Pringlea

Pringlea antiscorbutica, commonly known as Kerguelen cabbage, is a flowering plant and the sole member of the monotypic genus Pringlea in the family Brassicaceae. Its common name comes from the archipelago of its discovery, the Kerguelen Islands, and its generic name derives from Sir John Pringle, president of the Royal Society at the time of its discovery by Captain James Cook's Surgeon, William Anderson in 1776.

Kerguelen cabbage
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Brassicales
Family: Brassicaceae
Genus: Pringlea
T.Anderson ex Hook.f.
Species:
P. antiscorbutica
Binomial name
Pringlea antiscorbutica

Description

Pringlea has leaf rosettes of up to 45 cm in diameter, that sit on top of perennial half woody stems of about 15 cm thick and up to 1 m long. The erect flowering stems remain on the plants for many years.[1]

Distribution

The species grows on the remote Heard Island and McDonald Islands, Crozet, Prince Edward and Kerguelen Islands.[2] The ancestor of P. antiscorbutica probably migrated from South America some five million years ago.[3]

Kerguelen cabbages on Mayes island (Kerguelen Islands)

Ecology

The home islands of Kerguelen cabbage are at roughly 50° south latitude and constantly buffeted by strong winds, making the islands unfavorable for wind pollination, except on infrequent mild days. This climate, plus the absence of potential insect pollinators, means the Kerguelen cabbage can only survive through a process of self-pollination.[2]

An old Kerguelen cabbage on the Péninsule Rallier du Baty, Kerguelen Island

The plants grow to a diameter of about 50 cm in around four years, and flower for the first time in their third or fourth year.[4] At the mature stage, this species exhibits several adaptations linked to cold tolerance such as high polyamine levels.[5][6] Pringlea has a very high leaf water content (above 83%) and the waterflow from the root to the leaves is very easy, which is no problem since soil water content on the distribution area of Kerguelen cabbage is permanently high. This implies that successfully growing this species elsewhere is difficult.[7]

Uses

The plant is edible, containing high levels of potassium. Its leaves contain a vitamin C-rich oil, a fact which, in the days of sailing ships, made it very attractive to sailors suffering from scurvy, hence the species name's epithet antiscorbutica, which means "against scurvy" in Low Latin. It was essential to the diets of the whalers on Kerguelen when pork, beef, or seal meat was used up. In May 1840, botanist Joseph Dalton Hooker was the first to make a technical analysis of the plant, and to assign the Latin name.[8]

Hooker also reported having eaten some soup that had been made with Kerguelen cabbage, and described the raw leaves as tasting like cress, the boiled leaves as tasting like "stale" cabbage, and the root as tasting like horseradish.[9]

Conservation

The micropezid fly species Calycopteryx mosleyi is associated with this plant. Rabbits which were introduced on the Kerguelen around 1874, feed on the cabbage, and the plant is now limited to locations that cannot be accessed by them. Fortunately, rabbits are not present on all islands.[1]

References
  1. Thieret, J.W.; Young, S.B. (1988). "The Kerguelen-Cabbage, Pringlea antiscorbutica (Brassicaceae)". Economic Botany. 42 (2): 288–291. JSTOR 4255079.
  2. Schermann-Legionnet, Agnes; Hennion, Françoise; Vernon, Philippe & Atlan, Anne (2007). "Breeding system of the subantarctic plant species Pringlea antiscorbutica R.Br. and search for potential insect pollinators in the Kerguelen Islands" (PDF). Polar Biology. 30 (9): 1183–1193. doi:10.1007/s00300-007-0275-1. S2CID 34228554. Retrieved 2015-10-15.
  3. Bartish, I.V.; Ainoushe, A.; Jia, D.; Bergstrom, D.; Chown, S.L.; Winkworth, R.C. & Hennion, F. (2012). "Phylogeny and colonization history of Pringlea antiscorbutica (Brassicaceae), an emblematic endemic from the South Indian Ocean Province". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 65 (2): 748–756. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2012.07.023. PMID 22871399.
  4. Chapuis, J.-L.; Hennion, F.; Le Roux, V. & Le Cruziat, J. (2000). "Growth and reproduction of the endemic cruciferous species Pringlea antiscorbutica in Kerguelen Islands". Polar Biology. 23 (3): 196–204. doi:10.1007/s003000050027. S2CID 7829119.
  5. Hummel, Irène; Couée, Ivan; El Amrani, Abdelhak; Martin‐Tanguy, Josette & Hennion, Françoise (2002). "Involvement of polyamines in root development at low temperature in the subantarctic cruciferous species Pringlea antiscorbutica". Journal of Experimental Botany. 53 (373): 1463–1473. doi:10.1093/jxb/53.373.1463. PMID 12021294.
  6. Hummel, Irène; Quemmerais, Frédéric; Gouesbet, Gwenola; El Amrani, Abdelhak; Frenot, Yves; Hennion, Françoise & Couée, Ivan (2004). "Characterization of environmental stress responses during early development of Pringlea antiscorbutica in the field at Kerguelen". New Phytologist. 162 (3): 705–715. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.01062.x. JSTOR 1514567. PMID 33873770.
  7. Dorne, A.J.; Bligny, R. (1993). "Physiological adaptation to subantarctic climate by the Kerguelen cabbage, Pringlea antiscorbutica R. Br". Polar Biology. 13: 55–60. doi:10.1007/BF00236583. S2CID 42392268.
  8. Hooker, J.D. (1845). "Table XC-XCI". The botany of the Antarctic voyage of H.M. discovery ships Erebus and Terror in the Years 1839–1843: Under the command of Captain Sir James Clark Ross. Vol. 1. p. 239 – via BioDiversityLibrary.org.
  9. Short, Philip (2004). In Pursuit of Plants. Timber Press. pp. 297–299.
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