Phoenix club (sports)

The term phoenix club is used in professional team sports to refer to a new entity that is set up to replace that of a club that has failed in business terms but not in sporting terms, and generally involves the continuation of the sporting activity.[1][2] In some cases, the phoenix club is created by the supporters of the club which has ended, or seems to be on the point of ending. A phoenix club will often have a very similar (although, for legal reasons, not identical) name and logo to the original club, and will also use a similar playing kit. The term is particularly prevalent in the United Kingdom and Italy in relation to association football, although it is also used in other countries.

For clubs called "Phoenix Club", see Phoenix club (disambiguation). For a list of relocated teams, see Relocation of professional sports teams.

The term has also been used to refer to a club formed by supporters of a major team when a change of ownership or policy causes them to lose faith in the management of their favoured side. This happened in 2005, when F.C. United of Manchester was formed by some fans of Manchester United, specifically as a protest at the sale of the latter to Malcolm Glazer, and at what they saw as the excessive and unacceptable commercialisation of the club,[3] although the new club's status as a phoenix is open to dispute on the basis that the original club still exists.

The term is derived from the mythical phoenix, a bird which was said to resurrect itself from its own ashes. In at least one case, the name of a phoenix club has played on the term itself: in the Australia-New Zealand A-League, now known as A-League Men, the defunct New Zealand Knights were replaced by new club Wellington Phoenix FC.

In some cases, phoenix clubs retain the name of the club which they replaced, implying a continuation from the former team. In other cases, name changes occur, perhaps due to proprietorial ownership of the old club's name. An American football example is the Cleveland Browns, the original franchise of which moved to Baltimore in 1995 to become the Baltimore Ravens. However, the NFL stipulated that, as part of the move, the franchise would not be able to keep the history and records of the Browns, a cornerstone NFL franchise. In 1999, the "new" Browns were granted an expansion franchise and were awarded all of the former team's history by the league, even though the extant Ravens had the original Browns players and personnel. The league and club view the Browns as one single team with a sporting hiatus.[4]

The term does not include teams that have relocated as a going concern, and/or have been renamed. Many of the former may list their founding date as the day they moved, but they are considered to be the same club and therefore cannot be seen as a phoenix, unless their previous entity has officially folded.

However, because there is no single, universally-accepted definition, ascribing the term phoenix club can be disputed depending on the criteria used. Furthermore, there may be changes in what each country's football governing body and legal system defines as a phoenix club rather than resurrected club.

Association football

Austria
Original club 1st Phoenix club Year established
1. FC Vöcklabruck Vöcklabrucker SC[5] 2009
SV Austria Salzburg SV Austria Salzburg[6] 2005
Hakoah Vienna SC Maccabi Wien[7] 2010
FC Wacker Innsbruck FC Wacker Innsbruck (2002) 2002

Belgium
Original club 1st Phoenix club Year established
K.S.K. Beveren K.S.K. Beveren[8] 2010
Beerschot AC FCO Beerschot Wilrijk[9][10] 2013
R.E. Mouscron Royal Mouscron-Péruwelz[11] 2010
K.R.C. Harelbeke K.R.C. Harelbeke 2016
R.W.D. Molenbeek R.W.D. Molenbeek 2015

Brazil
Original club 1st Phoenix club Year established 2nd Phoenix club Year established
AA Cabofriensea AD Cabofriense[12] 1997
Colorado and Pinheiros Paraná Clube[13] 1989
Grêmio Novorizontino (1973) Grêmio Novorizontino (2010)[14] 2010
Icasa E.C. A.D.R.C. Icasa[15][16] 2002
EC Lemense CA Lemense 2005 Lemense FCd 2022
Linhares EC Linhares FC[17] 2001
Operário Várzea-Grandenseb EC Operário 1996 Operário Ltda. 2003
Taguatinga EC (1964)c Taguatinga EC (2018)[18] 2018
  • a AA Cabofriense was refounded as AD Cabofriense in 1997 by the same directors with the aim of separating football from the social club activities.
  • b Due to financial problems, Operário Várzea-Grandense (also known as CEOV) withdrew from professional football in 1996. As it is one of the clubs with the most fans in the state, EC Operário was created with the same colors (red and green) as the traditional CEOV. Despite being state champion twice (1997 and 2002), the club did not receive the expected support and closed its activities in 2002. Another club with a similar name was created (Operário Futebol Ltda.), this time with red and black colors in honor of CR Flamengo, and has won the 2006 tournament. Operário Ltda. currently competes in the second division and the original CEOV returned to professional football in 2013.[19]
  • c The original Taguatinga EC and CA Taguatinga (former CA Bandeirante) merged in 2018.[20]
  • d Former SC Atibaia.[21]

Bulgaria
Original club 1st Phoenix club Year established 2nd Phoenix club Year established
PFC Beroe Stara Zagora Olimpic-Beroe[22] 1999 PFC Beroe Stara Zagora AD[23] 2008
F.C. Etar FC Etar 1924 Veliko Tarnovo[24] 2003 OFC Etar Veliko Tarnovo[25] 2013
Botev Plovdiv Botev 1912 2010
Levski-Spartak Levski Sofia[26] 1990

Canada
Original club Year established Phoenix Club Year established 2nd Phoenix Club Year established
Hamilton Steelers (1958–1967) 1958 Hamilton Steelers (1981–1992) 1981
Montreal Impact (1992–2011) 1992 CF Montréal[lower-alpha 1] 2010
North York Rockets 1987 Toronto Rockets 1993
Ottawa Fury (2005–2013) 2005 Ottawa Fury FC 2014
Toronto Blizzard (1971–1984)[lower-alpha 2] 1971 Toronto Blizzard (1986–1993) 1986
Vancouver Whitecaps (1974–84) 1974 Vancouver Whitecaps (1986–2010)[lower-alpha 3] 1986 Vancouver Whitecaps FC[27] 2009

Czech Republic
Original club Phoenix club Year established
DFC Prag DFC Prag 2016

Costa Rica
Original club Phoenix club Year established
Asociación Deportiva Limonense Limón F.C.[28] 2009
A.D. Generaleñaa AS Puma Generaleña[29] 2010

a A.D. Generaleña merged with A.D. Pérez Zeledón to become Municipal Pérez Zeledón, de facto only continuing the Pérez Zeledón heritage.

Croatia
Original club Phoenix club Year established 2nd Phoenix club Year established
NK Varaždin (1931–2015)a NK Varteks[30] 2011 NK Varaždin (2012) 2012
NK Orijent (1919-2014) HNK Orijent 1919 2015
NK Zadar HNK Zadar 2020
NK Inter Zaprešić hr:NK Inker Zaprešić (2022.) 2022 2022

a The finances of the original NK Varaždin (called NK Varteks from 1958 to 2010) stumbled repeatedly for five years. When this led to their suspension in 2011, an unassociated NK Varteks was created. When they were suspended again in 2012, a new unassociated Varaždin emerged. The original club, including its records and history, folded in 2015.

England / Wales
Original club Phoenix club Year established
Merthyr Town F.C. Merthyr Tydfil F.C.[31] 1945
Willand Wanderers F.C. Willand Rovers F.C.[32] 1946
Accrington Stanley F.C. (1891) Accrington Stanley F.C.[33] 1968
Gateshead A.F.C. Gateshead F.C.[34] 1977
Newport County Newport County A.F.C.[35] 1989
Aldershot F.C. Aldershot Town F.C.[36] 1992
Wimbledon F.C.a AFC Wimbledon[37][38][39]
2002
Emley Emley A.F.C.[40] 2005
Hornchurch F.C. A.F.C. Hornchurch[41] 2005
Scarborough F.C. Scarborough Athletic F.C.[42] 2007
Farnborough Town F.C. Farnborough F.C.[43] 2007
Halifax Town A.F.C.[44] F.C. Halifax Town[45] 2008
Fisher Athletic F.C. Fisher F.C.[46] 2009
Chester City F.C. Chester F.C.[47] 2010
Ilkeston Town Ilkeston F.C. 2010
Merthyr Tydfil F.C. Merthyr Town F.C.[31] 2010
King's Lynn Town F.C. King's Lynn F.C. 2010
Rushden & Diamonds F.C. AFC Rushden & Diamonds[48] 2011
Windsor & Eton F.C. Windsor F.C.[49] 2011
Croydon Athletic F.C. AFC Croydon Athletic[50] 2012
Llanelli Town F.C. Llanelli Town A.F.C. 2013
Hereford United F.C. Hereford F.C.[51] 2015
Ilkeston F.C. Ilkeston Town F.C. 2017
North Ferriby United A.F.C.[52] North Ferriby F.C.[53] 2019
Bury F.C. Bury A.F.C. 2021
Rhyl F.C. C.P.D. Y Rhyl 1879 2020
Macclesfield Town F.C. Macclesfield F.C. 2020
South Shore F.C. South Shore F.C. 2021
(to start play in 2022–23 season)
Whyteleafe F.C. AFC Whyteleafe[54] 2021

a Wimbledon F.C. relocated to Milton Keynes in 2004 and was renamed Milton Keynes Dons F.C., two years after the Football Association's binding decision to permit the move, and two years after the foundation of AFC Wimbledon; see Relocation of Wimbledon F.C. to Milton Keynes.

Finland
Original club Phoenix club Year established
Tampere United TamU-K[55] 2009

France
Original club Phoenix club Year established
FC Nancy AS Nancy Lorraine 1967
Gap FC Gap Foot 05[56] 2012
Toulouse FC Toulouse FC 1970

Germany
Original club 1st Phoenix club Year established 2nd Phoenix club Year established
SC Tasmania 1900 Berlin SV Tasmania Berlin 1973
BSG Chemie Leipzig (1950) FC Sachsen Leipzig 1990 BSG Chemie Leipzig (1997)[57] 1997
SpVgg Blau-Weiß 1890 Berlin SV Blau Weiss Berlin[58][59] 1992
1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig (1966) 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig (2003) 2003
SG Dynamo Schwerin SG Dynamo Schwerin 2003
1. FC Kattowitz 1. FC Katowice 2007
DVV Coburg FC Coburg[60] 2011
FC Sachsen Leipzig SG Sachsen Leipzig 2011 LVF Sachsen Leipzig 2014

Indonesia
Original club Phoenix club Year established
Perseba Super Bangkalan Perseba Bangkalan[61] 2012
Persisam Putra Samarinda Borneo FC[62] 2014
Persekaba Badung Persekaba Bali[63] 2017
Persikad Depok Persikad 1999[64] 2018
Persikubar West Kutai Persikubar Putra 2021
Persisam Samarinda Persisam United 2021
Persika Karawang Persika 1951[65] 2022

Italy
Main article: Article 52 of N.O.I.F.

In the early 21st century, numerous Italian clubs endured very severe economic problems, including some famous and historically successful teams. Some, most notably Fiorentina,[66][67] Napoli,[68][69][70] Parma[71][72] and Torino[73] were each declared formally bankrupt and thus had to reapply to the Italian football authorities to play at a lower level, with new owners and as new corporate entities. However, all are considered to be the same clubs before and after the bankruptcy rather than separate phoenix entities: they obtained the "sports title" to remain in the Italy football pyramid using clauses in the Article 52 of N.O.I.F.[70][73]

Japan
Original club Phoenix club Year established
Yokohama Flügels Yokohama FC 1998

Korea
Original club 1st Phoenix club Year established 2nd Phoenix club Year established 3rd Phoenix club Year established
Police FC Ansan Police FC[74] 2014 Asan Mugunghwa FC[75] 2017 Chungnam Asan FC[76] 2020

Latvia
Original club Phoenix club Year established
FK Liepājas Metalurgs FK Liepāja[77] 2014

Lithuania
Original club Phoenix club Year established
FK Žalgiris VMFD Žalgirisa[78] 2009
FBK Kaunas F.B.K. Kaunas[79] 2012
lt:FK Atmosfera (1973) FK Atmosfera (2012)[80] 2012
FK Vėtra FK Vėtra Rūdiškės[81] 2014
FK Dainava Alytus DFK Dainava[82] 2016
FK Minija Kretinga FK Minija (2017)[83] 2017
FK Ekranas lt:FK Ekranas (2020) Panevėžys[84] 2020

aFollowing a court settlement in 2014, club acquired rights to the history, titles, name and other assets of the original club.[85]

The Netherlands
Original club Phoenix club Year established
RBC Roosendaal RBC 2011

North Macedonia
Original club Phoenix club Year established
FK Sloga Jugomagnat FK Shkupi[86] 2012
FK Bashkimi (1947–2008) FK Bashkimi (2011)[87] 2011
FK Pobeda FK Pobeda (2010)[88] 2010

Northern Ireland
Original club Phoenix club Year established
Ballymena F.C. Ballymena United F.C.[89] 1934
Newry City F.C. Newry City AFC[90] 2013

Peru
Original club 1st Phoenix club Year established 2nd Phoenix club Year established 3rd Phoenix club Year established
Juan Aurich (1922–1992) Aurich–Cañaña 1993 Juan Aurich (1996–2004) 1996 Juan Aurich (2005)[91] 2005

Poland
Original club Phoenix club Year established
1. FC Kattowitz 1. FC Katowice 2007
Amica Wronki Błękitni Wronki 2007
Pogoń Lwów Pogoń Lwów (2009) 2009
Dyskobolia Grodzisk Wielkopolski Nasza Dyskobolia Grodzisk Wielkopolski 2017

Portugal
Original club 1st Phoenix club Year established 2nd Phoenix club Year established
Clube de Futebol Estrela da Amadora[92] C.D. Estrela[93] 2011 Club Football Estrela da Amadora[94] 2020

Republic of Ireland
Original club 1st Phoenix club Year established 2nd Phoenix club Year established
Cork Cork United[95] 1940 Cork Athletic[95] 1948

Romania
Original club Phoenix Club Year established
FC Argeș Pitești F.C. Argeș 1953[96] 2013

Russia
Original club Phoenix club Year established
Alania Vladikavkaz FC Alania Vladikavkaz (2019) 2019
FC Spartak Ryazan FC Ryazan[97] 1995
Uralan Elista FC Elista 2005

Scotland
Original club Phoenix club Year established
Clydebankb Clydebank F.C. 2003
Gretna F.C. Gretna F.C. 2008[98] 2008

b Airdrieonians F.C. (1878) were liquidated in 2002[99] but their owners bought Clydebank[100] and rebranded it as Airdrie United (now known as Airdrieonians F.C. (2002)); therefore that club is not a phoenix as it took the place of an existing entity. However the current incarnation of Clydebank is a phoenix, as it was founded by supporters to replace the entity which had moved to Airdrie[101] and had to restart at the bottom of the (Junior) league pyramid. Unlike…

During the liquidation of The Rangers Football Club plc in 2012,[102] a new company, set up for the purpose,[103] bought the assets of the business and secured the transfer of its SFA membership, which allowed Rangers F.C. to continue playing, albeit having to start again in the lowest national division of the Scottish football league system.[104]

Serbia
Original club Phoenix club Year established
FK Hajduk Kula OFK Hajduk[105][106][107] 2013[108]
FK Mladost Apatin OFK Mladost APA 2011
FK Radnički Bajmok FK Radnički 1905 2013
FK Sloga Petrovac na Mlavi FK Sloga 33 2016
FK Vrbas OFK Vrbas 2007

Slovakia
Original club Phoenix club Year established
FC VSS Košice FC Košice 2018

Slovenia
Original club 1st Phoenix club Year established 2nd Phoenix club Year established
I. SSK Maribor NK Branik Maribor[109] 1949
NK Izola MNK Izola[110] 1996
NK Ljubljana FC Ljubljana[111] 2005
NK Mura ND Mura 05 2005 NŠ Mura 2012
NK Olimpija Ljubljana (defunct) NK Olimpija Ljubljana (2005)[112][113] 2005
NK Primorje DNŠ Ajdovščina[114] 2011

Spain
Original club 1st Phoenix club Year established 2nd Phoenix club Year established 3rd Phoenix club Year established
CD Málaga Málaga CF 1948
Burgos CF Real Burgos CF 1983 Burgos CF 1994
CP Mérida Mérida UD[115] 2000 Mérida AD[116] 2013
SD Compostela SD Compostela 2004
CF Extremadura Extremadura UD[117] 2007 CD Extremadura 1924 2022
CD Logroñés SD Logroñés 2009
CF Ciudad de Murcia CAP Ciudad de Murcia[118] 2010
UE Lleida Lleida Esportiu 2011
CD Badajoz CD Badajoz 2012
CD San Martín EI San Martín[119] 2012
UD Salamanca Unionistas de Salamanca CF[120] 2013
UD Salamanca Salamanca CF UDS[121] 2013
CD Ourense UD Ourense[122] 2014

Turkey
Original club Phoenix club Year established 2nd Phoenix club Year established
Akçaabat Sebatspor Sebat Gençlikspor 2018
Bucaspor Bucaspor 1928 2011
Erzurumspor Erzurumspor F.K. 2005
Gaziantepspor Gaziantep F.K. 1988
Mersin İdman Yurdu Yeni Mersin İdmanyurdu 1964
Vanspor Vanspor FK 1982
Yozgatspor Yozgatspor 1959 Yozgatspor 1959 FK 1984
Zonguldakspor Zonguldak Kömürspor 1986

Ukraine
Original club 1st Phoenix club Year established 2nd Phoenix club Year established 3rd Phoenix club Year established 4th Phoenix club Year established
Hranyt Cherkasy FC Cherkasy 1975 FC Dnipro Cherkasy 2003 FC Dnipro Cherkasy 2018 – –
Torpedo Lutsk FC Volyn Lutsk 1977 – – – – – –
FC Desna Chernihiv FC Desna Chernihiv 1977 – – – – – –
Kolos Poltava FC Vorskla Poltava 1984 – – – – – –
Dnipro Kremenchuk FC Kremin Kremenchuk 1988 MFC Kremin Kremenchuk 2003 – – – –
FC Karpaty Lviv FC Karpaty Lviv 1989 FC Karpaty Lviv 2020 – – – –
USC Skala Stryi FC Skala Stryi 1992 FC Hazovyk-Skala Stryi 2001 FC Skala Stryi 2011 Skala 1911 Stryi 2022
Polihraftekhnika Oleksandriya FC Oleksandriya 2004 – – – – – –
FC Nyva Vinnytsia PFC Nyva Vinnytsia 2006 FC Nyva Vinnytsia 2016 – – – –
FC Zirka Kirovohrad FC Zirka Kropyvnytskyi 2007 – – – – – –
Pogoń Lwów Pogoń Lwów (2009) 2009 – – – – – –
Khodak Cherkasy FC Cherkaskyi Dnipro 2010 FC Cherkashchyna 2018 – – – –
Arsenal Kyiv FC Arsenal-Kyiv 2014 – – – – – –
FC Veres Rivne NK Veres Rivne 2015 – – – – – –
FC Lviv FC Lviv 2016 – – – – – –
SC Tavriya Simferopol SC Tavriya Simferopol 2016 – – – – – –
FC Polissya Zhytomyr FC Polissya Zhytomyr 2016 – – – – – –
FC Metalist Kharkiv FC Metalist Kharkiv 2020 – – – – – –
Kryvbas Kryvyi Rih FC Kryvbas Kryvyi Rih 2020 – – – – – –
FC Naftovyk Okhtyrka FC Naftovyk Okhtyrka 2020 – – – – – –
USC Dovbush Chernivtsi USC Dovbush Chernivtsi 2020 – – – – – –
  • Notes:
    • Due to World War I and World War II, technically all of the clubs that competed before those wars were recreated from scratched in order to continue yet for many clubs of the Soviet part of Ukraine immediate their revival upon hostilities conditionally is considered as continuation of business. Due to recent renewed hostilities by the Russian Federation, many clubs were forced to suspend their business operations indefinitely.
    • While perceived as phoenix club of FC Dnipro, officially SC Dnipro-1 is considered to be a totally new club according to the FIFA rulings as the club did not clear its debts and refused to acknowledge them.
    • Polish club of Pogon Lwow was reestablished in Ukraine by local Polish diaspora based on Pogon Lwow of the interbellum Poland. The club competes at regional level.
    • Technically split between Metal Kharkiv and Metalist 1925 Kharkiv, in 2020 the Ukrainian Association of Football officially acknowledge heritage of the original club after Metal Kharkiv.

United States
Original club 1st Phoenix club Year established 2nd Phoenix club Year established 3rd Phoenix club Year established
Portland Timbers (1975–1982) Portland Timbers (1985–1990) 1985 Portland Timbers (2001–2010) 2001 Portland Timbers 2009
New York Giants New York Giants 1923 New York Giants 1927
New York Hakoah New York Hakoah 1956 New York Hakoah 2009
Fort Lauderdale Strikers (1977–83) Fort Lauderdale Strikers (1988–94) 1988[123] Fort Lauderdale Strikers (2006–2016) 2006
San Jose Earthquakes (1974–88)[124] San Jose Clash/Earthquakes 1994 San Jose Earthquakes 2008[125]
Seattle Sounders (1974–83)[126] Seattle Sounders (1994–2008) 1994 Seattle Sounders FC 2007
New York Cosmos (1970–85) New York Cosmos (2010) 2010[127]
Tampa Bay Rowdies (1975–93) Tampa Bay Rowdies 2010[128]
Austin Aztex FC Austin Aztex 2011[129]
Philadelphia Fury (1978–1980) Philadelphia Fury (2011–2019) 2011[130]
Los Angeles Wolves L.A. Wolves FC 2014[131]
Bethlehem Steel F.C. (1907–30) Bethlehem Steel FC 2015[132]
Rochester Lancers (1967–1980) Rochester Lancers (2015) 2015[133]
Philadelphia Atoms Philadelphia Atoms SC 2017[134]

Baseball

United States
Original club 1st Phoenix club Year established 2nd Phoenix club Year established 3rd Phoenix club Year established 4th Phoenix club Year established
Baltimore Orioles (1882–1899) Baltimore Orioles (1901-1902) 1901 Baltimore Orioles (1903–1914, 1916–1953) 1903 Baltimore Orioles[lower-alpha 4] 1954
Los Angeles Angels (PCL) Los Angeles Angels 1961[135]
Miami Marlins (IL) Miami Marlins (1962–70, 1982–88) 1962 Florida/Miami Marlins 1993
Milwaukee Brewers (1884–1885) Milwaukee Brewers (1886–92) 1886 Milwaukee Brewers (1894-1901)[lower-alpha 4] 1894 Milwaukee Brewers (1902–52) 1902 Milwaukee Brewers 1970
New York Metropolitans New York Mets 1961[136]
Washington Senators (1891–99) Washington Senators/Nationals (1901–60) 1901 Washington Senators (1961–71) 1961 Washington Nationals 2005

Basketball

Finland
Original club Phoenix club Year established
Namika Lahti Lahti Basketball 2015

Poland
Original club Phoenix club Year established
Prokom Trefl Sopot Trefl Sopot[137] 2009

United Kingdom
Original club Phoenix club Year established
Thames Valley Tigers Guildford Heat[138] 2005
Manchester Giants (1975–2001) Manchester Giants[139] 2011

Ice hockey

Canada
Original club Phoenix club Year established
Calgary Wranglers (WHL) Calgary Wranglers 2022
Hamilton Bulldogs (AHL) Hamilton Bulldogs 2015
Ottawa Senators (original) Ottawa Senators 1992
Winnipeg Jets (1972–96) Winnipeg Jets 2011

England
Original club Phoenix club Year established
Manchester Storm (1995–2002) Manchester Phoenix[140] 2003

Japan
Original club Phoenix club Year established
Nippon Paper Cranes East Hokkaido Cranes 2019

Sweden
Original club Phoenix club Year established
Hammarby Hockey (1921–2008) Hammarby Hockey[141][142] 2008

United States
Original club Phoenix club 2nd phoenix club 3rd phoenix club In operation
Bakersfield Condors Bakersfield Condors — 1998–2015;
2015–
Manchester Monarchs (AHL) Manchester Monarchs (ECHL) — 2001–2015;
2015–2019
Peoria Rivermen (IHL) Peoria Rivermen (ECHL) Peoria Rivermen (AHL) Peoria Rivermen (SPHL) 1984–1996;
1996–2005;
2005–2013;
2013–
Pittsburgh Hornets Pittsburgh Hornets — 1936–1956;
1961–1967

Notes
  1. Known as the Montreal Impact from their founding through the 2020 season.
  2. Known as the Toronto Metros from their founding through the 1974 season, and as the Toronto Metros-Croatia from 1975 to 1978.
  3. Known as the Vancouver 86ers from their founding through the 2000 season.
  4. Ironically, the fourth iteration of the Orioles are a two-time Phoenix club, having previously served as the third iteration of the Milwaukee Brewers.

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