Presidency of José Mujica

During Broad Front's first presidency led by Tabaré Vázquez, a line of action on educational policies was established by the General Law on Education, the National Plan of Education 2010-2030 and the National Strategy of Childhood and Adolescence 2010–2030. However, these guidelines were not strictly followed by Mujica's administration regarding the implemented measures.[7]

The measures on education taken during this administration tended toward the promotion of the educational inclusion through the democratization of the educational system, giving boost to the infrastructure of schools, the establishment of the Council of Training in Education and of the National Institute of Educational Evaluation, but according to María Ester Mancebo and Alexandra Lizbona, that meant that Broad Front's second administration tended to keep the statu quo in the mandatory education system, without managing to wholly deploy the institutional framework foreseen by the General Law on Education. These scholars also pointed out that despite their strategic importance, two educational policies were not deployed: the reform of the secondary education and the reform of the statute of the teaching staff.[7]

At the end of 2012 the creation of the Technological University of Uruguay, the second public university of Uruguay, was passed, with a technological focus and with a strong presence in the Uruguayan interior, in order to decentralize the tertiary education of the country.[8] During this administration, since its creation by law, the founding period of the university saw its first budget assignment, the appointment of a provisional Central Board of Directors members Pablo Chilibroste, María Antonia Grompone and Rodolfo Silveira,[9] and started to draft the first university degrees.[10]

Project Aratirí was an open pit mining project for iron extraction in Uruguay proposed by the Indian multinational company Zamin Ferrous, with an intended investment of 3 billion of dollars. This project was planned to be executed in the region between Treinta y Tres, Durazno and Florida Departments, over the Cuchilla Grande hill range and near Cerro Chato and Valentines settlements. This project also proposed the creation of a deep water port and a 214-kilometer pipeline to transport the minerals from the open pit mines to that proposed port, through which the concentrated iron would be exported. Finally this project would have failed.[11]

Another project announced by this administration was one that intended to build a regasification plant at the shores of Western Montevideo's Puntas de Sayago area, including a pier of 1800 meters, a dock and a gas pipeline. This would also included an anchored ship to store the natural gas, process it and send it to the liquefied gas network. These works sought to obtain gross profits of around a billion dollars for UTE and 150 million for ANCAP, in addition to have the fee of natural gas reduced for the population.[12]

The Plan of Social and Housing Integration "Juntos", or "Plan Juntos" (Plan "Together"), was an initiative launched at the beginnings of the administration to provide low-income families the access to a decent housing. This project supposed to be a plan to support the build up of a home and was not just a housing plan, as it also intended the labour development, social insertion and citizenship participation, encouraging the regeneration of broken bonds due to the poverty and marginalization at the family, neighbourhood and civic levels. In other words, it was established to encourage the participation of the beneficiaries and social solidarity through society's support with technicians or workforce, or seeking donations of money or materials from the private sector. It had the financial support of José Mujica, who donated part of his salary of president to finance the project.[13][14]

A package of state produced cannabis.

On 20 December 2013, Law No. 19172 was promulgated, and it legalized and regulated the production, distribution, and sale of cannabis, and created the Institute of Regulation and Control of Cannabis to watch for several aspects of import, production and sale of cannabis. It allowed the self-cultivation for residents, up to a maximum of six plants, or a maximum yearly production of 480 grams. It also allowed the creation of cannabis clubs where their members, whose number must be between 15 and 40 associates, are allowed to grow up to 99 cannabis plants to produce proportionally for their associates. Besides that, it made possible to buy state cannabis in pharmacies, where users can buy up to 40 grams monthy.[15]

Demonstration in support of abortion rights in 2012.

In October 2012, abortion by women's own choice was decriminalized and legalized, provided that it was performed under the requirements set by the Voluntary Interruption of Pregnancy Law No. 18987 of 22 October 2012. This law established that it was mandatory for every health centers to provide a pregnancy interruption service after women's request.[16][17]

In order to perform an abortion, it must be requested within the first twelve weeks of pregnancy. The woman must notify her physician her willingness to perform an abortion, then she will be attended by a multidisciplinary team of professionals to inform her of what an abortion entails and after that she is granted a five-day period of thought to reconsider her will. Once this reflection period ends and she did not change her will to abort, the medical procedure is carried out.[18]

Since the legalization, it was recorded a decrease of the average maternal mortality, from 25 deaths per 100,000 live borns in 1999, to 14 deaths per 100,000 live borns in 2015, due to the establishment of a risk reduction model and to the decriminalization of the abortion that reduced the maternal mortality caused by unsafe abortions. Another contribution of the decriminalization is that reduced the infant mortality after the decrease of maternal mortality, because when one of the parents, and particularly the mother, dies, infant mortality tends to increase, but after the reduction of maternal mortality created by unsafe abortions, the risk of infant mortality as a consequence of their mother's death is reduced. From the legalization, there was a period of temporary increase in the number of abortions, but that stabilized during the next years and began a gradual decrease, that compared to when the abortion is illegal, where the prevalence of abortion is greater. Along this legalization came a plan to promote the use of contraconceptive to avoid unwanted pregnancies.[19]

The Egalitarian Marriage Law was approved on 10 April 2013 by the Parliament,[20] and once promulgated by the Executive, marriage was redefined by not requiring to be made up of two persons of different sex. It also reformed the way divorce is performed and the order of the parents' surnames are assigned to the children, in the latter, the order of surnames of heterosexual couples may be reversed and for homosexual couples could be chosen by agreement or by judicial lottery.[16]

Regarding labour, José Mujica administration continued the policies implemented during the first presidency of Tabaré Vázquez, tending to consolidate labour structures.[21] During this period, the fourth and fifth rounds of Wage Councils (Consejos de Salarios) took place.[21]

José Mujica and Cristina Fernández signing a joint monitoring agreement of the Uruguay River.

At the beginnings of 2010, after years of blockade by the citizens of Gualeguaychú city in Entre Ríos, Argentina, the international bridge connecting that city to Uruguayan Fray Bentos was reopened, after a Gualeguaychú neighbours' assembly decided by majority to lift it, that would happen under pressure of the administration of Cristina Fernández following the passing of a decree denouncing before federal courts several individuals from Gualeguaychú blockade group for the alleged commission of crimes. The blockade lifting was promoted after talks with President Mujica where he accepted the request from the President of Argentina to perform joint binational controls of the pulp mill, besides that Mujica did not object the designation of Néstor Kirchner, Fernández' husband, as Secretary General of the Union of South American Nations, that it could only be achieved by unanimity or consensus, which until then had been vetoed by former Uruguayan president Vázquez in retaliation for the blockade of the bridges.[22][23]

On 15 March 2011 president announced the official recognition of Uruguay to the State of Palestine as a sovereign and independent state, according to the principles of international law, and the establishment of bilateral diplomatic relations. However, this recognition omitted to say with which borders the State of Palestine was going to be recognized.[24]

Officials from the government of Israel criticized this action, and described it as "a step that will only move away the Palestinians from the peace process instead of encouraging them to return to dialogue", and that the best way to reach a peace agreement is through negotiations and not statements.[25]

In March 2014, president Mujica accepted the request of the United States government to receive five inmates from the Guantánamo Bay prison, internationally known for the violations of human rights of its detainees. Mujica accepted and stated that he proceeded with Obama's request because its a matter of human rights, of individuals who were imprisoned for years without having gone through trial.[26]

During the humanitarian and migratory crisis that arose with the beginning of the Syrian civil war and the war against the Islamic State in 2014, the Uruguayan government expressed its desire to shelter Syrian refugee families from Lebanon to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. After an interviewing process, five families overall consisting of 42 persons were selected, among who there were 33 underaged individuals.[27]

Since they arrived in Uruguay, they were granted permanente residency and provided with accommodation, translation services, access to healthcare, educational and labour adaptation, in addition to receiving a monthly pension whose amount depended on the number of underage children.[27]

At one point these families protested publicly, stating that the country had a high cost of living, the incomes were too low and the job opportunities were few, besides that they were worried about the issue of public insecurity. They also expreseed their outrage saying that they were "deceived" by the Uruguayan authorities about the information about the country they were given and the promises of "an easy life".[27]

Seven years later, in 2022, four of the five refugee families remained in Uruguay and one left the country. After some initial economic troubles, the families that stayed in the country managed to adapt, some of them dedicated themselves to a peasant life and others started to work or study, living this process with a low profile. One of the families obtained legal citizenship, with the right to vote, and Uruguayan passports, and they expressed their desire to remain "in a calm country, with freedom".[28]

In the vote on the draft resolution of the United Nations General Assembly to condemn the annexation of Crimea by Russia, Uruguay abstained, despite agreeing with several of the ideas in the draft, although the Uruguayan representative in the session expressed his position of adherence to international law, that no pronouncement contrary to the Ukrainian Constitution should end with the alteration of the internationally recognized borders of that country nor contravene the principle of territorial integrity of the countries. But other aspects of political nature presents in the draft that was under deliberation, considered inconvenient by Uruguay, led to the abstention.[29]