Gregory Tsamblak
Gregory Tsamblak or Grigorij Camblak (Bulgarian: Григорий Цамблак; Serbian Cyrillic: Григорије Цамблак; c. 1365 – c. 1420) was a Bulgarian writer and cleric. He was the pretended Metropolitan of Lithuania between 1413 and 1420. A Bulgarian noble, Tsamblak lived and worked in Bulgaria, but also in Serbia and then Kiev. His literary works represent a heritage of the national literature of Serbia, particularly the style of Old Serbian Vita made popular in the monasteries of the 12th century.
Life
He was born in Tarnovo, the capital of the Second Bulgarian Empire, the son of a rich family. His cousin was Cyprian, Metropolitan of Kiev. Tsamblak was a disciple of the prominent Bulgarian hesychast writer Patriarch Evtimiy of Bulgaria. Bulgaria fell under Ottoman domination following the Bulgarian-Ottoman Wars. Following this, he emigrated first to Constantinople, then became presbyter of the Church of Wallachia and Moldavia. He then went to Serbia where he was abbot of Visoki Dečani.[1] Tsamblak stayed in Serbia from 1402 until his departure for Rus. During his sojourn in Serbia at Visoki Dečani, he wrote a biography of Stephen Uroš III Dečanski of Serbia,[1] a hymn for the church service honoring Stefan of Dečani, and a report on the transfer of the remnants of Saint Paraskeva to Serbia, and he also rewrote the Service to St Petka (Paraskeva).
Kiev
In 1409, Gregory Tsamblak came to Kiev, then ruled by Grand Duchy of Lithuania. In 1414, Grand Duke Vytautas attempted to re-establish the Metropolis of Lithuania. He arranged for a synod of bishops to elect Gregory as the Metropolitan of Lithuania.[2] The consecration took place without the consent of Patriarch Euthymius II of Constantinople who deposed and anathematized him and who confirmed the same in letters to Metropolitan Photius of Kiev, Emperor Manuel II Palaeologos and Grand Prince Vasily I. After Gregory’s death in the winter of 1419–1420, Photius made peace with Vytautas. As a result, the entire Metropolis of Kiev and all Rus', including Halych, was unified under Photius until his death in 1431.
Gregory participated in the Council of Constance.[1]
The rivalry between Vilnius and Moscow effectively ended in 1448 when Moscow began selecting the metropolitans independently without approval from the Ecumenical Patriachate, which collapsed in 1453.[3]
Tsamblak Hill on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica, is named after Gregory Tsamblak.
References
- Đorđe Radojičić (1971). Živan Milisavac (ed.). Jugoslovenski književni leksikon [Yugoslav Literary Lexicon] (in Serbo-Croatian). Novi Sad (SAP Vojvodina, SR Serbia): Matica srpska. p. 57.
- Rowell 1994, p. 168.
- Rowell 1994, p. 169.
Works cited
- Rowell, Stephen Christopher (1994). Lithuania Ascending: A Pagan Empire Within East-Central Europe, 1295–1345. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-65876-9. Retrieved 14 July 2021.