Photius (Metropolitan of Kiev and all Rus')

Metropolitan Photius of Kiev (Russian: Святитель Фо́тий, митрополит Московский, Киевский и всея Руси, romanized: Sviatitel Fotiy, mitropolit Moskovsky, Kievsky i vseya Rusi) (died July 2 or February 7, 1431), was the Metropolitan of Kiev and all Rus' in the Patriachate of Constantinople of the Eastern Orthodox Church. He was of Greek descent.

Photius
Metropolitan of Kiev and all Rus'
Icon
Native name
Φώτιος
ChurchRussian Orthodox Church
SeeMoscow
Appointed1408
Installed1408-1410
Term ended2 July 1431
PredecessorCyprian, Metropolitan of Kiev
SuccessorGerasim, Metropolitan of Moscow
Orders
Ordination1408
by Matthew I of Constantinople
Consecration2 September 1408
by Matthew I of Constantinople
Personal details
Bornunknown, 14th century
Monemvasia
DiedJuly 2 or February 7, 1431
Moscow
BuriedDormition Cathedral, Moscow
NationalityGreek
DenominationEastern Orthodox Church
ResidenceMoscow
Sainthood
Feast day25 May, 27 May, 2 July, 15 July, 16 September, 5 October, 10 October
Venerated inEastern Orthodox Church
Title as SaintHoly Hierarch, Metropolitan
Canonized2009
by Patriarch Kirill of Moscow
ShrinesDormition Cathedral, Moscow
The Large Sakkos of Photius is a luxurious tunic gifted to Photius around 1417

Early life

Photius was born in the town of Monemvasia (Despotate of Morea, Byzantine Empire), located on an island near the southeastern tip of the Peloponnese peninsula. He became a monk in his youth. From 1397 he served with Metropolitan Akakios of Monemvasia.

Career

On 1 September 1408, Patriarch Matthew I of Constantinople consecrated him in Constantinople as Metropolitan of Kiev and All Rus'. He was given the right to rule the whole metropolis excluding the Metropolis of Halych. By that time, only two of the five dioceses remained in Halych. On 1 September 1409, Photius arrived in Kyiv, and by Easter (April 22, 1410) - in Moscow.

North-eastern Rus', including the Metropolitan region, was devastated by the invasion of Khan Edigu in 1408, resulting in famine and pestilence. Photius found his metropolitan residence ravaged and that the ecclesiastic treasury was empty. Everything seemed to be in chaos and he didn't know a single word of Russian. Photius made efforts to restore the church economy and the finances of the metropolis, turning to the Grand Duke of MoscowVasily I — for help. The metropolitan was concerned about the state of church discipline and morality. Numerous letters were written to him (mostly dated 1410-1420s).[1][2]

In 1414, Vytautas, the Grand Duke of Lithuania, attempted to re-establish the Metropolis of Lithuania. He arranged for a synod of bishops to elect Gregory Tsamblak as the Metropolitan of Lithuania.[3] The consecration took place without the consent of Patriarch Euthymius II of Constantinople who deposed and anathematized him and who confirmed the same in letters to Photius, Emperor Manuel II Palaeologos and Grand Prince Vasily I. After Gregory’s death in the winter of 1419–1420, Photius made peace with Vytautas. As a result, the entire metropolis, including Halych, was unified under Photius until his death in 1431.

Veneration

He was canonized in 2009 by including his name in the Synaxis of all saints of Moscow.[4]

Feast Day

Fixed Feast Day (Synaxes)

Moveable Feast Day (Synaxes)

Liturgical hymns

Troparion St. Photios — Tone 4

Слове́с ева́нгельских послу́шателю/ и Боже́ственных уче́ний рачи́телю,/ пре­му́дрый наказа́телю,/ всегда́ стра́ху Госпо́дню поуча́яйся,/ в моли́твах к Бо́гу простира́яйся,/ загради́телю у́ст кривоглаго́лющим сло́во пра́выя ве́ры,/ апо́столом соприча́стниче,/ ве́ре Христо́вой утверди́телю,/ проро́чески веща́телю,/ святи́телю Фо́тие,/ моли́ Христа́ Бо́га/ умири́ти ми́р// и спасти́ ду́ши на́ша.

Sloves evangelskikh poslushatelyu/ i Bozhestvennykh ucheny rachitelyu,/ premudry nakazatelyu,/ vsegda strakhu Gospodnyu pouchayaysya,/ v molitvakh k Bogu prostirayaysya,/ zagraditelyu ust krivoglagolyushchim slovo pravyya very,/ apostolom soprichastniche,/ vere Khristovoy utverditelyu,/ prorocheski veshchatelyu,/ svyatitelyu Fotie,/ moli Khrista Boga/ umiriti mir// i spasti dushi nasha.

Kontakion St. Photios — Tone 8

Троице сосуд явися честный/ твоим житием, святителю Фотие,/ всегда зряй Святую Троицу, Ейже предстоиши,// молися всегда непрестанно о всех нас.

Troitse sosud yavisya chestnyy/ tvoim zhitiem, svyatitelyu Fotie,/ vsegda zryay Svyatuyu Troitsu, Yeyzhe predstoishi,// molisya vsegda neprestanno o vsekh nas.

See also

References

  1. "Saint Photius, Metropolitan of Kiev".
  2. Crummey, Robert (2014). The Formation of Muscovy, 1300-1613. London: Taylor and Francis. p. 67.
  3. Rowell 1994, p. 168.
  4. "ФО́ТИЙ".
  5. "Обретение и перенесение мощей святителей Киприана, Фотия и Ионы / Патриархия.ru". Патриархия.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 2022-07-15.
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