List of visionary tall buildings and structures

This is a list of buildings and other structures that have been envisioned.

The X-Seed 4000 is one of the tallest structures ever conceived. Shown in this image is the Burj Khalifa (828 m (2,717 ft)), tallest structure in the world at the time of completion in 2010 to this year (2023), and the X-Seed 4000 project. (4,000 m (13,000 ft))

Proposed structures

The definition of 'vision' is that used by the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat.[1] The list does not include under construction buildings as these are listed at list of future tallest buildings.

Structures
Structure Height Year of proposal Type Main Use Country Place Description Floors
The Space Elevator 100,000 km (62,137 mi) 1895 Massive space tether

Space tourism, space exploration, and space colonization

 UAE[2][3]
 Japan[4]
 China[5]
 Russia [6]
 USA [7]

 Pacific Ocean[lower-alpha 1] An extraordinarily long cable, anchored on or near the equator, held up by the rotation of the Earth. N/A
The Orbital Ring 160 km (99 mi) to 80 km (50 mi) of minimal height 1982 Suspended ring structure around Earth

Space tourism/exploration/colonization, Space manufacturing, Telecommunication, and Space-based solar power[8]

 undetermined undetermined The Orbital ring is a concept of an artificial ring shaped cable placed around Earth and set rotating at such a rate that the apparent centrifugal force is large enough to counteract the force of gravity.[9][10][11] A motorized platform is placed on the cable that runs in the opposite direction at the speed that makes the ring structure become stationary relative to the ground at much lower attitude compare to space elevator which has to maintain its center of mass around geostationary orbit. Multiple tethers can be connected from orbital ring to the ground enabling mass-transport to space.[8] N/A
The Launch Loop 80 km (50 mi) 1981 Suspended Maglev Track

Space tourism, space exploration, and space colonization

 undetermined undetermined The Launch loop is a concept that has been proposed for the purposes of orbital launch.[12] N/A
Scaled-down space elevator 20 km (12 mi) 2009 Pneumatic tower

Tourism, communications, wind generation, and reduced cost space launch.[13]

 undetermined undetermined A sub-orbital or mini version.[14] The structure would be free standing and actively guyed over its base.[13] N/A
StarTram Generation 2 20 km (12 mi) 2001 Suspended Maglev Track Space tourism, space exploration, and space colonization  United States undetermined Proposed concept for orbital launches. It has a long (1000–1500 km) vacuum tube, levitated via strong currents in superconducting cables N/A
Tokyo Tower of Babel[15] 10 km (33,000 ft) 1992 Arcology Mixed Use  Japan Tokyo Would house roughly 30 million people and take 100–150 years to build. The cost would be around ¥3 quadrillion ($22 trillion). 1000+
X-Seed 4000 4 km (13,000 ft) 1995 Arcology Residential, commercial, retail real estate, as well as heavy industry  Japan Tokyo Would accommodate five hundred thousand to one million inhabitants 800
Ultima Tower 3.2187 km (10,560 ft) 1991 Skyscraper Residential, commercial, and retail real estate  United States San Francisco Designed by American architect Eugene Tsui in 1991 500
Dubai City Tower 2.4 km (7,900 ft) 2008 Skyscraper Residential, commercial, and retail real estate  United Arab Emirates Dubai Six buildings entwining a central core 400
Shimizu Mega-City Pyramid 2 km (6,600 ft) 1996 Arcology Residential, commercial, retail, and leisure real estate  Japan Tokyo The Shimizu Mega-City Pyramid is a proposed project for construction of a massive pyramid over Tokyo Bay in Japan. The structure would be approximately 14 times as high as the Great Pyramid of Giza, and would house 750,000 people. If built, it will be the largest man-made structure on Earth. 390
The Dutch Mountain 2 km (6,600 ft) 2012 Artificial Mountain Tourism, leisure, commercial and wind generation  Netherlands Flevoland "De Nederlandse Berg", Dutch for "The Dutch Mountain" is a proposal for an artificial mountain by Thijs Zonneveld.[16][17][18] N/A
Millennium Challenge Tower 1.852 km (6,080 ft) 2005 Skyscraper Residential, commercial, and retail real estate  Kuwait Kuwait City Designed by architect Omero Marchetti as part of his proposed "ethic city" concept. The aims of the project are to reach a nautical mile in height while "not using concrete, orthogonal grids, traditional systems, mortars, [and] cranes."[19] If built, the tower would reach 1,852 metres (6,076 ft). N/A
Times Squared 3015 1.733 km (5,686 ft) 2015 Vertical City Mixed Use  United States New York City N/A
Sky Mile Tower 1.7 km (5,577 ft)[20] 2015 Skyscraper Mixed Use  Japan Tokyo Would serving as a dam and supplying water to its 55,000 residents 421
Xtopia 1.614 km (5,295 ft) 2010 Skyscraper Multiple  China Shanghai Xtopia is a concept building for a 300-floor high-rise self-contained community. 300
New City Tower 1,500 m (4,900 ft) 2007 Arcology Mixed Use  United Kingdom London 500
Edison Tower 1.310 km (4,298 ft) 2015 Vertical City Mixed Use  United States New York City 296
Bionic Tower 1.228 km (4,030 ft) 1997 Arcology Residential, commercial, retail, and leisure real estate  China Shanghai and Hong Kong have both expressed serious interest Designed by architects Eloy Celaya, Mª Rosa Cervera and Javier Gómez Pioz; would house about 100,000 people. 300
Ziggurat Pyramid 1.200 km (3,940 ft) 2008 Arcology Residential, commercial, retail, and leisure real estate  United Arab Emirates Dubai Ziggurat Pyramid is a pyramid-shaped arcology that was conceived for Dubai in 2008. The structure was designed to house nearly one million people and would be self-sustainable with all-natural energy sources. Like the pyramids of the Mayans and Egyptians, this structure in Dubai would be a giant; it would cover 2.3 square kilometers and would be able to sustain a community of up to one million people. +300
The Bride Tower 1.152 km (3,780 ft) 2015 Skyscraper Mixed Use  Iraq Basra Designed by AMBS Architects 241
Azerbaijan Tower 1.050 km (3,440 ft) 2012 Skyscraper Commercial, retail, and leisure real estate  Azerbaijan Baku Planned as part of the proposed "Khazar Islands" project[21] 189
Murjan Tower 1.022 km (3,350 ft) 2006 Skyscraper Residential, commercial, and retail real estate  Bahrain Manama Designed by architect Henning Larsens Tegnestue A/S[22] 200
Burj Mubarak al-Kabir 1.001 km (3,280 ft) 2007 Skyscraper Residential, commercial, and retail real estate  Kuwait Madinat al-Hareer By Eric Kuhne and Associates 234
Green Float 1,000 m (3,281 ft) 2010 Arcology Mixed Use  Japan Tokyo Would be able to house up to 40,000 people N/A
Hyperbuilding 1,000 m (3,300 ft) 1996 Vertical City Residential, commercial, and retail real estate  Thailand Bangkok Designed by OMA 250
Sky City 1000 1,000 m (3,300 ft) 1989 Arcology Residential, commercial, retail, and leisure real estate  Japan Tokyo Aimed at helping put an end to major congestion and lack of greenspace in the Tokyo; 400 m (1,312 ft) wide at the base for a total floor area of 8 km2 (3.1 sq mi); drawn by construction firm Takenaka for the city of Tokyo in 1989, its design was the first of the modern super-tall mega-structures to gain serious attention and consideration by any government 196
Oblisco Capitale 1,000 m (3,300 ft) 2018 Skyscraper Mixed Use  Egypt New Administrative Capital 179
Buenos Aires Forum 1,000 m (3,300 ft) 2009 Skyscraper Mixed Use  Argentina Buenos Aires 200
Europa Tower (Brussels) 1,000 m (3,300 ft) 1993 Skyscraper Office, observation, restaurant  Belgium Brussels Designed by L35 Arquitectos; articulated in nine modules;[23][24] N/A
Miapolis 975 m (3,199 ft) 2009 Skyscraper Mixed Use  United States Miami Designed by Kobi Karp Architect 160
Permeable Lattice City 922 m (3,025 ft) 2017 Arcology Mixed Use  Singapore Singapore Designed by WOHA Architect 276
Nansha Tower 900 m (3,000 ft) 2015 Skyscraper Mixed Use  China Guangzhou 165
Millennium Tower (Tokyo) 840 m (2,760 ft) 1989 Skyscraper Mixed Use  Japan Tokyo By Norman Foster 170
Sky City (Changsha) 838 m (2,749 ft) 2012 Skycraper Mixed use  China Changsha 202
DIB-200 800 m (2,600 ft) 1993 Skyscraper Residential, commercial, and retail real estate  Japan Tokyo Proposed by Kajima Construction; designed by Sadaaki Masuda and Scott Howe 200
The Mandragore 737 m (2,418 ft) 2020 Skyscraper Mixed Use  United States New York City 160
Shimao Shenzhen–Hong Kong International Centre 700 m (2,297 ft) 2017 Skyscraper Hotel, Office  China Shenzhen 148
Princesa Tower 680 m (2,231 ft) 2018 Observation tower Leisure, retail, and observation  Philippines Puerto Princesa N/A
World Centre for Vedic Learning 677 m (2,221 ft) 2000 Skyscraper Religion, residential, commercial, and education  India Jabalpur Designed by Minoru Yamasaki & Associates 160
Dream Tower 665 m (2,182 ft) 2009 Skyscraper Commercial and retail real estate  South Korea Seoul [25] 150
Bengaluru Turf Tower 663 m (2,175 ft) N/A Skyscraper Residential  India Bangalore N/A 157
Gateway Tower (Chicago) 610 m (2,000 ft) 2016 Skyscraper Residential, commercial, and retail real estate  United States Chicago Designed by American architectural firm Gensler as a replacement for the Chicago Spire 127
The Big Bend 610 m (2,000 ft) 2015 Skyscraper Residential  United States New York City N/A N/A
The Blade 610 m (2,000 ft) 2016 Skyscraper Hotel  Saudi Arabia Riyadh N/A 128
Malaya 115 596 m (1,955 ft) N/A Skyscraper Mixed Use  Malaysia Kuala Lumpur 115
Port Tower 593.5 m (1,947 ft) 2006 Skyscraper Commercial, retail, and leisure real estate  Pakistan Karachi Approved for construction 130
Diamond Tower 555 m (1,821 ft) 2012 Skyscraper Office, residential  Cambodia Phnom Penh 85
Downtown Circle 550 m (1,800 ft) 2022 Vertical City Mixed Use  United Arab Emirates Dubai Designed by ZNera Space N/A
Hudson Spire 550 m (1,800 ft) 2014 Skyscraper Residential, commercial, and retail real estate  United States New York Proposed by a developer from Tishman Speyer as part of Manhattan's Hudson Yards development; would be the tallest in the Western Hemisphere 110
Al Noor Tower 540 m (1,770 ft) 2014 Skyscraper Mixed Use  Morocco Casablanca Would become Africa's tallest building if completed 114
ETC Tower 501 m (1,644 ft) 2019 Skyscraper Mixed Use  United Kingdom London Would become United Kingdom's tallest building if completed 111
GIFT Diamond Tower 410 m (1,350 ft) 2002 Skyscraper Commercial  India Gandhinagar Diamond Tower and the core CBD of GIFT will comprise a total of 25,800,000 sq ft (2,400,000 m2).[26] 87
Solar updraft tower 400–1,000 m (1,300–3,300 ft) 2001 Power plant Power generation  Australia Buronga, New South Wales N/A
Empire 88 Tower 333 m (1,093 ft) 2020 skyscraper Hotel, Residential  Vietnam Ho Chi Minh City 88
Time Square Da Nang 230 m (750 ft) 2022 Skyscraper Mixed Use  Vietnam Da Nang Times Square Danang is a high-end luxury development with over 85% of units having a direct view of the sea in Da Nang. Each apartment in Da Nang Times Square is delicately and artistically created in the style of modern European architecture, incorporating a full range of new 5-star standard services and facilities that buyers are promised. Indulge in a stylish and appealing setting. N/A

Cancelled projects
NamePinnacle heightYear of first proposalStructure typeMain useCountryCityYear of projected completionDescription
Houston Tower2,092 m (6,864 ft)1979SkyscraperResidential, commercial, retail, leisure real estate, office  United StatesHoustonNever begunThe Houston Tower was an envisioned skyscraper that would have been nearly 1.3 miles (2.1 km) tall (6864 ft/2092 m) and taken up 16 city blocks in Houston.
Aeropolis 20012,001 m (6,565 ft)1989Arcology SkyscraperResidential, commercial, retail, and leisure real estate JapanTokyoNever begunThe Aeropolis 2001 was a proposed project for construction of a massive 500-story high-rise building over Tokyo Bay in Japan. It was proposed to be a 2,000 m (6,562 ft) high building.
The Illinois1,609 m (5,279 ft)1956SkyscraperCommercial, Residential, and leisure real estate United StatesChicagoNever begunThe Illinois, envisioned by Frank Lloyd Wright in 1956, was to be a mile high (1609 m / 5280 ft) skyscraper in Chicago.
1 Dubai1,008 m (3,307 ft)2006SkyscraperUnknown United Arab EmiratesDubai2010 (cancelled in 2009)1 Dubai is a proposal in Dubai to planned to be completed, but in 2009, it was cancelled.
Nakheel Tower1,000 m (3,300 ft)2003Skyscraperresidential, hotel, office United Arab EmiratesDubai2020 (cancelled 2009)Cancelled due to financial problems.
Sky City (Changsha)838 m (2,749 ft)2013SkyscraperResidential, commercial, retail, and leisure real estate ChinaChangsha2014 (cancelled 2014)Cancelled due to concerns over the building's impact on the local environment.[27]
India Tower707.5 m (2,321 ft)2010Skyscraperresidential / hotel / office IndiaMumbai(Cancelled 2015)In May 2011 Mumbai's civic building proposals department issued a stop-work order due to a payment dispute with the developers, halting the tower's construction indefinitely. The tower was cancelled on 16 October 2015.
Phare du Monde701 m (2,300 ft)1934Concrete observation towerLeisure and retail real estate FranceParis1937 (construction never begun)Phare du Monde, was a project for a 701 metre tall observation tower for the world exhibition in Paris, 1937. It was planned as a concrete tower similar to a modern TV tower, but also with a ramp for drive up access.
Shenwan Station Towers Plot DU01-01680 m (2,230 ft)2013SkyscraperResidential and commercial ChinaShenzhen2030 (cancelled in 2019)The project was canceled because the site did not allow buildings measuring more than 400 m. The project was replaced by shorter towers.
Grollo Tower678 m (2,224 ft)1997SkyscraperResidential, commercial, and leisure real estate AustraliaMelbourne2004 (cancelled 2001)Construction was cancelled on the Grollo Tower (named after the architect) in Melbourne's developing Dockland precinct in April 2001 after Melbourne's Docklands Authority ruled it out of the tender for development of the Batman Hill's precinct due to disagreements over who would pay for infrastructure improvements. The area is now occupied by a mixture of smaller commercial and residential buildings. The Grollo Tower would have been the world's tallest building at the time at 560 m (1837 ft) tall, down from the originally planned 678 m (2,224 ft) height, and still would have been the tallest building in the southern hemisphere.
Millenium Tower Las Vegas671 m (2,201 ft)2001SkyscraperResidential, commercial, and retail real estate United StatesLas Vegas2001 (cancelled in 2002)Millennium Tower was proposed to be 671 m (2,201 ft) as the tallest building in the world, but it was cancelled in 2002 because of its massive height.
Hanzheng Jie Project Tower 1666 m (2,185 ft)2011SkyscraperResidential and commercial ChinaWuhan2026 (cancelled in 2020)The project was canceled along with other projects in 2020 due to China's new prohibition of skyscrapers over 500 metres (1,600 ft).
PAGCOR Tower665 m (2,182 ft)2008Observation towerLeisure and observation facilities PhilippinesManilaCancelled in 2010Originally part of the plans for the PAGCOR Entertainment City, the project was scrapped due to various reasons including air traffic regulations due to close proximity to Ninoy Aquino International Airport
Warsaw radio mast646 m (2,119 ft)Original in 1968, Replacement in 1992Guyed mastVHF-UHF transmission PolandWarsaw1997 (cancelled 1995)Until late 1995, there were plans to rebuild the collapsed 646 m (2,119 ft) Warsaw Radio Mast to its previous height on the same site, using the basements of the old mast. Although some refurbishment of the basements started, work was canceled after violent protests by local residents, who feared harmful radiation effects from the high-power transmitter served by the antenna. A new transmission facility with two smaller masts measuring 330 and 289 m was built as a replacement in 1998–99 at Solec Kujawski.
Changchun World Trade Center631 m (2,070 ft)2017SkyscraperServiced, apartaments, hotel, and office ChinaChangchun2028 (cancelled in 2020)Canceled due to height restriction.
Triple One620 m (2,030 ft)2007SkyscraperMixed Use South KoreaSeoul2020 (cancelled in 2013)The Triple One, 620 m (2,030 ft) tall, is a proposed building in Yongsan Dreamhub designed by Renzo Piano and 112 floors to be tallest building in South Korea.
Philippine Diamond Tower612 m (2,008 ft)2014Observation towerLeisure, observation, and broadcast PhilippinesQuezon City2019 (construction never begun; projected to be completed within three years)The observation tower's height of 612 m (2,008 ft) is meant to signify the date of the Philippine declaration of independence (June 12).
Old Chicago Main Post Office Twin Towers610 m (2,000 ft)2011SkyscraperResidential, commercial, and hotel United StatesChicago2022 (cancelled in 2014)Cancelled due to the dissolution of the construction company and abandonment of the project.
7 South Dearborn610 m (2,000 ft)1999SkyscraperResidential, commercial, and retail real estate as well as communications facilities United StatesChicago2004 (cancelled in 2000 due to lack of funding)7 South Dearborn in Chicago was planned in 1999 to be 610 m (2,001 ft).
Chicago Spire610 m (2,000 ft)2005SkyscraperResidential real estate United StatesChicago2019 (cancelled in 2016)The Chicago Spire designed by Santiago Calatrava was intended to be the tallest building in the western hemisphere as well as the tallest residential building in the world. It was abandoned in 2008 due to financial problems. As of March 11, 2014, as long as the project is funded, it assumed to resume construction.
Miglin-Beitler Skyneedle610 m (2,000 ft)1988SkyscraperCommercial, and Residential real estate United StatesChicago1994 (cancelled 1992)The Miglin-Beitler Skyneedle in Chicago was to be 610 m (2,001 ft)[28] tall in 1988.
Shenwan Station Towers Plot DU02-01580 m (1,900 ft)2013SkyscraperResidential and commercial ChinaShenzhen2030 (cancelled in 2019)The project was canceled because the site did not allow buildings measuring more than 400 m. The project was replaced by shorter towers.
International Business Center580 m (1,900 ft)2007SkyscraperCommercial real estate South KoreaSeoul2013 (cancelled 2008)International Business Center was a proposed skyscraper to be constructed in Seoul, South Korea for a height of 580 m (1,900 ft), it was to have 130 floors planned to be completed in 2013.
Crown Las Vegas575 m (1,886 ft)2006SkyscraperResidential, commercial, and retail real estate United StatesLas Vegas2006 (cancelled in 2008)Crown Las Vegas was proposed to be 575 m (1,886 ft), but it was cancelled in 2008 after 2 major redesigns.
Kowloon MTR Tower574 m (1,883 ft)2000SkyscraperOffice ChinaHong Kong2009 (cancelled 2001)Now built as the International Commerce Center.
Grollo Tower560 m (1,840 ft)2001SkyscraperResidential and Commercial real estate AustraliaMelbourne2001 (cancelled in 2004)Revised version of the Grollo Tower shown above.
New York Stock Exchange Tower546 m (1,791 ft)1997SkyscraperOffice United StatesNew York City2004 (cancelled 2001)The 546 m tall, 140 story tower was cancelled in 2001 due to 9/11.
Grant USA Tower533.4 m (1,750 ft)1970SkyscraperCommercial, retail, and leisure real estate United StatesNewark, New Jersey1986 (cancelled 1986)The Grant USA Tower was planned by developer Harry Grant, who started New York Apple Tours. The building was to be completed in 1986 and to be the tallest hotel, tallest building and tallest structure. Harry Grant went bankrupt and the building never broke ground.[29]
Television City Tower510 m (1,670 ft)1985SkyscraperResidential, commercial, retail, and leisure real estate United StatesNew York City1988 (cancelled 1985)The 510 m tall, 150 story, Helmut Jahn-designed tower proposed by Donald Trump in New York, United States was cancelled in 1988 due to serious local opposition.
Eaton's / John Maryon Tower503 m (1,650 ft)1971SkyscraperCommercial and leisure real estate CanadaToronto1976 (cancelled 1972)Eaton's / John Maryon Tower was a planned 503 m (1,650 ft) (686m to spire) tall building in Toronto in 1971.
10 Columbus Circle500 m (1,600 ft)1986SkyscraperResidential, commercial, retail, and leisure real estate United StatesNew York1987 (cancelled 1986)The 500 m tall, 137 story, 10 Columbus Circle in New York, United States was cancelled in 1987.
Dragon Tower500 m (1,600 ft)1996SkyscraperResidential, commercial, retail, and leisure real estate IndonesiaJakarta2002 (cancelled 1998)The 500 m tall, 101 story, Dragon Tower was cancelled in 1998 due to the Asian financial crisis.
Kaisa Feng Long Center500 m (1,600 ft)2011SkyscraperHotel / office ChinaShenzhen2012 (cancelled 2011)
Shenwan Station Towers Plot DU01-03480 m (1,570 ft)2013SkyscraperResidential and commercial ChinaShenzhen2030 (cancelled in 2019)The project was canceled because the site did not allow buildings measuring more than 400 m. The project was replaced by shorter towers.
Empire City Tower462 m (1,516 ft)2015SkyscraperMixed use VietnamHo Chi Minh City2022 (cancelled 2017)The 462 m tall, 86 story, Empire City Tower was cancelled in 2017. It will be replaced by the 333 meter Empire 88 Tower.
The Hyperboloid455 m (1,493 ft)1956SkyscraperResidential, commercial, retail, and leisure real estate United StatesNew York City1959 (cancelled 1957)The 108 story Hyperboloid designed by I. M. Pei was cancelled in 1957. Now built as the Metlife Tower.
Brisbane Central Tower450 m (1,480 ft)1987SkyscraperUnknown AustraliaBrisbane1987 (cancelled in 1993)
Minuzzo Tower450 m (1,480 ft)1993SkyscraperUnknown AustraliaBrisbane1993 (cancelled in 1995)
Twin Towers 2450 m (1,480 ft)2004SkyscraperOffice, observation, communication United StatesNew York City2018 (cancelled in 2010)
CBD-1445 m (1,460 ft)1993SkyscraperUnknown AustraliaSydney1995 (cancelled in 1997)
Psary, Poland broadcast tower440 m (1,440 ft)2009Reinforced concrete and steel television towerDVB-T signal transmission PolandPsary, Świętokrzyskie VoivodeshipundeterminedAt Bodzentyn, Poland a 440 metres tall tower is proposed for distributing DVB-T signals from the satellite station to TV broadcasting sites.[30] It will be, if built, the tallest man-made structure in Europe outside Russia.
Bank of the Southwest Tower428 m (1,404 ft)1997SkyscraperOffice United StatesHouston1982 (cancelled 1984)The 86 story tower was cancelled in 1984 due to an oil bust in Texas.
Palace of Soviets415 m (1,362 ft)1932SkyscraperBureaucratic administrative center and conference hall Soviet UnionMoscow1947 (cancelled 1942)The Palace of Soviets, planned in 1932, was to be 415 m (including a 100 m Lenin statue), and would have been the tallest building in the world at the time if completed. Construction was halted during World War II, during which the uncompleted structure was partially dismantled; its foundations were later to serve as the world's largest open-air swimming pool before being razed in 1995.
The Monument to the Third International400 m (1,300 ft)1919Grand MonumentConference hall, bureaucratic administrative center, information administrative center Soviet UnionMoscowNone givenDuring the Russian October Revolution of 1917, Vladimir Tatlin designed a structure named The Monument to the Third International, which was to serve as the international headquarters of the Komintern. Better known as the Tatlin Tower, the structure was to rise to a height of 400 m (1,312 ft), which would have made it by far the tallest building in the world at that time, but time & resource shortages as well as the social upheavals that resulted from the Russian Civil War, economic mismanagement, and political repressions halted the project.
Millennium Freedom Tower376.8 m (1,236 ft)1998Observation towerLeisure and observation facilities United StatesNewport, Kentucky2000 (above ground construction never begun)The Millennium Freedom Tower was a project to be located in Newport, Kentucky, United States was originally proposed in 1998 to be dedicated on Dec 31, 1999. The original height was a proposed 1,234 feet (376 m) and was later lowered to 1,103 ft (306 m). Pilings were driven in 1998, but construction never continued above ground.[31]
Watkin's Tower358 m (1,175 ft)1890Iron latticed observation towerLeisure and retail real estate United KingdomWembley1894 (construction halted 1896)Watkin's Tower in Wembley, London was planned in 1891 to surpass the Eiffel Tower by 50 m (164 ft), but construction stopped before that height was reached due to unstable land and insufficient funds. The tower remnants were dismantled in the 1900s, and the site was redeveloped as Wembley Stadium.
Scandinavian Tower325 m (1,066 ft)1997SkyscraperResidential SwedenMalmö2004The Scandinavian Tower was intended to be the tallest skyscraper in Europe.[32] It was abandoned in 2004 in favor of Malmö Tower.
Torre Bicentenario300 m (980 ft)2007Comercial MexicoMexico City2010 (cancelled in 2007)The Torre Bicentenario (Bicentennial Tower) was a skyscraper project planned for Mexico City. The inauguration date was planned to be September 16, 2010, which is the day of the 200th anniversary of the Mexican War of Independence, hence the building's name. The Torre Bicentenario was canceled in 2007.
World Science TowerN/A1964Guyed mastLeisure facilities United StatesLarkspur, ColoradoN/AThe World Science Tower was going to be one of the world's tallest buildings, proposed in 1964. It would have had an amusement park at its base.
Volkshalle290 m (950 ft)
with spire 320 m (1,050 ft)
1937SkyscraperCultural and convention center Nazi GermanyBerlin1950 (cancelled 1942)Huge domed monument building planned by Adolf Hitler and Albert Speer for Germania, the projected renewal of the German capitol Berlin.

See also

Notes
  1. NASA Institute for Advanced Concepts suggested building space elevator on equatorial floating platform located at the “lightning-free” zone within international waters off the coast of Ecuador, about 1,500 kilometres (930 mi) west of the Galapagos Islands.[3]

References
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  3. Edwards, Bradley C. (2003). "The Space Elevator - NIAC phase II final report" (PDF). www.niac.usra.edu. NASA Institute for Advanced Concepts (NIAC). Retrieved 13 April 2021.
  4. Lewis, Leo (22 September 2008). "Japan hopes to turn sci-fi into reality with elevator to the stars". The Times. London. Retrieved 23 May 2010. Lewis, Leo; News International Group; accessed 22 September 2008.
  5. Xia, Zhang (17 November 2017). "China Shoots for Stars With Plans to Build Space Elevator by 2045". Yicai Global. Retrieved 13 April 2021.
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  9. Paul Birch, "Orbital Ring Systems and Jacob's Ladders - I", Journal of the British Interplanetary Society, Vol. 35, 1982, pp. 475–497. (see pdf) (Accessed 6 April 2016).
  10. Paul Birch, "Orbital Ring Systems and Jacob's Ladders - II", Journal of the British Interplanetary Society, Vol. 36, 1982, 115. (pdf).
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  12. PDF version of Lofstrom's 1985 launch loop publication (AIAA 1985) Archived September 21, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
  13. Quine, B.M.; Seth, R.K.; Zhu, Z.H. (2009). "A free-standing space elevator structure: a practical alternative to the space tether". Acta Astronautica. 65 (3–4): 365–375. doi:10.1016/j.actaastro.2009.02.018. Retrieved 6 October 2014.
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  15. These futuristic cities are housed inside a single, gigantic building
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