Polytminae

Polytminae
	Black-throated mango (Anthracothorax nigricollis)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Clade:	Dinosauria
Class:	Aves
Clade:	Strisores
Order:	Apodiformes
Family:	Trochilidae
Subfamily:	Polytminae; Reichenbach, 1849
Genera
	12, see text

Polytminae is one of the six subfamilies of the hummingbird family Trochilidae. The subfamily contains 12 genera with a total of 29 species.

The informal name "mangoes" has been proposed for this group as the seven species in the largest genus, Anthracothorax, include "mango" in their common name.[1]

Taxonomy

A molecular phylogenetic study of the hummingbirds published in 2007 found that the family consisted of nine clades.[2] When Edward Dickinson and James Van Remsen, Jr. updated the Howard and Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World for the 4th edition in 2013 they divided the nine clades into six subfamilies and proposed using the Latin name Polytminae for the "mango" clade, a name that had been introduced by Ludwig Reichenbach in 1849.[3][4]

Pre-molecular studies did not anticipate the existence of this clade, but a common feature is the presence of serrations on the cutting edge of the bill. An extreme example is the tooth-billed hummingbird (Androdon aequatorialis).[5]

Molecular phylogenetic studies by Jimmy McGuire and collaborators published between 2007 and 2014 determined the relationships between the major groups of hummingbirds.[6][2][7] In the cladogram below, the English names are those introduced in 1997.[8] The Latin names are those proposed by Dickinson and Remsen in 2013.[9]

Trochilidae

	Florisuginae – topazes

	Phaethornithinae – hermits

Polytminae – mangoes

Lesbiinae

	Heliantheini – brilliants

	Lesbiini – coquettes

Patagoninae – giant hummingbird

Trochilinae

	Lampornithini – mountain gems

	Mellisugini – bees

Trochilini – emeralds

The phylogenetic relationships between the genera in the subfamily Polytminae, as determined in the 2014 study, are shown below. The genus Eulampis was found to be nested within Anthracothorax, making Anthracothorax paraphyletic.[5][6] No species from the genus Augastes was sampled in the molecular studies, but based on a comparison of plumage features and bill shapes, it is believed that Augastes is closely related to Schistes.[5]

Polytminae

Doryfera – lancebills

	Schistes – daggerbills

	Colibri – violetears

Heliactin – horned sungem

	Androdon – tooth-billed hummingbird

	Heliothryx – fairies

Polytmus – goldenthroats

Avocettula – fiery-tailed awlbill

	Chrysolampis – ruby-topaz hummingbird

	Anthracothorax and Eulampis – mangoes and caribs

Taxonomic list

The subfamily includes the following twelve genera:[10]

Image	Genus	Living species
	Doryfera	Green-fronted lancebill, Doryfera ludovicae Blue-fronted lancebill, Doryfera johannae
	Schistes	Geoffroy's daggerbill, Schistes geoffroyi White-throated daggerbill, Schistes albogularis
	Augastes	Hyacinth visorbearer, Augastes scutatus Hooded visorbearer, Augastes lumachella
	Colibri	Brown violetear, Colibri delphinae Mexican violetear, Colibri thalassinus Lesser violetear, Colibri cyanotus Sparkling violetear, Colibri coruscans White-vented violetear, Colibri serrirostris
	Androdon	Tooth-billed hummingbird, Androdon aequatorialis
	Heliactin	Horned sungem, Heliactin bilophus
	Heliothryx	Purple-crowned fairy, Heliothryx barroti Black-eared fairy, Heliothryx auritus
	Polytmus	White-tailed goldenthroat, Polytmus guainumbi Tepui goldenthroat, Polytmus milleri Green-tailed goldenthroat, Polytmus theresiae
	Avocettula	Fiery-tailed awlbill, Avocettula recurvirostris
	Chrysolampis	Ruby-topaz hummingbird, Chrysolampis mosquitus
	Anthracothorax	Green-throated mango, Anthracothorax viridigula Green-breasted mango, Anthracothorax prevostii Black-throated mango, Anthracothorax nigricollis Veraguan mango, Anthracothorax veraguensis Hispaniolan mango, Anthracothorax dominicus Puerto Rican mango, Anthracothorax aurulentus Green mango, Anthracothorax viridis Jamaican mango, Anthracothorax mango
	Eulampis	Purple-throated carib, Eulampis jugularis Green-throated carib, Eulampis holosericeus

References

Bleiweiss, R.; Kirsch, J.A.; Matheus, J.C. (1997). "DNA hybridization evidence for the principal lineages of hummingbirds (Aves:Trochilidae)". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 14 (3): 325–343. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025767. PMID 9066799.
McGuire, J.A.; Witt, C.C.; Altshuler, D.L.; Remsen, J.V. (2007). "Phylogenetic systematics and biogeography of hummingbirds: Bayesian and maximum likelihood analyses of partitioned data and selection of an appropriate partitioning strategy". Systematic Biology. 56 (5): 837–856. doi:10.1080/10635150701656360. PMID 17934998.
Reichenbach, Ludwig (1849). Avium Systema Naturale (in German). Vol. 1. Dresden and Leipzig: Friedrich Hofmeister. Plate XXXIX.
Dickinson & Remsen 2013, p. 108.
Remsen, J.V.J.; Stiles, F.G.; Mcguire, J.A. (2015). "Classification of the Polytminae (Aves: Trochilidae)". Zootaxa. 3957 (1): 143–150. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3957.1.13. PMID 26249062.
McGuire, J.; Witt, C.; Remsen, J.V.; Corl, A.; Rabosky, D.; Altshuler, D.; Dudley, R. (2014). "Molecular phylogenetics and the diversification of hummingbirds". Current Biology. 24 (8): 910–916. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2014.03.016. PMID 24704078.
McGuire, J.A.; Witt, C.C.; Remsen, J.V.; Dudley, R.; Altshuler, D.L. (2009). "A higher-level taxonomy for hummingbirds". Journal of Ornithology. 150 (1): 155–165. doi:10.1007/s10336-008-0330-x.
Bleiweiss, R.; Kirsch, J.A.; Matheus, J.C. (1997). "DNA hybridization evidence for the principal lineages of hummingbirds (Aves:Trochilidae)". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 14 (3): 325–343. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025767. PMID 9066799.
Dickinson & Remsen 2013, pp. 105–136.
Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (July 2020). "Hummingbirds". IOC World Bird List Version 10.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 8 January 2020.

Sources

Dickinson, E.C.; Remsen, J.V., Jr., eds. (2013). The Howard & Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World. Vol. 1: Non-passerines (4th ed.). Eastbourne, UK: Aves Press. ISBN 978-0-9568611-0-8.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link)

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[bleiweiss-1] Bleiweiss, R.; Kirsch, J.A.; Matheus, J.C. (1997). "DNA hybridization evidence for the principal lineages of hummingbirds (Aves:Trochilidae)". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 14 (3): 325–343. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025767. PMID 9066799.

[mcguire2007-2] McGuire, J.A.; Witt, C.C.; Altshuler, D.L.; Remsen, J.V. (2007). "Phylogenetic systematics and biogeography of hummingbirds: Bayesian and maximum likelihood analyses of partitioned data and selection of an appropriate partitioning strategy". Systematic Biology. 56 (5): 837–856. doi:10.1080/10635150701656360. PMID 17934998.

[3] Reichenbach, Ludwig (1849). Avium Systema Naturale (in German). Vol. 1. Dresden and Leipzig: Friedrich Hofmeister. Plate XXXIX.

[FOOTNOTEDickinsonRemsen2013108-4] Dickinson & Remsen 2013, p. 108.

[remsen2015-5] Remsen, J.V.J.; Stiles, F.G.; Mcguire, J.A. (2015). "Classification of the Polytminae (Aves: Trochilidae)". Zootaxa. 3957 (1): 143–150. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3957.1.13. PMID 26249062.

[mcguire2014-6] McGuire, J.; Witt, C.; Remsen, J.V.; Corl, A.; Rabosky, D.; Altshuler, D.; Dudley, R. (2014). "Molecular phylogenetics and the diversification of hummingbirds". Current Biology. 24 (8): 910–916. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2014.03.016. PMID 24704078.

[mcguire2009-7] McGuire, J.A.; Witt, C.C.; Remsen, J.V.; Dudley, R.; Altshuler, D.L. (2009). "A higher-level taxonomy for hummingbirds". Journal of Ornithology. 150 (1): 155–165. doi:10.1007/s10336-008-0330-x.

[8] Bleiweiss, R.; Kirsch, J.A.; Matheus, J.C. (1997). "DNA hybridization evidence for the principal lineages of hummingbirds (Aves:Trochilidae)". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 14 (3): 325–343. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025767. PMID 9066799.

[FOOTNOTEDickinsonRemsen2013105–136-9] Dickinson & Remsen 2013, pp. 105–136.

[ioc-10] Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (July 2020). "Hummingbirds". IOC World Bird List Version 10.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 8 January 2020.