Philippine Centennial

The Philippine Centennial was a series of celebrations by the Philippine government to primarily commemorate the 100th anniversary of the proclamation of Philippine Independence on June 12, 1898.

Centennial of the Proclamation of Philippine Independence
Logo
Date1998
LocationPrimarily in the Philippines[1]
(some events held outside the country)
TypeSeries of commemorations
Organized byNational Centennial Commission
Slogan"Kalayaan, Kayamanan ng Bayan"
(transl. Freedom, Wealth of the Nation)
Websitewww.philcentennial.com (archived)

Background

The Philippine Centennial primarily commemorates the 100th anniversary of the Philippine Declaration of Independence on June 12, 1898. It also commemorates other events in the Philippine Revolution and the earlier part of the Philippine-American war including the execution of José Rizal (1896), the Cry of Pugad Lawin, the death of Andres Bonifacio, the exile of Emilio Aguinaldo in 1897 (See Hong Kong Junta), the Capture of Malolos, the death of Antonio Luna, and the Battle of Tirad Pass. The Philippine Centennial culminates with the 100th anniversary of the ratification of the Malolos Constitution on September 15, 1898, that led to the establishment of the First Republic on January 23, 1899.[2]

Organization

The implementation of the Philippine Centennial is largely overseen by the administration of President Fidel V. Ramos. It was part of Ramos' program Philippines 2000 which envisions the Philippines as a newly industrialized country by the year 2000.[3]

The government body which organized the centennial was the National Centennial Commission (NCC). The NCC was established as the Committee for the National Centennial Celebrations on June 13, 1991, through Administrative Order No. 223 issued by President Corazon Aquino. The same order also mandates that the composition of the committee shall include 11 representatives; six from the Presidential Commission for Culture and the Arts (PCCA), and five from the Philippine Centennial Foundation, Inc. (PCFI).[4] President Fidel V. Ramos later renamed the committee as the National Centennial Commission through Executive Order No. 128. It also expanded the committee to include certain government officials including Cabinet secretaries and former Vice President Salvador Laurel.[5]

The conduct of the centennial had the following goals:[6]

  • Revive love of country;
  • Restore appreciation for the true Filipino identity
  • Relearn the values of the country's historic struggle for independence and use these for the development of the future
  • Generate greater and active participation in centennial commemorative celebration to accelerate nation-building

Marketing

Memorabilia

A commemorative ₱100,000 banknote was issued as part of the centennial celebrations in 1998. The banknote is the highest ever currency denomination issued by the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas, the Philippines' central bank.[7] In December 1998, another Centennial commemorative banknote were issued by the BSP, the 2,000-Piso Banknote and they issued for the limited amount of 300,000 pieces.

From 1997 to 1998, BSP released one-hundred peso banknote featuring the Philippine Centennial logo at the watermark area. The version without the year of issue was released in 1997, while those with a year of issue was released in 1998.

Branding

The logo for the Philippine Centennial was the winning entry of a national design competition which had 5,000 submissions. The logo designed by Edgardo Santiago featured a rising sun above a blue and red ribbon which twirls to form the number "100". The logo contains the centennial's slogan "Kalayaan, Kayamanan ng Bayan" (transl. Freedom, Wealth of the Nation) which presents the concept that "freedom" is the wealth of the country, the said slogan was won by Joachim Medroso on the said competition.[8]

Aklanon songwriter-composer Dante Beriong composed the Philippine Centennial theme song, "Mabuhay Ka Pilipino".[9]

Expo Pilipino
Main article: Expo Pilipino

The Philippine National Centennial Exposition, a world's fair featuring the Philippines' culture and history was held as part of the commemorations. The site of the exhibition was built at the Clark Special Economic Zone in Pampanga.

The project for the exhibition's facilities was riddled with graft and bidding irregularities. President Fidel V. Ramos as a result was implicated in a political scandal, which was known as the Expo scam.[10]

National flag and observances
Flag of the Philippines
Flag from 1946–1985, 1986–1998
Flag adopted in 1998

The shade of blue of the Flag of the Philippines has been a subject of debate by historians. American blue (navy blue) has been used for the flag prior to 1998, with a lighter blue (Oriental blue) used briefly during the presidency of Ferdinand Marcos from 1985 to 1986.[11] Royal Blue was codified as the official shade of blue of the Philippine flag in 1998 through Republic Act No. 8491 signed on February 12, 1998.[11][12]

President Fidel V. Ramos issued Executive Order No 179 in 1994 which mandates the observance of National Flag Days from May 28 to June 12 every year. All establishments are therefore obliged to display the Philippine flag from sunrise to sunset on those dates. [13][14] May 28 marks the date of the Battle of Alapan in Imus, Cavite when the Philippine flag was believed to have been first unfurled.[15]

Infrastructure projects

Infrastructure projects were implemented as part of the Philippine Centennial.[16] The Old Legislative Building in Manila which used to host the Senate of the Philippines was renovated and converted to a museum – now known as the National Museum of Fine Arts.[16][17] The Libingan ng mga Bayani was likewise renovated in 1998.[16][18]

There was a plan to build a supertall structure as part of the commemorations. The proposed structure was the 390 meters (1,280 ft) Centennial Tower which was designed by Filipino architect Francisco Mañosa. The project, which was proposed to be built at the Luneta Park, was met with controversy due to its scale and planned site.[19][20][21] The tower was never built.

See also

References
  1. "Objectives of the 1998 Program". The Philippine Centennial. National Centennial Commission. Archived from the original on April 17, 1999.
  2. Bankoff, Gregory (October–December 1998). "History at the Service of the Nation-State" (PDF). Public Policy Journal. P Center for Integrative and Development Studies. II (4).
  3. Bankoff 1998, p. 30:"THE Centennial project is very much a program of the Ramos administration (1992-1998)", "For the new administration, the future was one of promise - indeed of vision, or what has come to be known as Philippines 2000."
  4. "Administrative Order No. 223, s. 1991". Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. Retrieved August 4, 2021.
  5. "Executive Order No. 128, s. 1993". Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. October 4, 1993. Retrieved August 4, 2021.
  6. "The Philippine Centennial Vision". The Philippine Centennial. National Centennial Commission. Archived from the original on April 17, 1999.
  7. Lucas, Daxim L. (January 19, 2021). "Lapu-Lapu: From one-centavo coin to P 5,000 bill". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved August 4, 2021.
  8. "The Philippine Centennial Logo". MSC Computer Training Center. MSC Communications Technologies, Inc. Retrieved August 4, 2021.
  9. "Antique LGUs urged to inventory cultural properties". Philippine News Agency. Retrieved August 4, 2021.
  10. Bagares, Romel (February 4, 2000). "Ramos partially cleared in Expo scam". The Philippine Star. Retrieved August 4, 2021.
  11. Merit Badge Center. "The History of the Philippine Flag" (PDF). pp. 3–5. Retrieved August 4, 2021.
  12. Agbayani, Eufemio III (May 29, 2021). "1985: A Year of Three Shades of Blue". National Historical Commission of the Philippines. Retrieved June 3, 2021.
  13. Bankoff 1998, p. 33:"In fact, as the NCC's first project, President Ramos issued Executive Order No 179 declaring the nationwide observance of Flag Days between 28 May to 12 June each year. As of 1994, all public and private buildings are required to display the national flag from sunrise to sunset".
  14. "Know more about PH's Independence Day". Cebu Daily News. Philippine Daily Inquirer. June 12, 2020. Retrieved August 4, 2021.
  15. "FAST FACTS: Philippine flag misconceptions and other trivia". Rappler. Retrieved August 4, 2021.
  16. "Major Infrastructure Projects". The Philippine Centennial. National Centennial Commission. Archived from the original on February 25, 1999. Retrieved August 4, 2021.
  17. "A walk through the National Museum". The Philippine Star. March 11, 2018. Retrieved August 4, 2021.
  18. "Libingan ng mga Bayani Revitalization Plan". Pros Architect and Planners, Inc. Retrieved August 4, 2021.
  19. Ermita, Estefania (January 7, 1996). "Centennial Tower to give Luneta a 'second life'". Manila Standard. Retrieved April 13, 2012.
  20. Villanueva, Marichu (September 30, 1995). "Shelve tower plans, Ramos asked". Manila Standard. Retrieved April 13, 2012.
  21. Bacobo, Ariel (November 14, 2014). "Hired guns from Nueva Ecija". Manila Standard. Retrieved June 2, 2016.
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