Primitive data type

In computer science, primitive data types are a set of basic data types from which all other data types are constructed.[1] Specifically it often refers to the limited set of data representations in use by a particular processor, which all compiled programs must use. Most processors support a similar set of primitive data types, although the specific representations vary.[2] More generally, "primitive data types" may refer to the standard data types built into a programming language (built-in types).[3][4] Data types which are not primitive are referred to as derived or composite.[3]

Primitive types are almost always value types, but composite types may also be value types.[5]

Common primitive data types

The most common primitive types are those used and supported by computer hardware, such as integers of various sizes, floating-point numbers, and Boolean logical values. Operations on such types are usually quite efficient. Primitive data types which are native to the processor have a one-to-one correspondence with objects in the computer's memory, and operations on these types are often the fastest possible in most cases.[6] Integer addition, for example, can be performed as a single machine instruction, and some offer specific instructions to process sequences of characters with a single instruction.[7] But the choice of primitive data type may affect performance, for example it is faster using SIMD operations and data types to operate on an array of floats.[6]: 113 

Integer numbers
Main article: Integer (computer science)

An integer data type represents some range of mathematical integers. Integers may be either signed (allowing negative values) or unsigned (non-negative integers only). Common ranges are:

Size (bytes) Size (bits) Names Signed range (two's complement representation) Unsigned range
1 byte 8 bits Byte, octet, minimum size of char in C99( see limits.h CHAR_BIT) −128 to +127 0 to 255
2 bytes 16 bits x86 word, minimum size of short and int in C −32,768 to +32,767 0 to 65,535
4 bytes 32 bits x86 double word, minimum size of long in C, actual size of int for most modern C compilers,[8] pointer for IA-32-compatible processors −2,147,483,648 to +2,147,483,647 0 to 4,294,967,295
8 bytes 64 bits x86 quadruple word, minimum size of long long in C, actual size of long for most modern C compilers,[8] pointer for x86-64-compatible processors −9,223,372,036,854,775,808 to +9,223,372,036,854,775,807 0 to 18,446,744,073,709,551,615

Floating-point numbers
Main article: Floating-point arithmetic

A floating-point number represents a limited-precision rational number that may have a fractional part. These numbers are stored internally in a format equivalent to scientific notation, typically in binary but sometimes in decimal. Because floating-point numbers have limited precision, only a subset of real or rational numbers are exactly representable; other numbers can be represented only approximately. Many languages have both a single precision (often called "float") and a double precision type (often called "double").

Booleans
Main article: Boolean datatype

A boolean type, typically denoted "bool" or "boolean", is typically a logical type that can have either the value "true" or the value "false". Although only one bit is necessary to accommodate the value set "true" and "false", programming languages typically implement boolean types as one or more bytes.

Many languages (e.g. Java, Pascal and Ada) implement booleans adhering to the concept of boolean as a distinct logical type. Some languages, though, may implicitly convert booleans to numeric types at times to give extended semantics to booleans and boolean expressions or to achieve backwards compatibility with earlier versions of the language. For example, early versions of the C programming language that followed ANSI C and its former standards did not have a dedicated boolean type. Instead, numeric values of zero are interpreted as "false", and any other value is interpreted as "true".[9] The newer C99 added a distinct boolean type _Bool (the more intuitive name bool as well as the macros true and false can be included with stdbool.h),[10] and C++ supports bool as a built-in type and "true" and "false" as reserved words.[11]

Specific languages

Java

The Java virtual machine's set of primitive data types consists of:[12]

  • byte, short, int, long, char (integer types with a variety of ranges)
  • float and double, floating-point numbers with single and double precisions
  • boolean, a Boolean type with logical values true and false
  • returnAddress, a value referring to an executable memory address. This is not accessible from the Java programming language and is usually left out.[13][14]

C basic types
Main article: C data types § Basic types

The set of basic C data types is similar to Java's. Minimally, there are four types, char, int, float, and double, but the qualifiers short, long, signed, and unsigned mean that C contains numerous target-dependent integer and floating-point primitive types.[15] C99 extended this set by adding the boolean type _Bool and allowing the modifier long to be used twice in combination with int (e.g. long long int).[16]

XML Schema

The XML Schema Definition language provides a set of 19 primitive data types:[17]

  • string: a string, a sequence of Unicode code points
  • boolean: a boolean
  • decimal: a number represented with decimal notation
  • float and double: floating-point numbers
  • duration, dateTime, time, date, gYearMonth, gYear, gMonthDay, gDay, and gMonth: Calendar dates and times
  • hexBinary and base64Binary: binary data encoded as hexadecimal or Base64
  • anyURI: a URI
  • QName: a qualified name
  • NOTATION: a QName declared as a notation in the schema. Notations are used to embed non-XML data types.[18] This type cannot be used directly - only derived types that enumerate a limited set of QNames may be used.

JavaScript

In JavaScript, there are 7 primitive data types: string, number, bigint, boolean, undefined, symbol, and null. These are not objects and have no methods.[19]

Visual Basic .NET

In Visual Basic .NET, the primitive data types consist of 4 integral types, 2 floating-point types, a 16-byte decimal type, a boolean type, a date/time type, a Unicode character type, and a Unicode string type.[20]

Rust

Rust has primitive unsigned and signed fixed width integers in the format u or i respectively followed by any bit width that is a power of two between 8 and 128 giving the types u8, u16, u32, u64, u128, i8, i16, i32, i64 and i128.[21] Also available are the types usize and isize which are unsigned and signed integers that are the same bit width as a reference with the usize type being used for indices into arrays and indexable collection types.[21]

Rust also has:

  • bool for the boolean type.[21]
  • f32 and f64 for 32 and 64-bit floating point numbers.[21]
  • char for a unicode character. Under the hood these are unsigned 32-bit integers with values that correspond to the char's codepoint but only values that correspond to a valid unicode scalar value are valid.[21]

Built-in types

Built-in types are distinguished from others by having specific support in the compiler or runtime, to the extent that it would not be possible to simply define them in a header file or standard library module.[22] Besides integers, floating-point numbers, and Booleans, other built-in types include:

Characters and strings

A character type is a type that can represent all Unicode characters, hence must be at least 21 bits wide. Some languages such as Julia include a true 32-bit Unicode character type as primitive.[23] Other languages such as JavaScript, Python, Ruby, and many dialects of BASIC do not have a primitive character type but instead add strings as a primitive data type, typically using the UTF-8 encoding. Strings with a length of one are normally used to represent single characters.

Some languages have "character" or "string" types that are too small to represent all Unicode characters or strings. These are more properly categorized as integer types. For example C includes a char type, but it is defined to be the smallest addressable unit of memory, which several standards, such as POSIX require to be 8 bits. The recent version of these standards refer to char as a numeric type. char is also used for a 16-bit integer type in Java, but again this is not a Unicode character type.[24] Some computer hardware has a few instructions which deal with "strings", referring to a sequence of bytes. For example, x86-64 can move, set, search, or compare a sequence of items, where an item could be 1, 2, 4, or 8 bytes long.[25]

Ranges

A range numeric data type has its maximum and minimum value embedded in the type. It is included in some languages such as Ada and Pascal. Attempting to store a number outside the range may lead to compiler/runtime errors, or to incorrect calculations (due to truncation) depending on the language being used. In practice the compiler chooses the most appropriate primitive integer or floating-point type automatically.

See also

References
  1. Stone, R. G.; Cooke, D. J. (5 February 1987). Program Construction. Cambridge University Press. p. 18. ISBN 978-0-521-31883-9.
  2. Wikander, Jan; Svensson, Bertil (31 May 1998). Real-Time Systems in Mechatronic Applications. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 101. ISBN 978-0-7923-8159-4.
  3. Khurana, Rohit. Data and File Structure (For GTU), 2nd Edition. Vikas Publishing House. p. 2. ISBN 978-93-259-6005-3.
  4. Chun, Wesley (2001). Core Python Programming. Prentice Hall Professional. p. 77. ISBN 978-0-13-026036-9.
  5. Olsen, Geir; Allison, Damon; Speer, James (1 January 2008). Visual Basic .NET Class Design Handbook: Coding Effective Classes. Apress. p. 80. ISBN 978-1-4302-0780-1.
  6. Fog, Agner. "Optimizing software in C++" (PDF). p. 29. Retrieved 28 January 2022. Integer operations are fast in most cases, [...]
  7. "Single Instruction Single Data - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics".
  8. Fog, Agner (2010-02-16). "Calling conventions for different C++ compilers and operating systems: Chapter 3, Data Representation" (PDF). Retrieved 2010-08-30.
  9. Kernighan, Brian W; Ritchie, Dennis M (1978). The C Programming Language (1st ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. p. 41. ISBN 0-13-110163-3.
  10. "Boolean type support library". devdocs.io. Retrieved October 15, 2020.
  11. "Bool data type in C++". GeeksforGeeks. 5 June 2017. Retrieved October 15, 2020.
  12. Lindholm, Tim; Yellin, Frank; Bracha, Gilad; Buckley, Alex (13 February 2015). "Chapter 2. The Structure of the Java Virtual Machine". The Java® Virtual Machine Specification.
  13. Cowell, John (18 February 1997). Essential Java Fast: How to write object oriented software for the Internet. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 27. ISBN 978-3-540-76052-8.
  14. Rakshit, Sandip; Panigrahi, Goutam (December 1995). A Hand Book of Objected Oriented Programming With Java. S. Chand Publishing. p. 11. ISBN 978-81-219-3001-7.
  15. Kernighan, Brian W.; Ritchie, Dennis M. (1988). "2.2 Data Types and Sizes". The C programming language (Second ed.). Englewood Cliffs, N.J. p. 36. ISBN 0131103709.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  16. ISO/IEC 9899:1999 specification, TC3 (PDF). p. 255, § 6.2.5 Types.
  17. Biron, Paul V.; Malhotra, Ashok. "XML Schema Part 2: Datatypes". www.w3.org (Second ed.). Retrieved 29 January 2022.
  18. Phillips, Lee Anne (18 January 2002). "Declaring a NOTATION | Understanding XML Document Type Definitions". www.informit.com. Retrieved 29 January 2022.
  19. "Primitive - MDN Web Docs Glossary: Definitions of Web-related terms". developer.mozilla.org. MDN. 8 June 2023.
  20. "Types in Visual Basic". Microsoft Docs. 18 September 2021. Retrieved 18 May 2022.
  21. "Data Types - The Rust Programming Language". doc.rust-lang.org. Retrieved 2023-10-17.
  22. "Built-in types (C++)". learn.microsoft.com. 17 August 2021.
  23. "Strings · The Julia Language". docs.julialang.org. Retrieved 29 January 2022.
  24. Mansoor, Umer (8 May 2016). "The char Type in Java is Broken". CodeAhoy. Retrieved 10 February 2020.
  25. "I/O and string instructions". Retrieved 29 January 2022.
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