 September 2019 requires the California Air Resources Board (CARB) to "create a comprehensive strategy for deploying medium- and heavy-duty vehicles" to make California meet federal ambient air quality standards, and 'establish goals and spur technology advancements for reducing GHG emissions from the medium- and heavy-duty vehicle sectors by 2030 and 2050'. It stops short of directly requiring a phase-out of all diesel vehicles by 2050 (as the original bill did), but it would be the most obvious means of achieving the reduction goals.[100][101] In August 2022, California Governor Gavin Newsom signed off on a new EV mandate. The plan's targets are 35% ZEV market share by 2026, 68% by 2030, and 100% by 2035.[102] This plan is accompanied by supporting funding for infrastructure and ZEV rebates totaling $10 billion. Newsom has stated his commitment to keep California at the forefront of zero-emission transportation.
In the European Union, Council Directive 96/62/EC on ambient air quality assessment and management and Directive 2008/50/EC on ambient air quality form the legal basis for EU citizens' right to clean air.[103] On 25 July 2008 in the case Dieter Janecek v Freistaat Bayern CURIA, the European Court of Justice ruled that under Directive 96/62/EC[104] citizens have the right to require national authorities to implement a short-term action plan that aims to maintain or achieve compliance to air quality limit values.[105] The ruling of the German Federal Administrative Court in Leipzig on 5 September 2013 significantly strengthened the right of environmental associations and consumer protection organisations to sue local authorities to enforce compliance with air quality limits throughout an entire city.[103] The Administrative Court of Wiesbaden declared on 30 June 2015 that financial or economic aspects were not a valid excuse to refrain from taking measures to ensure that the limit values were observed, the Administrative Court of Düsseldorf ruled on 13 September 2016 that driving bans on certain diesel vehicles were legally possible to comply with the limit values as quickly as possible, and on 26 July 2017, the Administrative Court of Stuttgart ordered the state of Baden-Württemberg to consider a year-round ban on diesel-powered vehicles.[103] By mid-February 2018, citizens in the EU member states the Czech Republic, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Romania, Slovakia, Spain, and the United Kingdom were suing their governments for violating the limit of 40 micrograms per cubic meter of breathable air as stipulated in the Ambient Air Quality Directive.[94]
A landmark ruling by the German Federal Administrative Court in Leipzig on 27 February 2018 declared that the cities of Stuttgart and Düsseldorf were allowed to legally prohibit older, more polluting diesel vehicles from driving in zones worst affected by pollution, rejecting appeals made by German states against the bans imposed by the two cities' local courts. The case was strongly influenced by the ongoing Volkswagen emissions scandal (also known as Dieselgate), which in 2015 revealed that many Volkswagen diesel engines were deceptively tested and marketed as much cleaner than they were. The decision was predicted to set a precedent for other places in the country and in Europe.[7] Indeed, the ruling triggered a wave of dozens of local diesel restrictions, brought about by Environmental Action Germany (DUH) suing city authorities and winning legal challenges across Germany.[106] While some groups and parties such as the AfD again tried to overturn them, others such as the Greens advocated for a national phaseout of diesel cars by 2030.[107][108] On 13 December 2018, the European Court of Justice overturned a 2016 European Commission relaxation of car NOx emission limits to 168 mg/km, which the Court declared illegal. This allowed the cities of Brussels, Madrid, and Paris, who had filed the complaint, to proceed with their plans to also reject Euro 6 diesel vehicles from their urban centres, based on the original 80 mg/km limit set by EU law.[109][110][note 3]
City or territory | Country | Ban announced | Ban commences | Scope | Details |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aachen | Germany | 2018 | 2019[108] | Diesel | Older diesel vehicles (2019), unless pollution reduces.[108] |
Amsterdam | Netherlands | 2019 | 2030[113] | Diesel, petrol | Euro I–III diesel cars (2020), non-electric buses (2022), pleasure crafts and (light) mopeds (2025), all vehicles (2030).[114] |
Antwerp | Belgium | 2016 | 2017–2025[115] | Diesel, lpg, petrol | Euro I–II diesels and 0 petrol/lpg (2017), Euro III diesels and 1 petrol/lpg (2020), Euro IV diesels and 2 petrol/lpg (2026),[115][116] all diesels (2031), all petrol (2035)[117] |
Arnhem | Netherlands | 2013, 2018 | 2014–2019[118] | Diesel | Euro I–III diesel trucks (2014), all Euro I–III diesel vehicles (2019)*.[118][note 4] |
Athens | Greece | 2016 | 2025[119] | Diesel | All vehicles |
Auckland | New Zealand | 2017 | 2030[3] | Diesel, petrol | All vehicles, electric buses by 2025 |
Australian Capital Territory | Australia | 2022 | 2035[120] | Fossil fuels | All new light fossil fuel vehicles from 2035 encompassing passenger cars, motorcycles and small trucks. This policy forms part of the ACT Government's Zero Emissions Vehicles Strategy 2022–30.[121] The Strategy also targets 80-90% of new light vehicles sold by 2030 to be zero-emission models.[122] |
Balearic Islands | Spain | 2018 | 2025–2035[123] | Diesel, petrol | All vehicles |
Barcelona | Spain | 2017 | 2030[3] | Diesel, petrol | All vehicles, electric buses by 2025 |
Berlin | Germany | 2018 | 2019[108] | Diesel | Euro I–V diesel vehicles (2019).[108] |
Bonn | Germany | 2018 | 2019[108] | Diesel | Older diesel vehicles (2019).[108] |
Bristol | United Kingdom | 2019 | 2021[124] | Diesel | All private vehicles (city center from 7 am to 3 pm) |
British Columbia | Canada | 2018 | 2025[125] | Diesel, petrol | All vehicles by 2040, 10% ZEVs by 2025 |
Brussels Region | Belgium | 2018 | 2030–2035[126][127] | Diesel, petrol | Euro 0–I diesels (2018),[128] Euro II diesels and 0–1 petrols (2019), Euro III diesels (2020),[127] Euro IV diesels (2022), Euro V diesels and Euro 2 petrol (2025), all diesels (2030), all petrol vehicles (2035)[129] |
California | United States | 2020 | 2035 | Net-emitting vehicles | All passenger vehicles and light-duty trucks.[130][131] |
Cape Town | South Africa | 2017 | 2030[3] | Diesel, petrol | All vehicles, electric buses by 2025 |
Cologne | Germany | 2018 | 2019[108] | Diesel | Older diesel vehicles (2019).[108] |
Connecticut | United States | 2022 | 2035 | Non-electric vehicles | New vehicle sales |
Copenhagen | Denmark | 2017 | 2030[3] | Diesel, petrol | All vehicles, electric buses by 2025 |
Darmstadt | Germany | 2018 | 2019[132] | Diesel | Euro I–V diesel vehicles on two streets (2019).[132] |
Düsseldorf | Germany | 2013 | 2014[133] | Diesel, petrol | Euro I–III diesel vehicles and Euro 0 petrol vehicles (2014).[133] |
Eindhoven | Netherlands | 2020 | 2030[134] | Diesel, petrol | Euro I–III diesel trucks (2007), Euro I–III diesel buses (2021), Euro IV diesel trucks (2022), all Euro IV diesel vehicles (2025), all vehicles (2030).[134] |
Essen | Germany | 2018[108] | 2030 | Diesel | Older diesel vehicles.[108] |
Frankfurt | Germany | 2018 | 2019[108] | Diesel | Euro I–V diesel vehicles and Euro 1–2 petrol vehicles (2019).[108][135] |
Gelsenkirchen | Germany | 2018[108] | 2025 | Diesel | Older diesel vehicles.[108] |
Ghent | Belgium | 2016[136] | 2020–2028[137] | Diesel, lpg, petrol | Euro I–III diesel and 1 petrol/lpg (2020)*, Euro IV and Euro 2 petrol/lpg (2026)*[137][116][note 5], all diesels (2031), all petrol (2035)[117] |
Hainan | China | 2018 | 2030[138] | Diesel, petrol | All vehicles |
Hawaii | United States | 2022 | 2035 | Non-electric vehicles | New vehicle sales |
Hamburg | Germany | 2018[139] | 2018[139] | Diesel | Euro I–V diesel vehicles in one street, older diesel trucks in another street (2020).[139] |
Heidelberg | Germany | 2017 | 2030[3] | Diesel, petrol | All vehicles, electric buses by 2025 |
Lausanne | Switzerland | 2021 | 2030[140] | Thermic vehicles | Zero mobility-related direct emissions |
Lombardy | Italy | 2018 | 2019–2020[141] | Diesel, petrol | Euro I–III diesel and Euro 1 petrol (1 April 2019), Euro IV diesel (1 October 2020).[141] |
London | United Kingdom | 2017 | 2020–2030[3][142] | Diesel, petrol | All vehicles, electric buses by 2025 (two zero emissions zones by 2022)[142] |
Los Angeles | United States | 2017 | 2030[3] | Diesel, petrol | All vehicles, electric buses by 2025 |
Madrid | Spain | 2016 | 2025[119] | Diesel | Euro I–III diesel and Euro 1–2 petrol vehicles (2018),[114] all vehicles (2025).[119] |
Maine | United States | 2022 | 2030 | Non-electric vehicles | New vehicle sales |
Massachusetts | United States | 2020 | 2035[143] | Diesel, petrol | Will set equivalent regulations to match California's Advanced Clean Cars Program |
Mainz | Germany | 2018 | 2019[108] | Diesel, petrol | Euro I–III diesel vehicles and Euro 0 petrol vehicles (2019).[108][144] |
Mexico City | Mexico | 2016 | 2025[119] | Diesel | All vehicles |
Milan | Italy | 2017 | 2030[3] | Diesel | All diesel vehicles, electric buses by 2025 |
Moscow | Russia | 2012, 2019[145] | 2013–2021[145] | Non-electric | Euro I–IV bus purchases (2013), all non-electric bus purchases (2021), Euro I–III vehicles (20??), all non-electric vehicles (20??).[145] |
Munich | Germany | 2011 | 2012[146] | Diesel, petrol | 2e |
New Jersey | United States | 2023 | 2035 | Net-emitting vehicles | New vehicle sales[147] |
New Mexico | United States | 2022 | 2026 | Non-electric vehicles | New vehicle sales |
New York State | United States | 2021 | 2035[148] | Non-ZEV vehicles | New passenger cars and trucks and off-road vehicles and equipment |
New York City | United States | 2020 | 2040[149] | Non-electric vehicles | All vehicles owned or operated by New York City |
Nijmegen | Netherlands | 2018 | 2021[98] | Diesel | Euro I–III diesel cars (2021).[98] |
North Carolina | United States | 2022 | 2035 | Non-electric vehicles | New vehicle sales.[150] |
Oregon | United States | 2021 | 2030 | All vehicles | Gas cars (2025), gas trucks (2030) |
Oslo | Norway | 2019 | 2030[19] | Emitting | City centre fossil-free (2024), entire city fossil-free (2030).[19] |
Oxford | United Kingdom | 2017 | 2020–2035[3] | Diesel, petrol | All vehicles (initially during daytime hours on six streets)[151][152] |
Paris | France | 2016 | 2025[119] | Diesel | All vehicles |
Quebec | Canada | 2020 | 2035 | Diesel, petrol | Ban of new gas-powered vehicle sales by 2035.[153] |
Quito | Ecuador | 2017 | 2030[3] | Diesel, petrol | All vehicles, electric buses by 2025 |
Rhode Island | United States | 2022 | 2035 | Non-electric vehicles | New vehicle sales |
Rome | Italy | 2018 | 2024[154] | Diesel | All vehicles, only from historical center |
Rotterdam | Netherlands | 2015[155] | 2016[155] | Diesel | Euro I–III diesel trucks (2016). Other bans were dropped in 2019.[155] |
Seattle | United States | 2017 | 2030[3] | Diesel, petrol | All vehicles, electric buses by 2025 |
Stockholm | Sweden | 2017 | 2020–2022 | Diesel, petrol | Euro I–IV vehicles (2020), Euro V vehicles (2022) on one street[156] |
Stuttgart | Germany | 2018 | 2019–2020[157][132] | Diesel | Euro I–IV diesel vehicles (2019),[157] Euro V diesel vehicles (2020).[132] |
The Hague | Netherlands | 2019 | 2030[97] | Diesel, petrol | Two-stroke mopeds (2020), Euro I–III diesel vehicles (2021), all vehicles (2030).[97] |
Utrecht | Netherlands | 2013,[158] 2020[96] | 2030[96] | Diesel, petrol | Pre-2001 diesel vehicles from 2015,[158] pre-2004 diesels from 2021,[96] pre-2009 (Euro I–IV) diesels from 2025,[96] all vehicles from 2030.[96] |
Vancouver | Canada | 2017 | 2030[3] | Diesel, petrol | All vehicles, electric buses by 2025 |
Vermont | United States | 2022 | 2035 | Non-electric vehicles | New vehicle sales |
Washington | United States | 2021 | 2030 | Emitting | New car sales (2025), new truck sales (2030) |
Wallonia | Belgium | 2018 | 2025–2030[159][160] | Diesel, petrol | Euro 0–III (2025), Euro IV (2026), Euro V diesel vehicles (2028), Euro VI diesel vehicles (2030).[159][160] |
Wiesbaden | Germany | 2018 | 2019[108] | Diesel, petrol | Euro I–III diesel vehicles and Euro 0 petrol vehicles (2019).[108][144] |
Manufacturers with planned fossil-fuel vehicle phase-out roadmaps
![](../I/2015-_Passenger_electric_vehicle_(EV)_annual_sales_-_BloombergNEF.svg.png.webp)
In 2017, Volvo announced plans to phase out internal combustion-only vehicle production by 2019, after which all new cars manufactured by Volvo will either be fully electric or electric hybrids.[162] In 2020, the Volvo Group with other truck makers including DAF Trucks, Daimler AG, Ford, Iveco, MAN SE, and Scania AB pledged to end diesel truck sales by 2040.[163]
In 2018, Volkswagen Group's strategy chief said "the year 2026 will be the last product start on a combustion engine platform" for its core brand, Volkswagen.[164]
In 2021, General Motors announced plans to go fully electric by 2035.[165] In the same year, the CEO of Jaguar Land Rover, Thierry Bolloré also claimed it would "achieve zero tailpipe emissions by 2036" and that its Jaguar brand would be electric-only by 2025.[166] By March, Volvo Cars announced that by 2030 it "intends to only sell fully electric cars and phase out any car in its global portfolio with an internal combustion engine, including hybrids".[167] In April 2021, Honda announced that it will stop selling gas-powered vehicles by 2040.[168] In July 2021, Mercedes-Benz announced that its new vehicle platforms will be EV-only by 2025.[169] In Oct 2021, Rolls-Royce announced that it will be fully electric by 2030.[170] In November 2021, at 2021 United Nations Climate Change Conference, car manufacturers including BYD Auto, Ford Motor Company, General Motors, Jaguar, Land Rover, Mercedes-Benz and Volvo have committed to "work towards all sales of new cars and vans being zero emission globally by 2040, and by no later than 2035 in leading markets".[171][172]
In 2022, Maserati announced its plans to offer full-electric variants of all its models by 2025 and its intention to halt production of combustion engine vehicles by 2030.[173]
In 2023, Nissan announced the commitment to end combustion engine vehicle sale in Europe by 2030.[174]
Railways
While railway electrification is often pursued for reasons unrelated to the emissions caused by fossil fuels, there has been an increased push in the 21st century to replace diesel locomotives with alternatives such as battery electric multiple units,[175] hydrogen fuel trains like the Alstom Coradia iLint or overhead wire electrification.[176] To date the only (non-micro- or city-state) country to have electrified its entire mainline railway network, Switzerland, pursued this phase-out of fossil fuel vehicles before the term or concept existed in the modern form, in large part because importing coal for steam locomotives had proven difficult during the World Wars but Switzerland has plenty of domestic hydropower resources to power electric trains.[177][178] Israel Railways which had no electrified mainline rail services prior to 2018 when the Tel Aviv-Jerusalem railway became the first line to see electric train operation, plans to electrify most[note 6] or all of its network[179] and to phase out diesel locomotives and diesel multiple units.[180] The project was further accelerated in 2020 as the temporary shutdown of rail traffic due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Israel allowed faster construction[181] and ERTMS level 2 was being rolled out.[182] However, in 2019 Israel Railways ordered diesel powered rolling stock to replace the ageing IC3 trains with media reports citing delays in the electrification program as the main reason.[183] In California's bay area, the Caltrain Electrification program approved in 2016 is nearing completion.[184] Despite having no electric locomotives previously, Caltrain's infrastructure has successfully implemented electric support. Funding was awarded in 2018, and train assembly and testing completed in 2022. In a multi-stage phase out plan, the new electric train cars will supplement and eventually replace diesel powered locomotives by 2024.
Shipping
Emissions will be banned from Norway's World Heritage Sites Geirangerfjord and Nærøyfjord from 2026.[185]
Besides boats driven by batteries or indeed trolley boats, there have been several attempts to adapt nuclear marine propulsion which has been a part of the military naval forces of many countries for decades in the form of nuclear submarines, nuclear aircraft carriers and nuclear icebreakers to civilian uses. While prototypes like Otto Hahn (ship) (German) NS Savannah (American) and RV Mirai (Japan) were built, the only non-icebreaker nuclear powered ship to remain in civilian service is the Russian Sevmorput built in the late 1980s by the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union and its successor state Russia also maintains a fleet of nuclear icebreakers to keep the Northern Sea Route open.
Sail ships and oars rely on renewable resources rather than fossil fuels (wind and human muscle-power respectively) but have disadvantages in terms of speed and labour-costs and have thus been phased out of virtually all commercial uses. There are some attempts to use wind-powered ships for commercial purposes, but as of 2022 they have remained marginal.[186][187][188]
Aviation
Norway, and possibly some other Scandinavian countries, are aiming for all domestic flights to be emission-free by 2040.[189][190] A major obstacle to decarbonising air travel is the low energy density of current and foreseeable battery technology.[191][192] Thus alternatives to electric planes such as so called sustainable aviation fuels[193][194] or e-fuels (fuels derived from electrochemical conversion of substances like water and carbon dioxide into hydrocarbons) are also proposed as a future replacement of current jet fuels.[195][196][197] In 2021 the first production scale plant for e-fuels to be used in aviation opened in northern Germany. Production capacity is planned to reach 8 barrels a day by 2022.[198] Lufthansa will be among the chief users of the synthetic fuel produced in the new facility.[199] Germany's plan to transform aviation to net zero carbon emissions relies heavily on e-fuels.[200]
Besides the need to rapidly scale up currently minuscule production capacity, the main obstacles to wider deployment of sustainable aviation fuels and e-Fuels are their much higher cost in the absence of meaningful carbon pricing in aviation.[201] Furthermore, with current CORSIA regulations for sustainable aviation fuels allowing up to 90% of emissions compared to conventional fuels, even those options are currently far from carbon neutral.[202]
There were attempts at building Nuclear-powered aircraft during the Cold War, which unlike nuclear marine propulsion never got very far and were always only proposed for military uses. As of 2022 no country or private enterprise is seriously pursuing nuclear propulsion for passenger aircraft.
However, short haul, low demand routes can be easily flown using electric aircraft, and manufacturers such as Heart Aerospace are planning to introduce them with United Airlines in 2026.
Unintended side-effects
Second-hand vehicle dumping
From the European Union, there is already an export market which includes millions of used cars which are sent to Eastern Europe and the Caucasus, central Asia and Africa.[203][204] According to UNECE, the global on-road vehicle fleet is to double by 2050 (from 1.2 billion to 2.5 billion,[205] see introduction), with most future car purchases taking place in developing countries. Some experts predict that the number of vehicles in developing countries will increase by 4 or 5-fold by 2050 (compared to current car use levels), and that the majority of these will be second-hand.[206][207] There are currently no global or even regional agreements that rationalise and govern the flow of second-hand vehicles.[206] Others say that new electric 2-wheelers may sell widely in developing countries as they are affordable.[208]
Internal combustion engine cars that may no longer comply to local environmental standards are exported to developing countries, where legislation on vehicle emissions is often less strict. In addition, in some developing countries, such as Uganda, the average age of a car imported is already 16.5 years and it will likely be driven for another 20 years. In such cases, fuel efficiency levels of these vehicles become worse as they age.[206][209] In addition, national vehicle inspection requirements vary widely depending on the country.
Potential solutions
- Export prohibitions: Some propose that the European Union could implement a rule that does not allow the most polluting cars to leave the EU.[203] The European Union itself is of the opinion that it "should stop exporting its waste outside of the EU" and it will therefore "revisit the rules on waste shipments and illegal exports".[210]
- Import prohibitions: This includes used vehicle bans, used vehicle import age limits, taxation and inspection tests as a precondition to vehicle registration.[211]
- Convert fossil fuel vehicles to electric: As of 2021, this is expensive, so it tends to only be done for classic cars.[212]
- Mandatory recycling: The European Commission is considering plans to introduce rules on mandatory recycled content in specific product groups for packaging, vehicles, construction materials and batteries, for instance.[213] The EU announced a new Circular Economy Action Plan in March 2020,[214] and it mentioned that the Commission will also propose to revise the rules on end-of-life vehicles with a view to promoting more circular business models.[215]
- Scrappage programs: Governments can offer a premium to owners to have their fossil fuel vehicles voluntarily scrapped and to buy a cleaner vehicle from that money (if they so choose). For example, the city of Ghent offers a scrapping premium of €1,000 for diesel vehicles and €750 for petrol vehicles; as of December 2019, the city had allocated €1.2 million for this purpose to the scrapping fund.[136]
Mobility transition
In Germany, activists have coined the term Verkehrswende (mobility transition, analogous to "Energiewende", energy transition) for a project of not only changing the motive power of cars (from fossil fuels to renewable power sources) but the entire mobility system to one of walkability, complete streets, public transit, electrified railways and bicycle infrastructure.
There is similar research being done in the United States around the term mobility justice.[216] Geologist Dr. Jason Henderson of University of California, San Francisco argues that supporting electric vehicles while neglecting compact city design and public transportation will lead to car-oriented city design.[217] This comes with numerous sustainability issues that disproportionately affect disadvantaged communities such as environmental gentrification, less low-income housing, and unequal access to the benefits of electric vehicle adoption. In addition, the production of electric vehicles can come at the price of laborers in other countries, and the environmental costs there are seldom taken into account when calculating the environmental benefits of electric vehicles. According to mobility justice critiques, relying primarily on electric vehicles for the phase out of fossil fuels comes at an opportunity cost of investing in other types of sustainable transportation such as bike lanes, safe walking spaces, electric trains, and electric buses.
See also
- Fuel substitution: central lever to be deployed in decarbonising transport[218]
- Alternative fuel vehicle: many of which use an internal combustion engine
- Directive 2008/50/EC, a 2010 EU directive limiting NO2 emissions, which is the subject of many legal challenges across Europe
- Electric vehicle conversion: removing the engine of an internal combustion-powered vehicle and replacing it with an electric motor, creating reduced manufacturing emissions (as most car parts are reused) and costs compared to manufacturing/buying a new one
- Electrofuel: a type of synthetic fuel made from electricity (e.g., made using wind, water or solar power), many of which can be burnt in internal combustion engines
- Environmental impact of aviation
- Flexible-fuel vehicle and dual-fuel vehicle: have an internal combustion engine and can run on multiple fuels, sometimes even combining renewable/bio fuels and fossil fuels
- Fossil fuel lobby
- Fuel cell vehicle: vehicles that generate electricity using oxygen from the air and compressed hydrogen
- Hydrogen internal combustion engine vehicle: burns hydrogen in an internal combustion engine
- Leapfrogging
- Smart mobility
- Short-haul flight ban
- Coal phase-out
- Fossil fuel phase-out
- Phase-out of gas boilers
- Plastic bans
Notes
- Romare, M. & Dahllöf, L. The Life Cycle Energy Consumption and Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Lithium-Ion Batteries. 58 (2017). "IVL" stands for Institutet för Vatten- och Luftvårdsforskning (Institute of Water and Air Navigation Research).
- brought forward 5 years since 2017 announcement
- The 80 mg/km limit is defined in Regulation (EC) No 692/2008, Table 2 of Annex XVII and Footnote 1 of Annex XI.[110][111] The European Court of Justice ruled that the European Commission illegally circumvented this limit by introducing a 'temporary conformity factor of 2,1 (...) to allow manufacturers to gradually adapt to the RDE [Real Driving Emissions] rules' in Regulation (EU) 2016/646, Preamble 10 and Annex II '2.1.2 Temporary conformity factors'. This meant 2.1 times 80 mg/km = 168 mg/km.[110][112]
-
- Access for banned diesel vehicles is only possible by buying a one-day exemption for 36 euros, which the owner is allowed to do up to 12 times (a year?). Old diesel cars for transporting disabled people are exempt.[118]
-
- From 2020 on, vehicles are gradually prohibited from most to least polluting; banned vehicles can only get temporary access by buying Low Emission Zone (LEZ) day ticket, which the owner is allowed to do up to 8 times a year.[137]
- There is still no clear decision whether the old Jaffa-Jerusalem railway is to be electrified, shut down, kept as a heritage railway or converted to hydrogen fuel or battery-electric operation
References
- "Net Zero by 2050 – Analysis". IEA. Archived from the original on 19 May 2021. Retrieved 4 October 2021.
- International Energy Agency (IEA), Clean Energy Ministerial, and Electric Vehicles Initiative (EVI) (June 2020). "Global EV Outlook 2020: Entering the decade of electric drive?". IEA Publications. Archived from the original on 10 September 2021. Retrieved 15 June 2020.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) See Table 2.1 - Burch, Isabella (March 2020). "Survey of Global Activity to Phase Out Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 March 2020. Retrieved 26 March 2020.
- Muoio, Danielle. "These countries are banning gas-powered vehicles by 2040". Business Insider. Archived from the original on 28 September 2020. Retrieved 17 September 2020.
- Slezak, Michael (30 July 2017). "As the UK plans to phase out petrol cars, is Australia being left behind?". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 24 January 2019. Retrieved 27 January 2019.
- "How will the petrol and diesel car ban work?". BBC News. 4 February 2020. Archived from the original on 29 September 2020. Retrieved 16 September 2020.
- "Diesel ban approved for German cities to cut pollution". BBC News. 27 February 2018. Archived from the original on 2 September 2020. Retrieved 14 September 2020.
- "Diesel car pollution is significantly higher in London suburbs". Air Quality News. 19 August 2020. Archived from the original on 19 September 2020. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
- Weaver, R. Kent. "Target Compliance: The Final Frontier of Policy Implementation" (PDF). Brookings Institution. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 August 2017. Retrieved 22 October 2017.
- "International Trade Governance and Sustainable Transport: The Expansion of Electric Vehicles" (PDF). International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development. December 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 July 2020. Retrieved 5 December 2018.
- "Trends and developments in electric vehicle markets – Global EV Outlook 2021 – Analysis". IEA. Archived from the original on 26 July 2021. Retrieved 4 October 2021.
- "Electric vehicle sales surge in 2021". power-technology.com. 15 September 2021. Archived from the original on 4 October 2021. Retrieved 4 October 2021.
- Heleen Ekker (1 September 2020). "Nieuwe studie: elektrische auto gaat langer mee dan gedacht" [New study: electric car lasts longer than earlier thought]. NOS (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 4 September 2020. Retrieved 11 September 2020.
- Gonsalvez, Venkat Sumantran, Charles Fine and David (16 October 2017). "Our cities need fewer cars, not cleaner cars". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 27 June 2021. Retrieved 9 October 2021.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Richard Casson (25 January 2018). "We don't just need electric cars, we need fewer cars". Greenpeace. Archived from the original on 7 November 2020. Retrieved 17 September 2020.
- Francesca Perry (30 April 2020). "How cities are clamping down on cars". BBC Future Planet. Archived from the original on 17 September 2020. Retrieved 17 September 2020.
- "Urban Mobility – Do We Want or Need Car-Free Cities?". provizsports.com. Archived from the original on 22 September 2020. Retrieved 19 September 2020.
- Peters, Adele (30 January 2020). "Here are 11 more cities that have joined the car-free revolution". Fast Company. Archived from the original on 18 August 2020. Retrieved 19 September 2020.
- Frank Jacobs (17 September 2020). "EV incentives and city bans in Europe: an overview". Fleet Europe. Retrieved 19 September 2020.
- "How will the petrol and diesel car ban work?". BBC News. 4 February 2020. Archived from the original on 29 September 2020. Retrieved 19 September 2020.
- Jonas Ekblom (4 October 2019). "Denmark calls for EU strategy to phase out diesel and petrol cars from 2030". Reuters. Archived from the original on 4 September 2020. Retrieved 14 September 2020.
- Shoshanna Solomon (27 February 2018). "Israel aims to eliminate use of coal, gasoline and diesel by 2030". The Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 1 October 2020. Retrieved 16 September 2020.
- Kyle Hyatt (15 August 2018). "Swiss government bans diesel models from Mercedes and Porsche". CNET. Archived from the original on 9 November 2020. Retrieved 16 September 2020.
- "Israel Pledges to Stop Using Fossil Fuels by 2050". Haaretz. Archived from the original on 2 October 2021. Retrieved 2 October 2021.
- "How to get rid of dirty diesels on city roads" (PDF). Transport & Environment. March 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 November 2020. Retrieved 16 September 2020.
- "Researchers develop new composite membrane for direct ethanol fuel cells". Green Car Congress. Archived from the original on 29 October 2020. Retrieved 19 September 2020.
- "Element 1, CO-WIN road testing medium-duty fuel cell truck with onboard methanol-based hydrogen generation". Green Car Congress. Archived from the original on 19 September 2020. Retrieved 19 September 2020.
- Frank (9 August 2021). "Europe's tightening city bans: a complex (and simple) story". Fleet Europe. Retrieved 10 October 2021.
- "Zufahrtsbeschränkungen in Europa" (in German). ADAC. 18 February 2020. Archived from the original on 27 September 2020. Retrieved 16 September 2020.
- Susan Misicka (7 November 2019). "Banning dirty cars to help fight Geneva's smog". Swissinfo. Archived from the original on 16 November 2020. Retrieved 16 September 2020.
- "Rome bans all diesel cars in battle to curb pollution". Reuters. 14 January 2020. Archived from the original on 3 September 2020. Retrieved 16 September 2020.
- Ummelas, Ott (1 February 2022). "EV Sales Hit Record in Norway With Fossil Engines Soon Gone". Bloomberg News. Retrieved 7 February 2022.
- "COP26 declaration on accelerating the transition to 100% zero emission cars and vans". UK Government. 10 November 2021. Archived from the original on 10 November 2021. Retrieved 10 November 2021.
- "Signatories – Views | Accelerating to Zero Coalition". acceleratingtozero.org. Retrieved 23 February 2023.
- "COP26 declaration on accelerating the transition to 100% zero emission cars and vans". Green Car Congress. Retrieved 23 February 2023.
- Espiner, Tom (10 November 2021). "COP 26: Four major carmakers fail to back zero emissions pledge". BBC News. Retrieved 23 February 2023.
- Ania Nussbaum; Tara Patel (12 July 2021). "France Pushes Back Against EU Banning Combustion Cars by 2035". Bloomberg L.P. Archived from the original on 4 October 2021. Retrieved 4 October 2021.
France is resisting the European Union effectively phasing out combustion-engine car sales by 2035, advocating for a more lenient target for the end of the decade and a longer leash for plug-in hybrid models
- "COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT, THE COUNCIL, THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMITTEE AND THE COMMITTEE OF THE REGIONS 'Fit for 55': delivering the EU's 2030 Climate Target on the way to climate neutrality". eur-lex.europa.eu. Archived from the original on 29 July 2021. Retrieved 29 July 2021.
- "Proposal for a REGULATION OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL amending Regulation (EU) 2019/631 as regards strengthening the CO2 emission performance standards for new passenger cars and new light commercial vehicles in line with the Union's increased climate ambition". eur-lex.europa.eu. Archived from the original on 29 July 2021. Retrieved 29 July 2021.
- Abnett, Kate (8 June 2022). "EU lawmakers back ban on new fossil-fuel cars from 2035". Reuters. Archived from the original on 8 June 2022. Retrieved 8 June 2022.
- "Germany refuses to agree to EU ban on new fossil fuel cars from 2035". euronews. 22 June 2022. Retrieved 26 June 2022.
- "Fit for 55 package: Council reaches general approaches relating to emissions reductions and their social impacts". European Council. 29 June 2022. Retrieved 30 June 2022.
The Council also agreed to introduce a 100% CO2 emissions reduction target by 2035 for new cars and vans.
- "EU countries reach climate crisis deal after late-night talks". The Guardian. Reuters. 29 June 2022. Retrieved 30 June 2022.
After more than 16 hours of negotiations, environment ministers from the 27 member states agreed their joint positions on five laws, (...) including a law requiring new cars sold in the EU to emit zero CO2 from 2035. That would make it impossible to sell internal-combustion engine cars.
- "Het einde van de diesel- en benzineauto is in zicht" [The end of the diesel and petrol car is in sight]. NOS.nl (in Dutch). 29 June 2022. Retrieved 30 June 2022.
Vannacht spraken de Europese klimaatministers af dat vanaf 2035 nieuwe auto's met een verbrandingsmotor niet meer mogen worden verkocht in Europa. Alle nieuwe auto's moeten vanaf dan elektrisch zijn.
- "Fit for 55: zero CO2 emissions for new cars and vans in 2035". europarl.europa.eu. European Parliament. 14 February 2023.
- "Vanaf 2026 enkel elektrische bedrijfswagens fiscaal aftrekbaar (maar voordeel zakt geleidelijk)" [From 2026 only electric company cars will be tax deductible (but the benefit will gradually decrease)]. De Standaard (in Dutch). 17 September 2020. Archived from the original on 3 October 2021. Retrieved 3 October 2021.
- "Vanaf 2029 moeten alle nieuwe auto's elektrisch zijn, maar zullen we die wel allemaal kunnen opladen?" [From 2029 all new sold cars have to be electric.]. VRT NWS (in Dutch). 4 November 2021. Archived from the original on 4 November 2021. Retrieved 4 November 2021.
- Canada, Environment and Climate Change (29 December 2017). "Canada's actions to reduce emissions". aem. Archived from the original on 5 May 2020. Retrieved 27 May 2020.
- Canada, Transport (29 June 2021). "Building a green economy: Government of Canada to require 100% of car and passenger truck sales be zero-emission by 2035 in Canada". canada.ca. Archived from the original on 30 June 2021. Retrieved 30 June 2021.
- "Chile to ban sale of light and medium internal combustion engines in 2035". 18 October 2021. Archived from the original on 29 October 2021. Retrieved 29 October 2021.
- "China plans to phase out conventional gas-burning cars by 2035". Archived from the original on 29 October 2021. Retrieved 29 October 2021.
- Schwanen, Tim (19 September 2019). "The five major challenges facing electric vehicles". Archived from the original on 19 September 2019. Retrieved 25 September 2019.
- https://presidencia.go.cr/comunicados/2019/02/sintesis-plan-nacional-de-descarbonizacion-2018-2050/ Archived 25 September 2019 at the Wayback Machine "SÍNTESIS: PLAN NACIONAL DE DESCARBONIZACIÓN 2018–2050 [...] 2050: 100% de las ventas de vehículos ligeros nuevos será de vehículos cero emisiones
- Sam Morgan (2 October 2018). "Denmark to ban petrol and diesel car sales by 2030". Euractiv. Archived from the original on 4 October 2020. Retrieved 14 September 2020.
- "Gasoline Phaseouts Around the World".
- Sven Böll (8 October 2016). "Bundesländer wollen Benzin- und Dieselautos verbieten". Der Spiegel (in German). Archived from the original on 26 September 2020. Retrieved 19 September 2020.
- "Greece stop fossil fuelled car sales in 2030". 8 November 2021.
- "Hong Kong Roadmap on Popularisation of Electric Vehicles" (PDF). Retrieved 4 April 2022.
- Arnar Thor Ingolfsson (9 October 2018). "Stefna að bensín- og dísilbílabanni 2030" [Policy for petrol and diesel car ban 2030] (in Icelandic). Morgunblaðið. Archived from the original on 1 August 2019. Retrieved 1 August 2019 – via mbl.is.
Mögulega verði þannig gerðar undanþágur, með vísan til byggðasjónarmiða, á þeim svæðum þar sem erfitt væri að nota aðra bíla en þá sem ganga fyrir bensíni og dísilolíu
- Brad Plumer & Hiroko Tabuchi (11 November 2021). "6 Automakers and 30 Countries Say They'll Phase Out Gasoline Car Sales". The New York Times. Retrieved 30 June 2022.
...30 national governments pledged on Wednesday to work toward phasing out sales of new gasoline and diesel-powered vehicles by 2040 worldwide, and by 2035 in "leading markets". (...) The 30 countries that joined the coalition included Britain, Canada, India, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, and Sweden. (...) The addition of India was especially notable, since it is the world's fourth-largest auto market and has not previously committed to eliminating emissions from its cars on a specific timeline.
- "Dadah... Mobil Bensin Setop Dijual di Indonesia Tahun 2050" [Bye... Petrol cars will stop for sale in Indonesia in 2050]. detikcom (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 12 October 2021. Retrieved 12 October 2021.
- "Transizione ecologica: phase out auto nuove con motore a combustione interna entro il 2035, 2040 per furgoni e veicoli commerciali leggeri". mit.gov.it (in Italian). 10 December 2021. Archived from the original on 10 December 2021. Retrieved 11 December 2021.
- Peter Landers; Chieko Tsuneoka (25 December 2020). "Japan to Phase Out Gasoline-Powered Cars, Bucking Toyota Chief". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 4 January 2021. Retrieved 4 October 2021.
Japan would still permit the sale of hybrid gas-electric cars after 2035 under the plan
- "The countries and states leading the phase out of fossil fuel cars". The Driven. 12 November 2020. Archived from the original on 10 December 2020. Retrieved 6 December 2020.
- "Nieuw initiatief wil overgang naar elektrisch rijden versnellen". RTL Nieuws (in Dutch). 1 June 2021. Archived from the original on 18 July 2021. Retrieved 18 July 2021.
- "Nine countries say they'll ban internal combustion engines". Quartz. 7 August 2018. Archived from the original on 6 March 2019. Retrieved 1 March 2019.
- "Portugal proposes total ban on diesel and petrol cars by 2035". 11 January 2021.
- "Portugal proposes fossil fuel-only car sale ban in 2035 | Argus Media". 11 January 2021.
- "Public Sector in Singapore". www.nea.gov.sg. Retrieved 3 February 2023.
All cars newly procured and registered by the (Singapore) public sector will be clean energy vehicles with zero tailpipe emissions from 2023 onwards, and all public sector cars will run on cleaner energy by 2035.
- "LTA | Factsheet: Accelerating Nationwide Deployment of Electric Vehicle Charging Points". www.lta.gov.sg. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
These measures will support Singapore's targets to cease new diesel car and taxi registrations from 2025, require all new Vehicle registrations to be of cleaner-energy models from 2030, and have all vehicles run on cleaner energy by 2040.
- "Speech by Minister for Transport S Iswaran at the Ministry of Transport Committee of Supply Debate 2023 on Building a Resilient Sustainable and Inclusive Transport System". www.mot.gov.sg. Retrieved 15 March 2023.
All new airside light vehicles, such as cars, vans and minibuses, must be electric from 2025, as they already have viable electric alternatives, which can progressively replace existing diesel models. We will also require certain new heavy vehicles like forklifts and tractors, for which viable electric models are available, to be electric from 2025.
- "Transport". nccs.gov.sg. Retrieved 25 December 2021.
All Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) vehicles will be phased out by 2040. All newly registered vehicles will be of cleaner-energy models starting from 2030.
- "LTA | Electric Vehicles". www.lta.gov.sg. Retrieved 25 December 2021.
Singapore aims to phase out all Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) vehicles and have all vehicles run on cleaner energy by 2040.
- "LTA | Transitioning to EVs". www.lta.gov.sg. Retrieved 30 May 2022.
All new vehicle registrations must be of cleaner-energy models from 2030. Cleaner-energy models include electric, hybrid or hydrogen fuel cell vehicles. LTA will also stop new diesel vehicle registrations from 2025.
- "Slovenia All In on Electric/Hybrid Cars". BalkanInsider. 12 October 2017. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 3 October 2021.
prohibited after 2030
- "Po letu 2030 nič več novih avtomobilov na notranje izgorevanje". RTVSLO.si. Archived from the original on 3 October 2021. Retrieved 3 October 2021.
- "¡La prohibición de los coches de gasolina y diésel en España ya tiene fecha!". Marca. Spain. 14 May 2021. Archived from the original on 2 October 2021. Retrieved 2 October 2021.
- "El Gobierno prohibirá los coches de gasolina en 2040 y ¿qué pasará con las motos?". La Vanguardia. 22 June 2021. Archived from the original on 2 October 2021. Retrieved 2 October 2021.
- Kristensson, Johan. "Ny regering – nu väntar förbud mot bensinbilar". Ny Teknik (in Swedish). Archived from the original on 26 May 2019. Retrieved 26 May 2019.
- Chen Wei-han (22 December 2017). "Cabinet to ban sales of fossil fuel-powered vehicles". Taipei Times. Archived from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 14 September 2020.
- Thanthong-Knight, Randy (22 April 2021). "Thailand Lays Out Bold EV Plan, Wants All Electric Cars by 2035". Bloomberg L.P. Archived from the original on 22 April 2021. Retrieved 8 May 2021.
- "ชัวร์หรือมั่ว? ไทยจ่อยกเลิกขายรถสันดาปในปี 2035 ดันขายรถไฟฟ้า 100%" [True or false? Thailand prepares to cancel combustion car sales by 2035, push to sell 100% of electric vehicles.]. Sanook.com (in Thai). 25 March 2021. Retrieved 2 January 2022.
- "Fossil fuel buses face ban from 2040 as transport leads Cop26 agenda". The Independent. 10 November 2021. Archived from the original on 12 November 2021. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
- "Rishi Sunak: Cars, boilers and net zero - key takeaways from PM's speech". BBC News. 20 September 2023. Retrieved 21 September 2023.
- "UK confirms pledge for zero-emission HGVs by 2040 and unveils new chargepoint design". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 10 November 2021. Retrieved 10 November 2021.
- Joe Biden (8 December 2021). "Executive Order on Catalyzing Clean Energy Industries and Jobs Through Federal Sustainability | The White House". The White House. Retrieved 30 June 2022.
- David Shepardson and Ben Klayman (9 June 2021). "U.S. government to end gas-powered vehicle purchases by 2035 under Biden order". Reuters. Retrieved 30 June 2022.
- "China to ban all petrol and diesel cars". The Independent. 10 September 2017. Archived from the original on 9 February 2019. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
- Chris Randall. "Austria considers combustion ban for 2030". Elecdrive. Archived from the original on 19 July 2021. Retrieved 2 October 2021.
the "Mobility Master Plan 2030" is not binding
- George, Lee (7 October 2020). "Ban on sale of petrol, diesel cars from 2030 not in new Climate Action Bill". RTÉ News. Archived from the original on 6 April 2021. Retrieved 16 April 2021.
- "Kerry motor dealers welcome omission of car ban from Climate Bill". RadioKerry.ie. Archived from the original on 2 October 2021. Retrieved 2 October 2021.
- "Electric Vehicles This Week: Assessing India's 2030 Electric Mobility Goals & More". 29 April 2021. Archived from the original on 3 October 2021. Retrieved 3 October 2021.
- "Government finally wakes up: Sets a realistic goal of 30% electric vehicles by 2030 from existing 100% target". 8 March 2018. Archived from the original on 3 October 2021. Retrieved 3 October 2021.
- Gropp, Martin (21 February 2018). "Fahrverbot-Kommentar: Der Diesel, die Luft und das Verbot". Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung (in German). ISSN 0174-4909. Retrieved 23 February 2018.
- "C40 : Fossil-Fuel-Free Streets Declaration". c40.org. Archived from the original on 24 January 2019. Retrieved 23 January 2019.
- "Gemeente wil luchtkwaliteit Utrecht verbeteren; Strengere eisen milieuzone en snorfiets naar de rijbaan". De Utrechtse Internet Courant (in Dutch). 8 July 2020. Archived from the original on 12 August 2020. Retrieved 14 September 2020.
"Utrecht kiest voor gezonde lucht". Utrecht.nl (in Dutch). Municipality of Utrecht. July 2020. Archived from the original on 19 September 2020. Retrieved 14 September 2020. - Malou Seijdel (10 October 2019). "Oude dieselauto's en vervuilende brommers komen centrum Den Haag straks niet meer in". Algemeen Dagblad (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 14 September 2020.
- Geert Willems (3 June 2019). "Oude diesel snel de stad uit, maar Nijmegen wil wel dat het ordelijk verloopt". De Gelderlander (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 5 March 2021. Retrieved 14 September 2020.
- "What Will It Not as Much as You Might Think". Union of Concerned Scientists. Archived from the original on 25 January 2019. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
- "Gov. Newsom Signs SB 44, "Ditching Dirty Diesel"". Senate of California. 20 September 2019. Archived from the original on 29 August 2020. Retrieved 17 September 2020.
- Matt Cole (23 September 2019). "New California laws further tighten state's emissions standards for trucks". CCJ Digital. Archived from the original on 3 October 2019. Retrieved 17 September 2019.
- "California Enacts World-Leading Plan to Achieve 100 Percent Zero-Emission Vehicles by 2035, Cut Pollution". California Governor. 25 August 2022. Retrieved 15 March 2023.
- "Legal Actions for Clean Air" (PDF). Right to Clean Air. Deutsche Umwelthilfe. 25 November 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 December 2020. Retrieved 16 September 2020.
- Europa (1996). "Summaries of EU legislation – Management and quality of ambient air". Archived from the original on 28 December 2014. Retrieved 24 January 2015.
- European Court of Justice, CURIA (2008). "PRESS RELEASE No 58/08 Judgment of the Court of Justice in Case C-237/07" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 January 2012. Retrieved 24 January 2015.
- "In deze Duitse steden komt in 2019 een dieselverbod". Duitslandnieuws.nl (in Dutch). 11 December 2018. Archived from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 16 September 2020.
- Sandor Zsiros & Damon Embling (25 April 2019). "Germany's diesel car ban revs up political debate". Euronews. Archived from the original on 30 October 2020. Retrieved 14 September 2020.
- "Factbox: German cities ban older diesel cars". Reuters. 15 November 2018. Retrieved 15 September 2020.
- Sandra Laville (13 December 2018). "EU relaxation of diesel emission limits was illegal, court rules". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 16 September 2020. Retrieved 16 September 2020.
- Anna Krajinska (8 May 2019). "EU must withdraw carmakers' "license to pollute" as data shows new cars meet limits". Transport & Environment. Archived from the original on 21 September 2020. Retrieved 16 September 2020.
- "Commission Regulation (EC) No 692/2008 of 18 July 2008 implementing and amending Regulation (EC) No 715/2007 of the European Parliament and of the Council on type-approval of motor vehicles with respect to emissions from light passenger and commercial vehicles (Euro 5 and Euro 6) and on access to vehicle repair and maintenance information". Official Journal of the European Union. Eur-Lex. 18 July 2008. Archived from the original on 16 January 2021. Retrieved 16 September 2020.
- "Commission Regulation (EU) 2016/646 of 20 April 2016 amending Regulation (EC) No 692/2008 as regards emissions from light passenger and commercial vehicles (Euro 6)". Official Journal of the European Union. Eur-Lex. 20 April 2016. Archived from the original on 7 November 2020. Retrieved 16 September 2020.
- "City of Amsterdam to ban polluting cars from 2030". Reuters. 2 May 2019. Archived from the original on 2 May 2019. Retrieved 2 May 2019.
- Daniel Boffey (3 May 2019). "Amsterdam to ban petrol and diesel cars and motorbikes by 2030". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 7 September 2020. Retrieved 14 September 2020.
- "17 procent van alle wagens in Vlaanderen mag vanaf 1 januari niet meer in Antwerpen en Gent: deze diesels zijn verboden". Het Laatste Nieuws (in Dutch). 11 November 2019. Archived from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 14 September 2020.
- Huyghebaert, Pieterjan (19 July 2023). "Andere uitstootregels voor auto's in Vlaanderen, Brussel en Wallonië: chaos dreigt over anderhalf jaar". vrtnws.be (in Dutch). Retrieved 25 July 2023.
- El Bakkali, Lina (15 December 2022). "Vlaamse regering wil dieselwagens vanaf 2031 bannen in Gent en Antwerpen" [The Flemish government wants to ban diesel cars in Ghent and Antwerp from 2031 onward]. vrtnws.be (in Dutch). Retrieved 20 December 2022.
- Eric van der Vegt (1 January 2019). "Milieuzone voor oude dieseltjes in Arnhem van kracht". De Gelderlander (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 5 November 2020. Retrieved 14 September 2020.
- Harvey, Fiona (2 December 2016). "Four of world's biggest cities to ban diesel cars from their centres". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 1 July 2021. Retrieved 8 April 2018.
- Lindell, Jasper (18 July 2022). "New internal combustion engine cars, light trucks will be banned in ACT from 2035 as part of electric transition". The Canberra Times. Retrieved 19 July 2022.
- "ACT's Zero Emissions Vehicles Strategy 2022-30" (PDF). ACT Government. 20 July 2022. Retrieved 20 July 2022.
- Twyford, Lottie (18 July 2022). "New petrol cars to be banned from 2035 as ACT waves goodbye to fossil fuels". riotact.com. Retrieved 19 July 2022.
- "Mallorca Goes Deep Green". Affordable Mallorca. Archived from the original on 9 October 2021. Retrieved 9 October 2021.
- Laville, Sandra (5 November 2019). "Bristol council votes to ban diesel cars in first for a UK city". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 13 November 2019. Retrieved 13 November 2019.
- "B.C. plans to ban new gas, diesel car sales by 2040 – NEWS 1130". citynews1130.com. Archived from the original on 2 February 2021. Retrieved 23 November 2018.
- gjs. "Brussel gaat dieselwagens verbannen vanaf 2030, regering wil ook maatregelen tegen benzinewagens". Het Nieuwsblad (in Flemish). Archived from the original on 26 January 2019. Retrieved 25 January 2019.
- "Vanaf vandaag (strengere) lage-emissiezones in Gent, Antwerpen en Brussel: met welke wagen mag je waar nog binnen?". VRT NWS (in Dutch). VRT. 1 January 2020. Archived from the original on 16 September 2020. Retrieved 16 September 2020.
- Erik Kouwenhoven (1 October 2018). "Oude diesels mogen vanaf vandaag Brussel niet meer in, boete 350 euro". Algemeen Dagblad (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 7 November 2020. Retrieved 14 September 2020.
- Frederik Vertongen, Nunzia Petralia (25 June 2021). "Brussel kondigt "einde van diesel- en benzinetijdperk" aan, diesel- en benzinemotoren tegen 2035 niet meer welkom". VRT.be (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 6 July 2021. Retrieved 6 July 2021.
- Sommer, Lauren; Neuman, Scott (23 September 2020). "California Governor Signs Order Banning Sales Of New Gasoline Cars By 2035". NPR.org. Archived from the original on 25 September 2020. Retrieved 24 September 2020.
- Exec. Order No. N-79-20 (September 23, 2020; in English) Governor of California. Retrieved on 25 September 2020.
- Reinder Hummel (19 February 2020). "The German diesel ban". The German Emissions Sticker. Archived from the original on 11 December 2021. Retrieved 15 September 2020.
- "Environmental Zone Düsseldorf". EnvironmentalBadge.com. Archived from the original on 10 August 2020. Retrieved 15 September 2020.
- Michel Theeuwen (10 June 2020). "Eindhoven zet kleine stapjes op weg naar nul-emissiezone binnen Ring". Eindhovens Dagblad (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 13 June 2020. Retrieved 14 September 2020.
- "German court says Frankfurt must ban older diesel cars". Business Insider. Reuters. 5 September 2018. Retrieved 17 September 2020.
- Sandra Stacius (9 December 2019). "Meest vervuilende auto's mogen Gent niet meer binnen vanaf 1 januari 2020: hoe zal het in zijn werk gaan?". VRT NWS (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 22 January 2021. Retrieved 19 September 2020.
- "Hoe weet je of je voertuig de lage-emissiezone (LEZ) mag inrijden?" (in Dutch). Stad Gent. Archived from the original on 11 August 2020. Retrieved 14 September 2020.
- "2030, Pulau Ini Larang Penjualan Mobil Berbahan Bakar Fosil – Otomotif Tempo.co".
- Philip Oltermann (23 May 2018). "Hamburg becomes first German city to ban older diesel cars". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 15 September 2020.
- webmaster@lausanne.ch, Bureau de la communication-Web & multimédia –. "Plan climat lausannois". Site officiel de la Ville de Lausanne (in French). Archived from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 18 January 2021.
- "Stop alle auto con motore diesel Euro 3 in Lombardia". Motori Virgilio (in Italian). 26 September 2018. Archived from the original on 1 October 2018. Retrieved 14 September 2020.
- "UK's first 24/7 zero emission street to launch on 18 March". UK's first 24/7 zero emission street to launch on 18 March. Archived from the original on 29 March 2020. Retrieved 29 March 2020.
- "Archived copy". The Business Journals. Archived from the original on 31 December 2020.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - "Environmental Zone Mainz and Wiesbaden". EnvironmentalBadge.com. Archived from the original on 4 August 2020. Retrieved 15 September 2020.
- "Мэрия Москвы поддерживает предложение СПЧ по ограничению транспорта низких экологических классов". president-sovet.ru (in Russian). Council under the President of the Russian Federation for the Development of Civil Society and Human Rights. 28 January 2019. Archived from the original on 5 December 2020. Retrieved 16 September 2020.
- "Environmental Zone Munich". EnvironmentalBadge.com. Archived from the original on 10 August 2020. Retrieved 15 September 2020.
- "New Jersey Bans Sales of Gasoline-Powered Cars After 2035". PCMAG. Retrieved 17 February 2023.
- "In Advance of Climate Week 2021, Governor Hochul Announces New Actions to Make New York's Transportation Sector Greener, Reduce Climate-Altering Emissions". Pressroom of the Office of the Governor (Press release). 8 September 2021. Archived from the original on 8 September 2021. Retrieved 9 September 2021.
- "New York City Executive Order 53" (PDF). Official website of New York City. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 November 2020. Retrieved 21 September 2020.
- "These Are the States Banning New Sales of Gas and Diesel Vehicles". 27 April 2022.
- Smith, Lydia (11 October 2017). "Oxford to ban all petrol and diesel vehicles and become 'world's first zero-emissions zone'". The Independent. Independent Print Limited. Archived from the original on 7 July 2019. Retrieved 7 July 2019.
- "Oxford Zero Emission Zone (ZEZ) frequently asked questions". Oxford City Council. 2019. Archived from the original on 7 July 2019. Retrieved 7 July 2019.
- "Quebec to ban sale of new gas-powered vehicles as of 2035". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 14 November 2020. Archived from the original on 14 November 2020. Retrieved 15 November 2020.
- "Rome latest city to announce car ban, will ban diesel cars from historical center starting 2024". 28 February 2018. Archived from the original on 19 March 2018. Retrieved 19 March 2018.
- After a legal battle, the 2016 ban on pre-1992 petrol cars and pre-2001 diesel cars was dropped in 2019, but the ban on pre-2005 (Euro IV) trucks was maintained. "Rotterdam weert vervuilende oude auto's". NOS (in Dutch). 30 April 2015. Archived from the original on 2 March 2021. Retrieved 14 September 2020.
Erik Kouwenhoven (9 December 2019). "Oude diesels volgend jaar weer welkom in Rotterdam". Algemeen Dagblad (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 4 November 2020. Retrieved 14 September 2020. - Stockholm, Traffic department (1 June 2021). "Miljözon Hornsgatan". Archived from the original on 2 June 2021. Retrieved 1 June 2021.
- "Stuttgart to introduce diesel driving ban in 2019". Deutsche Welle. 11 July 2018. Archived from the original on 24 May 2021. Retrieved 15 September 2020.
- "Oude dieselauto's niet meer welkom in Utrecht". Algemeen Dagblad (in Dutch). 1 November 2013. Retrieved 14 September 2020.
- "Mon Véhicule". Wallonie Basses Emission (in French). Government of the Walloon Region. 2018. Archived from the original on 25 September 2020. Retrieved 16 September 2020.
- Duquesne, Olivier (8 November 2022). "Zone basse émission en Wallonie : pas avant 2025". Le Moniteur Automobile.be (in French). Retrieved 15 January 2023.
- Data from McKerracher, Colin (12 January 2023). "Electric Vehicles Look Poised for Slower Sales Growth This Year". BloombergNEF. Archived from the original on 12 January 2023.
- Ricker, Thomas (5 July 2017). "Volvo to end gas-only cars by 2019". The Verge. Archived from the original on 20 February 2021. Retrieved 15 February 2021.
- Gislam, Steven (14 December 2020). "Truckmaker alliance pledges to end diesel sales by 2040". Industry Europe.
- "Volkswagen says last generation of combustion engines to be launched in 2026". Reuters. 4 December 2018. Archived from the original on 16 February 2021. Retrieved 15 February 2021.
- industry, Paul A. EisensteinPaul A. Eisenstein is an NBC News contributor who covers the auto (29 January 2021). "GM to go all-electric by 2035, phase out gas and diesel engines". NBC News. Archived from the original on 16 February 2021. Retrieved 15 February 2021.
{{cite web}}
:|first=
has generic name (help) - Jolly, Jasper (15 February 2021). "JLR to make Jaguar brand electric-only by 2025". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 15 February 2021. Retrieved 15 February 2021.
- "Volvo Cars to be fully electric by 2030" (Press release). 2 March 2021. Archived from the original on 2 March 2021. Retrieved 2 March 2021.
- Hawkins, Andrew J. (23 April 2021). "Honda will phase out gas-powered cars by 2040". The Verge. Archived from the original on 8 June 2021. Retrieved 8 June 2021.
- Gardner, Greg. "Mercedes-Benz To Spend $47 Billion To Speed Conversion To Electric-Only Lineup". Forbes. Archived from the original on 6 August 2021. Retrieved 6 August 2021.
- "A PROPHECY FULFILLED, A PROMISE KEPT, A REMARKABLE UNDERTAKING UNDERWAY. ROLLS-ROYCE MOTOR CARS ANNOUNCES FIRST FULLY ELECTRIC CAR". press.rolls-roycemotorcars.com. Archived from the original on 2 October 2021. Retrieved 2 October 2021.
- "COP26: Deal to end car emissions by 2040 idles as motor giants refuse to sign". Financial Times. 8 November 2021. Archived from the original on 14 November 2021. Retrieved 14 November 2021.
- "COP26: Every carmaker that pledged to stop selling fossil-fuel vehicles by 2040". CarExpert. 11 November 2021. Archived from the original on 14 November 2021. Retrieved 14 November 2021.
- Maserati plans to go fully electric by 2025
- Nissan to go all-electric by 2030 despite petrol ban delay
- "Akku-Züge kommen Ende 2022 in SH aufs Gleis | NDR.de – Nachrichten – Schleswig-Holstein". NDR.de. Archived from the original on 21 November 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
- Hegmann, Gerhard (19 April 2021). "Wasserstoffzüge: Siemens und Alstom arbeiten an der Technologie – WELT". Die Welt. Archived from the original on 21 November 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
- "Unter Strom – wie die Schweiz elektrifiziert wurde – SWI" (in German). Swissinfo.ch. 8 July 2018. Archived from the original on 21 November 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
- "Elektrifizierung" [Electrification]. hls-dhs-dss.ch (in German). 9 September 2009. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021.
- "Railway electrification program, Israel | DB Engineering & Consulting". Db-engineering-consulting.com. Archived from the original on 21 November 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
- Halavy, Dror (26 July 2018). "Israel Railways Announces Plans for Electrification". Hamodia.com. Archived from the original on 21 November 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
- "Tel Aviv railway electrification work speeds up". Globes. 30 March 2020. Archived from the original on 21 November 2021. Retrieved 21 November 2021.
- "Israel electrification programme accelerated as ETCS Level 2 tested / News / News / Railpage". Railpage.com.au. 11 April 2020. Archived from the original on 21 November 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
- "Israel Railways to buy diesel rolling stock for NIS 2.4b". Globes. 4 August 2019. Archived from the original on 21 November 2021. Retrieved 21 November 2021.
- Caltrain. "Electrification | Caltrain". www.caltrain.com. Retrieved 15 March 2023.
- "Fording the fjords". SKF Marine News. 28 January 2021. Archived from the original on 4 October 2021. Retrieved 4 October 2021.
- Leurs, Rainer (11 January 2014). ""Tres Hombres": Einziger Frachtsegler auf dem Atlantik". Der Spiegel.
- "HOME".
- "Segelfrachter "Oceanbird": Emissionsfrei über die Weltmeere".
- Nilsen, Thomas; Observer, The Independent Barents (15 March 2021). "Norwegian airline Widerøe aims to launch all-electric plane by 2026". Eye on the Arctic. Archived from the original on 4 October 2021. Retrieved 4 October 2021.
- "Nordic States Set Electric-Planes Pace After Green-Cars Push". Bloomberg.com. 13 December 2020. Archived from the original on 9 December 2021. Retrieved 4 October 2021.
- "When will commercial electric aircraft become a reality?". Archived from the original on 21 November 2021. Retrieved 21 November 2021.
- Hawkins, Andrew J. (14 August 2018). "Electric flight is coming, but the batteries aren't ready". The Verge. Archived from the original on 21 November 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
- "Sustainable aviation fuel: An important step in international trade". The Seattle Times. 5 October 2021. Archived from the original on 21 November 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
- 3-minute read (16 July 2021). "Sustainable Aviation Fuel Is Too Expensive For Ultra Low Cost Carriers". Simple Flying. Archived from the original on 21 November 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
- Petro Industry News. "What Are E-Fuels? Petro Online". Petro-online.com. Archived from the original on 21 November 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
- "Can E-Fuels Save the Combustion Engine? – WSJ". Archived from the original on 21 November 2021. Retrieved 21 November 2021.
- "E-Fuels: A Realistic Alternative for Powering Aviation?". Stay Grounded. 8 September 2020. Archived from the original on 21 November 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
- "Aviation: Germany opens world's first plant for clean jet fuel". Deutsche Welle. Archived from the original on 23 November 2021. Retrieved 23 November 2021.
- "K+N and Lufthansa Cargo partner on PTL aviation fuel". aircargonews.net. 4 October 2021. Archived from the original on 21 November 2021.
- "E-fuels development for aviation gets a boost with Germany's new PtL roadmap – GreenAir News". Greenairnews.com. Archived from the original on 21 November 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
- Furness, Dyllan (11 November 2021). "Low-carbon aviation fuels are on the horizon. But for now, activists say we need to stay grounded". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 21 November 2021. Retrieved 14 December 2021.
- "How Germany's PtL Roadmap For Aviation Fuel Outlines Larger Green Plans". Evalueserve.com. 4 December 2021. Archived from the original on 21 November 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
- "[Opinion] Second-hand cars flaw in EU Green Deal". EUobserver. 24 January 2020. Archived from the original on 27 September 2020. Retrieved 19 September 2020.
- "Used vehicle background overview, see page 19" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 January 2021. Retrieved 21 September 2020.
- "Used vehicle background overview" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 January 2021. Retrieved 21 September 2020.
- "Geneva meeting on used cars exporting pollution to developing countries". 11 April 2017. Archived from the original on 28 September 2020. Retrieved 19 September 2020.
- "Regulation for 2nd hand vehicles" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 October 2020. Retrieved 21 September 2020.
- Rajper, Sarmad Zaman; Albrecht, Johan (2020). "Prospects of Electric Vehicles in the Developing Countries: A Literature Review". Sustainability. 12 (5): 1906. doi:10.3390/su12051906.
- "Used vehicle background overview, see page 5" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 January 2021. Retrieved 21 September 2020.
- "European Green Deal Communication" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 October 2020. Retrieved 19 September 2020.
- "Used vehicle background overview, see page 23" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 January 2021. Retrieved 21 September 2020.
- "The classic cars being converted to electric vehicles". BBC News. 3 October 2021. Archived from the original on 4 October 2021. Retrieved 4 October 2021.
- "Commission's "Green Deal" could lead to ban on EU waste exports | EUWID Recycling and Waste Management". www.euwid-recycling.com. 11 December 2019. Archived from the original on 23 October 2020. Retrieved 19 September 2020.
- "First circular economy action plan". European Commission. Archived from the original on 9 October 2021. Retrieved 9 October 2021.
- "EUR-Lex – 52020DC0098 – EN – EUR-Lex". eur-lex.europa.eu. Archived from the original on 9 October 2021. Retrieved 9 October 2021.
- Everuss, Louis (2 January 2019). "Mobility Justice: a new means to examine and influence the politics of mobility". Applied Mobilities. 4 (1): 132–137. doi:10.1080/23800127.2019.1576489. ISSN 2380-0127. S2CID 159235121.
- Henderson, Jason (4 May 2020). "EVs Are Not the Answer: A Mobility Justice Critique of Electric Vehicle Transitions". Annals of the American Association of Geographers. 110 (6): 1993–2010. doi:10.1080/24694452.2020.1744422. ISSN 2469-4452. S2CID 218917140.
- "Register of Commission expert groups and other similar entities". European Commission. Archived from the original on 9 October 2021. Retrieved 9 October 2021.