Plourdosteus

Plourdosteus is an extinct genus of placoderm arthrodire which was relatively widespread in Euramerica during the Givetian to Frasnian ages of the Devonian.[1] It was a small placoderm, with P. canadensis specimen MNHM 2-177 measuring 37.5 cm (14.8 in) long.[2]

Plourdosteus
Temporal range: Devonian: GivetianFrasnian,
Various species of Plourdosteus, from Late Devonian of Canada, Russia and Baltic countries
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Placodermi
Order: Arthrodira
Suborder: Brachythoraci
Clade: Eubrachythoraci
Clade: Pachyosteomorphi
Superfamily: Dunkleosteoidea
Family: Panxiosteidae
Genus: Plourdosteus
Ørvig, 1951
Species
  • Plourdosteus canadensis (Woodward, 1892)
  • Plourdosteus livonicus (Eastman, 1896)
  • Plourdosteus mironovi (Obruchev, 1933)
  • Plourdosteus trautscholdi (Eastman, 1897)
Artist's reconstruction of Plourdosteus trautscholdi

Etymology

The name Plourdosteus commemorates the Plourde family at Miguasha National Park.[3]

Taxonomy

Plourdosteus was previously assigned to the family Plourdosteidae within the Coccosteomorphi. However, subsequent studies found the family Plourdosteidae to be polyphyletic and should be dismissed. Plourdosteus was then proposed to be a member of Panxiosteidae.[4][5] In the 2010 Carr & Hlavin phylogenetic study, Panxiosteidae was recognized as the sister taxon to the family Dunkleosteidae, which together comprised the superfamily Dunkleosteoidea (one of the three major clades of Eubrachythoraci).[4]

The phylogeny of Plourdosteus within Panxiosteidae is shown in the cladogram below from the 2013 Zhu & Zhu study:[5]

Eubrachythoraci
Coccosteomorphi

Coccosteus cuspidatus

Harrytoombsia elegans

Mcnamaraspis kaprios

Incisoscutoidea

Compagopiscis croucheri

Incisoscutum ritchiei

Incisoscutum sarahae

Camuropiscidae

Latocamurus coulthardi

Camuropiscis laidlawi

Rolfosteus canningensis

Tubonasus lennardensis

Fallacosteus turneri

Aspinothoracidi

Dinichthys herzeri

Hadrosteus rapax

Gorgonichthys clarki

Heintzichthys gouldii

Selenosteidae

Stenosteus angustopectus

Gymnotrachelus hydei

Rhinosteus parvulus

Pachyosteus bulla

Dunkleosteoidea

Westralichthys uwagedensis

Protitanichthys rockportensis

Panxiosteidae

Panxiosteus ocullus

Janiosteus timanicus

Plourdosteus canadensis

Dunkleosteidae

Eastmanosteus calliaspis

Xiangshuiosteus wui

Eastmanosteus pustulosus

Kiangyousteus yohii

Golshanichthys asiatica

Dunkleosteus amblyodoratus

Dunkleosteus terrelli

Dunkleosteus raveri

Pachyosteomorphi

However, the subsequent 2016 Zhu et al. study using a larger morphological dataset recovered Panxiosteidae well outside of Dunkleosteoidea, instead within Coccosteomorphi and then Coccosteoidea as the sister group of Coccosteidae, as shown in the cladogram below:[6]

Eubrachythoraci
Coccosteomorphi
Coccosteoidea
Coccosteidae

Millerosteus minor

Coccosteus cuspidatus

Dickosteus threiplandi

Watsonosteus fletti

Protitanichthys rockportensis

Panxiosteidae

Plourdosteus canadensis

Panxiosteus ocullus

Janiosteus timanicus

Incisoscutoidea

Harrytoombsia elegans

Torosteus tuberculatus

Torosteus pulchellus

Mcnamaraspis kaprios

Compagopiscis croucheri

Trematosteus fontanellus

Camuropiscidae

Incisoscutum ritchiei

Incisoscutum sarahae

Rolfosteus canningensis

Tubonasus lennardensis

Fallacosteus turneri

Camuropiscis laidlawi

Latocamurus coulthardi

Pachyosteomorphi

Rhachiosteus pterygiatus

Dunkleosteoidea

Eastmanosteus calliaspis

Eastmanosteus pustulosus

Kiangyousteus yohii

Golshanichthys asiatica

Westralichthys uwagedensis

Dunkleosteus raveri

Dunkleosteus terrelli

Dunkleosteus amblyodoratus

Heterostiidae

Heterosteus ingens

Yinosteus major

Aspinothoracidi

Tapinosteus heintzi

Bullerichthys fascidens

Kendrickichthys cavernosus

Bruntonichthys multidens

Dinichthys herzeri

Hadrosteus rapax

Gorgonichthys clarki

Selenosteidae

Heintzichthys gouldii

Pachyosteus bulla

Gymnotrachelus hydei

Stenosteus angustopectus

Brachyosteus dietrichi

Melanosteus occitanus

Rhinosteus parvulus

References

  1. S. V. Moloshnikov (2008). "The placoderm Plourdosteus livonicus (Eastman) in the early Frasnian of the Central Devonian Field and the trophic structure of the Mikhailovskii Fish Assemblage". Paleontological Journal. 42 (6): 607–614. doi:10.1134/S0031030108060063.
  2. Engelman, Russell K. (2023). "A Devonian Fish Tale: A New Method of Body Length Estimation Suggests Much Smaller Sizes for Dunkleosteus terrelli (Placodermi: Arthrodira)". Diversity. 15 (3). 318. doi:10.3390/d15030318.
  3. "Plourdosteus". Miguasha National Park. 2007. Retrieved June 21, 2010.
  4. Carr, R.K.; Hlavin, W.J. (2010). "Two new species of Dunkleosteus Lehman, 1956, from the Ohio Shale Formation (USA, Famennian) and the Kettle Point Formation (Canada, Upper Devonian), and a cladistic analysis of the Eubrachythoraci (Placodermi, Arthrodira)". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 159 (1): 195–222. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00578.x.
  5. You-An Zhu; Min Zhu (2013). "A redescription of Kiangyousteus yohii (Arthrodira: Eubrachythoraci) from the Middle Devonian of China, with remarks on the systematics of the Eubrachythoraci". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 169 (4): 798–819. doi:10.1111/zoj12089.
  6. Zhu, You-An; Zhu, Min; Wang, Jun-Qing (1 April 2016). "Redescription of Yinostius major (Arthrodira: Heterostiidae) from the Lower Devonian of China, and the interrelationships of Brachythoraci". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 176 (4): 806–834. doi:10.1111/zoj.12356. ISSN 0024-4082.


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