Phu Kradung Formation

The Early Cretaceous Phu Kradung Formation is the lowest member of the Mesozoic Khorat Group which outcrops on the Khorat Plateau in Isan, Thailand. This geological formation consists of micaceous, brown to reddish-brown siltstone beds with minor brown and grey shale and sandstone beds. Occasional lime-noduled conglomerate occurs.[1]

Phu Kradung Formation
Stratigraphic range: Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous
~
Paleoenvironment of the Phu Kradung Formation
TypeGeological formation
Unit ofKhorat Group
UnderliesPhra Wihan Formation
OverliesNam Phong Formation
Lithology
PrimarySiltstone, mudstone
OtherSandstone
Location
Coordinates17.2°N 102.4°E / 17.2; 102.4
Approximate paleocoordinates14.7°N 108.5°E / 14.7; 108.5
RegionIsan
Country Thailand
ExtentKhorat Plateau
Type section
Named byWard & Bunnag
Year defined1964
Phu Kradung Formation is located in Thailand
Phu Kradung Formation
Phu Kradung Formation (Thailand)

The Phu Kradung Formation sediments were deposited in a lake-dominated floodplain cut by meandering and occasionally braided river channels.[2]

The Phu Kradung Formation is considered, on the basis of recent vertebrae fossil discoveries, to be Late Jurassic in age. However, new palynology and biostratigraphic data suggests an age of Early Cretaceous for the upper section.[2][3]

Dinosaur remains have been recovered from this formation, although none have yet been referred to a specific genus.[4][5]

Chalawan, an extinct genus of pholidosaurid mesoeucrocodylian, is currently known solely from its holotype, a nearly complete mandible collected in the early 1980s from a road-cut near the town of Nong Bua Lamphu in the upper part of the Phu Kradung Formation. This single specimen is the most well preserved vertebrate fossil that has been found from the formation. It contains a single species, Chalawan thailandicus.[6]

Fossil content
Color key
Taxon Reclassified taxon Taxon falsely reported as present Dubious taxon or junior synonym Ichnotaxon Ootaxon Morphotaxon
 Notes
Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; crossed out taxa are discredited.

Amphibians
Amphibians reported from the Phu Kradung Formation
GenusSpeciesPresence MaterialNotesImages
Brachyopidae indet. Phu Noi locality, Kham Muang district, Kalasin province.[7] Posterior part of the skull (KS34-1481) and two intercentra (KS34-1474 and KS34-1489).[7]
Brachyopoidea indet. Intercentra (TF 3328, TF 3329, and TF 3144).[7] Also found in the Klong Min Formation.
Khao Wong locality, Khao Wong district, Kalasin province.[7] Intercentrum (KS37-8).[7]

Dinosaurs
Dinosaurs reported from the Phu Kradung Formation
GenusSpeciesPresence MaterialNotesImages
Mamenchisauridae indet. Kalasin province.[8] "Isolated posterior cervical vertebra"[4][5][8]
Metriacanthosaurinae indet. "a nearly complete left tibia"[9][10]
Metriacanthosaurinae indet. "Skull elements such as teeth, premaxillae, and maxillae as well as appendicular materials of more than one individual."[10]
Minimocursor M. phunoiensis Phu Noi, Kalasin province.[11] Partial articulated skeleton, isolated lower jaw & left leg.[11] A basal neornithischian.
Ornithopoda Phu Noi, Kalasin province.[12] A lower jaw.[12] Likely a new taxon.[12]
Stegosauridae indet. "Single dorsal vertebra".[4][13][14] Informally known as "Siamodracon altispinus".

Pseudosuchians
Pseudosuchians reported from the Phu Kradung Formation
GenusSpeciesPresence MaterialNotesImages
Chalawan C. thailandicus Mandible.[4][6] A pholidosaurid.
Indosinosuchus I. kalasinensis [15] A teleosaurid.
I. potamosiamensis Skulls and postcrania.[16] A teleosaurid.
Sunosuchus S. thailandicus A mandible.[6] Reassigned to Chalawan.
Cf. Theriosuchus Cf. T. sp. Chong Chat, Nong Bua Lamphu province.[17] Part of a left dentary (CCC-1) and a lanceolate tooth (PRCMR 283).[17] An atoposaurid.

Pterosaurs
Pterosaurs reported from the Phu Kradung Formation
GenusSpeciesPresence MaterialNotesImages
Rhamphorhynchidae indet. Humerus.[18] Originally identified as an azhdarchid. [19]

Turtles
Turtles reported from the Phu Kradung Formation
GenusSpeciesPresence MaterialNotesImages
Basilochelys B. macrobios Kham Phok, Mukdahan Province.[20] A trionychoid.
Eucryptodira indet. [4]
Kalasinemys K. prasarttongosothi Phu Noi locality, Kalasin Province.[21] Skull and shell material.[21] A xinjiangchelyid.
Phunoichelys P. thirakhupti Phu Noi locality, Kalasin Province.[22] Shell remains.[22] A xinjiangchelyid.
Yakemys Y. multiporcata Khorat Plateau.[23] Shell elements.[23] A macrobaenid.

Bony fish
Bony fish reported from the Phu Kradung Formation
GenusSpeciesPresence MaterialNotesImages
Ferganoceratodus F. annekempae Phu Noi.[24] A lungfish.
Isanichthys I. lertboosi Phu Noi locality, Kalasin province.[25] 4 specimens. A lepisosteiform.
I. palustris A single, nearly complete specimen.[26] A lepisosteiform.
Khoratichthys K. gibbus "Impression of a single articulated fish".[27] A ginglymodian.
Thaiichthys T. buddhabutrensis Phu Nam Jun, Kalasin Province.[28] A lepisosteiform.

Cartilaginous fish

Multiple fin spines have been found in the Phu Kradung Formation which cannot be precisely identified.[29]

Cartilaginous fish reported from the Phu Kradung Formation
GenusSpeciesPresence MaterialNotesImages
Acrodus A. kalasinensis Kalasin province.[29] Teeth.[29] A hybodontiform.
Heteroptychodus H. cf. H. kokutensis One almost complete tooth and 20 fragmentary crowns.[29]
?Hybodontidae Dermal denticles of 2 morphotypes.[29] A hybodontid.
Hybodus aff. H. sp. "One almost complete anterior crown (SM2012-1-004) and a complete posterior tooth (SM2012-1-005)".[29]
H. sp. Teeth.[29] "Similar to the teeth of H. huangnidanensis (which is probably a junior synonym of H. antingensis)".
Jiaodontus J. sp. 10 teeth.[29] A hybodontiform.
Lonchidion L. sp. A SM2012-1-015-6 and 12 crowns.[29] A hybodontiform.
L. sp. B Teeth and crowns.[29] A hybodontiform.

Plants
Plants reported from the Phu Kradung Formation
GenusSpeciesPresence MaterialNotesImages
Xenoxylon X. phyllocladoides Fossil wood.[30]

See also

References
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  2. Racey and Goodall (2009). "Late Palaeozoic and Mesozoic Ecosystems in SE Asia". Geological Society. London. Special Publication 315 Pp 69-84.
  3. Tong, Haiyan; Chanthasit, Phornphen; Naksri, Wilailuck; Ditbanjong, Pitaksit; Suteethorn, Suravech; Buffetaut, Eric; Suteethorn, Varavudh; Wongko, Kamonlak; Deesri, Uthumporn; Claude, Julien (December 2021). "Yakemys multiporcata n. g. n. sp., a Large Macrobaenid Turtle from the Basal Cretaceous of Thailand, with a Review of the Turtle Fauna from the Phu Kradung Formation and Its Stratigraphical Implications". Diversity. 13 (12): 630. doi:10.3390/d13120630. ISSN 1424-2818.
  4. Weishampel, et al. (2004). "Dinosaur distribution." Pp. 517-607.
  5. Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; and Osmólska, Halszka (eds.): The Dinosauria, 2nd, Berkeley: University of California Press. 861 pp. ISBN 0-520-24209-2.
  6. Martin, J. E.; Lauprasert, K.; Buffetaut, E.; Liard, R.; Suteethorn, V. (2013). Angielczyk, Kenneth (ed.). "A large pholidosaurid in the Phu Kradung Formation of north-eastern Thailand". Palaeontology. 57 (4): 757–769. doi:10.1111/pala.12086. S2CID 128482290.
  7. Nonsrirach, Thanit; Manitkoon, Sita; Lauprasert, Komsorn (2021-03-12). "First occurrence of brachyopid temnospondyls in Southeast Asia and review of the Mesozoic amphibians from Thailand". Fossil Record. 24 (1): 33–47. doi:10.5194/fr-24-33-2021. ISSN 2193-0074.
  8. Suteethorn, S., Le Loeuff, J., Buffetaut, E., Suteethorn, V., and Wongko, K. 2013. First evidence of a mamenchisaurid dinosaur from the Upper Jurassic–Lower Cretaceous Phu Kradung Formation of Thailand. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 58 (3): 459–469.
  9. Buffetaut, Eric; Suteethorn, Varavudh (2007-11-01). "A sinraptorid theropod (Dinosauria: Saurischia) from the Phu Kradung Formation of northeastern Thailand". Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France. 178 (6): 497–502. doi:10.2113/gssgfbull.178.6.497. ISSN 0037-9409.
  10. Samathi, Adun; Chanthasit, Phornphen; Sander, Paul Martin (2019-07-01). "A review of theropod dinosaurs from the Late Jurassic to mid-Cretaceous of Southeast Asia". Annales de Paléontologie. Palaeobiodiversity of Southeast Asia, issue 1. 105 (3): 201–215. doi:10.1016/j.annpal.2019.03.003. ISSN 0753-3969. S2CID 197574833.
  11. Manitkoon, Sita; Deesri, Uthumporn; Khalloufi, Bouziane; Nonsrirach, Thanit; Suteethorn, Varavudh; Chanthasit, Phornphen; Boonla, Wansiri; Buffetaut, Eric (July 2023). "A New Basal Neornithischian Dinosaur from the Phu Kradung Formation (Upper Jurassic) of Northeastern Thailand". Diversity. 15 (7): 851. doi:10.3390/d15070851. ISSN 1424-2818.
  12. Buffetaut, Eric; Suteethorn, Suravech; Suteethorn, Varavudh; Deesri, Uthumporn; Tong, Haiyan (October 2013). "Preliminary note on a small ornithopod dinosaur from the Phu Kradung Formation (terminal Jurassic – basal Cretaceous) of Phu Noi, north-eastern Thailand". 33 (4): 344–347. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  13. Ulansky, R. E., 2014. Evolution of the stegosaurs (Dinosauria; Ornithischia). Dinologia, 35 pp. [in Russian]. PDF.
  14. Peter M. Galton; Kenneth Carpenter (2016). "The plated dinosaur Stegosaurus longispinus Gilmore, 1914 (Dinosauria: Ornithischia; Upper Jurassic, western USA), type species of Alcovasaurus n. gen". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen. 279 (2): 185–208. doi:10.1127/njgpa/2016/0551.
  15. Johnson, Michela M.; Young, Mark T.; Brusatte, Stephen L. (2020). "The phylogenetics of Teleosauroidea (Crocodylomorpha, Thalattosuchia) and implications for their ecology and evolution". PeerJ. 8: e9808. doi:10.7717/peerj.9808. ISSN 2167-8359. PMC 7548081. PMID 33083104.
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