Pholiota adiposa

Pholiota adiposa is a slimy, scaly, yellow-brown mushroom. It is edible, and found in North America, Europe, and Asia. It grows parasitically or saprotrophically, most often on beech species, fruiting in bunches between August and November. Several compounds produced by this mushroom, for example methyl gallate, are of interest for their medicinal properties.

"Chestnut mushroom" redirects here. For the immature, brown mushroom sometimes referred to by "chestnut mushroom", see Agaricus bisporus § Names.

Pholiota adiposa
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Agaricales
Family: Strophariaceae
Genus: Pholiota
Species:
P. adiposa
Binomial name
Pholiota adiposa
(Batsch) P.Kumm. (1871)
Synonyms[1]
  • Agaricus adiposus Batsch (1786)
  • Dryophila adiposa (Batsch) Quél. (1886)
  • Hypodendrum adiposum (Batsch) Overh. (1932)

Taxonomy

It was originally described by German naturalist August Batsch in 1786 as a species of Agaricus.[2] Paul Kummer transferred it to the genus Pholiota in 1871.[3]

Description

P. adiposa produces a mushroom. The cap is a yellow to brown ochre with dark, concentrically arranged scales, producing a brown spore print.[4] The name adiposa comes from the slimy, oily appearance of the cap. The fungus is fasciculate, meaning it grows in bunches. Gills are crowded and yellow to brown colored.[4] The stipe is cylindrical, broadening slightly at the base.[4] It is typically 5-20 x .8-2.5 cm, has scales, and is sometimes curved.[4] All tissues of this fungus have clamp connections.[4] It is edible, and regularly consumed in many parts of Asia[7],[8].

Spores are ovoid to ellipsoid, smooth, brown colored, and around 7.5-9.5 x 5-6.3 μm in size.[4] These spores are carried on cylindrical or clavate basidia with 4 sterigmata, however occasionally only 2-3 are present.[4] P. adiposa has Chrysocystidia (25-56 x 7.5-11 μm) and Cheilocystidia (20-50 x 5-17 μm).[4] Cheilocystidia of P. adiposa can be fusiform, cylindrical, clavate, lageniform, or obovoid.[4]

P. adiposa and two closely related species, P. aurivella and P. limonella, are sometimes referred to as the P. adiposa complex.[5] These species are morphologically very similar, however identifications can be made based on spore size or substrate the fungus is growing on.[5]

Habitat and Ecology
Photo showing slimy appearance of cap.

P. adiposa has been documented in North America, Europe, and Asia[4],.[6] It can grow parasitically on live stems of trees, or as a saprotroph on dead wood.[4] Substrates can be various beech species, poplar, and willow trees[4],.[6] Fruitification occurs between August and November, most commonly between September and October.[4] P. adiposa grows above ground, as opposed to fungi which prefer buried wood. It can grow in temperature ranges between 10-30°C, with an optimal temperature of 25°C.[7] Mycelial growth is severely suppressed below 5°C or above 35°C. In growth media.[7] P. adiposa can grow in a pH of 5-11, growing the best at a pH of 6.[7]

Bioactive Compounds

P. adiposa produces many bioactive compounds that are of interest for potential medicinal properties. These include methyl gallate,[8] Angiotensin 1-converting Enzyme (ACE),[9] and various polysaccharides with antitumor and antioxidant properties[10],[11],[12],.[13] The purported health benefits of this fungus has generated interest in improving the yields of commercially cultivated P. adiposa.[6]

Methyl Gallate

P. adiposa is the first fungus from which methyl gallate has been extracted.[8] Methyl gallate has been studied for its antioxidant and related HIV-1 treatment properties. Antioxidants isolated from natural sources are desired due to their generally low cytotoxicity. Methyl Gallate was shown to preferentially scavenge superoxide (O2-) ions, which have been hypothesized to be involved in HIV-LTR activation.[8]

Polysaccharides

Various polysaccharides isolated from P. adiposa have been shown to have anti tumor effects in mice. One dubbed SPAP2-1 interfered with the cell cycle and induced apoptosis in HeLa cells.[13] Another called PAP-1a was combined with gold nanoparticles, increasing the macrophage count in mice.[12] Other polysaccharides have been isolated which exhibit antioxidant effects.[10] An overview of the literature on P. adiposa polysaccharides has suggested their antitumor abilities are closely tied to their antioxidant abilities.[11]

See also

References
  1. "GSD Species Synonymy: Pholiota adiposa (Batsch) P. Kumm". Species Fungorum. CAB International. Retrieved 2016-01-10.
  2. Batsch AJGK. (1786). Elenchus fungorum. Continuatio prima (in Latin and German). p. 147.
  3. Kummer P. (1871). Der Führer in die Pilzkunde (in German). Zerbst: C. Luppe. p. 83.
  4. Holec, Jan (1998). "The Taxonomy of Pholiota aurivella and Pholiota adiposa - a return to Batsch and Fries" (PDF). Czech Mycology. 50 (3): 201–222. doi:10.33585/cmy.50306.
  5. Lee, Jun Won; Park, Myung Soo; Park, Ji-Hyun; Cho, Yoonhee; Kim, Changmu; Kim, Chang Sun; Jo, Jong Won; Lim, Young Woon (2020-11-01). "Taxonomic Study of the Genus Pholiota (Strophariaceae, Basidiomycota) in Korea". Mycobiology. 48 (6): 476–483. doi:10.1080/12298093.2020.1831427. ISSN 1229-8093. PMC 7717605. PMID 33312014.
  6. Rong, Chengbo; Song, Shuang; Yang, Li; Pan, Xuejiao; Liu, Yu; Wang, Shouxian (2021-10-22). "Breeding of a high-yield strain for commercial cultivation by crossing Pholiota adiposa". Ciência e Agrotecnologia. 45: e010921. doi:10.1590/1413-7054202145010921. ISSN 1413-7054.
  7. Wang, Zhan Bin; Xu, Hong Yun; Li, De Hai; Wang, Jing Jie (2012-05-14). "The Biological Characteristics and its Sequence Analysis of <i>Pholiota adiposa</i>". Advanced Materials Research. 518–523: 5371–5375. doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.518-523.5371. ISSN 1662-8985. S2CID 83612540.
  8. Wang, Chang Rong; Zhou, Rong; Ng, Tzi Bun; Wong, Jack Ho; Qiao, Wen Tao; Liu, Fang (2014-03-01). "First report on isolation of methyl gallate with antioxidant, anti-HIV-1 and HIV-1 enzyme inhibitory activities from a mushroom (Pholiota adiposa)". Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology. 37 (2): 626–637. doi:10.1016/j.etap.2014.01.023. ISSN 1382-6689. PMID 24572641.
  9. Kyo-Chul, Koo; Dae-Hyoung, Lee; Jae-Ho, Kim; Hyung-Eun, Yu; Jeong-Sik, Park; Jong-Soo, Lee (2006). "Production and Characterization of Antihypertensive Angiotensin I-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor from Pholiota adiposa". Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology. 16 (5): 757–763. ISSN 1017-7825.
  10. Deng, Peng; Zhang, Guquan; Zhou, Bo; Lin, Rongshan; Jia, Le; Fan, Keming; Liu, Xiaonan; Wang, Guoyi; Wang, Li; Zhang, Jianjun (2011-01-01). "Extraction and in vitro antioxidant activity of intracellular polysaccharide by Pholiota adiposa SX-02". Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering. 111 (1): 50–54. doi:10.1016/j.jbiosc.2010.08.004. ISSN 1389-1723. PMID 20801714.
  11. Gharibzahedi, Seyed Mohammad Taghi; Marti-Quijal, Francisco J.; Barba, Francisco J.; Altintas, Zeynep (2022-03-31). "Current emerging trends in antitumor activities of polysaccharides extracted by microwave- and ultrasound-assisted methods". International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 202: 494–507. doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.01.088. ISSN 0141-8130. PMID 35045346.
  12. Yang, Zhongwei; Liu, Zijing; Zhu, Junmo; Xu, Jie; Pu, Youwei; Bao, Yixi (2022-12-31). "Green synthesis and characterization of gold nanoparticles from Pholiota adiposa and their anticancer effects on hepatic carcinoma". Drug Delivery. 29 (1): 997–1006. doi:10.1080/10717544.2022.2056664. ISSN 1071-7544. PMC 8982465. PMID 35363110.
  13. Zhou, Jiao; Gong, Jinhua; Chai, Yangyang; Li, Dehai; Zhou, Cong; Sun, Changyan; Regenstein, Joe M. (August 2022). "Structural analysis and in vitro antitumor effect of polysaccharides from Pholiota adiposa". Glycoconjugate Journal. 39 (4): 513–523. doi:10.1007/s10719-022-10065-9. ISSN 0282-0080. PMID 35675021. S2CID 249465066.
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