Provisional National Defence Council

Provisional National Defence Council
Provisional National Defence Council
Overview
Established	31 December 1981
Dissolved	7 January 1993
State	Ghana
Leader	Chairman (Jerry Rawlings)
Headquarters	Accra

The Provisional National Defence Council (PNDC) was the name of the Ghanaian government after the People's National Party's elected government was overthrown by Jerry Rawlings, the former head of the Armed Forces Revolutionary Council, in a coup d'état on 31 December 1981. He remained in power until 7 January 1993. In a statement, Rawlings said that a "holy war" was necessary due to the PNP's failure to provide effective leadership and the collapse of the national economy and state services.

The PNDC was a military dictatorship that induced civilians to participate in governance. Most of its members were civilians. Its policies reflected a revolutionary government that was pragmatic in its approach. The economic objectives of the PNDC were to halt Ghana's economic decay, stabilize the economy, and stimulate economic growth. The PNDC also brought a change in the people's attitude from a 'government will provide' position to participating in nation-building.

The PNDC provided a new constitution in 1992 and held elections that year. Rawlings's party, the NDC, won the presidential election with 58% of the vote. The opposition boycotted the subsequent parliamentary elections.[1]

Members

The seven original members of the PNDC from its inception were as follows:

Flt. Lt. Jerry John Rawlings - Chairman
Brigadier Joseph Nunoo-Mensah - retired Chief of Defence Staff
Reverend Dr. Vincent Kwabena Damuah
Warrant Officer I Joseph Adjei Buadi
Sergeant Daniel Alolga Akata Pore
Joachim Amartey Quaye
Chris Bukari Atim

Brigadier Nunoo-Mensah, who had been retired by the Limann government, was recalled as Chief of Defence Staff and the second-in-command of the PNDC. Reverend Damuah was an outspoken priest of the Roman Catholic Church in Ghana. Joachim Amartey Quaye was a labour leader who led a strike at the Ghana Industrial Holding Corporation (GIHOC) and was removed by Hilla Limann's government. Chris Bukari Atim was a student leader and friend of Jerry Rawlings. Adjei Buadi and Akata Pore were junior ranks in the Ghana Air Force.[2]

Departures and replacements

Over the years, some people were added to the membership and others left. A number left in 1982 due to ideological differences. Joachim Amartey Quaye was executed for his involvement in the murder of three senior judges and a retired army officer. Rev. Damuah who was suspended from the Catholic Church because of his involvement in the government left in late 1982 and started his own church later called the Afrikania Mission, an organization devoted to the promotion of African Traditional Religion.[3]

Additions

Mrs. Aanaa Naamua Enin- appointed August 1982[4][5]
Ebo Tawiah - appointed August 1982[4]
Naa Polku Konkuu Chiiri - appointed January 1983[6]
Justice D.F. Annan- appointed 1984[7]
Alhaji Mahama Iddrisu - appointed October 1984[8][9]
Captain (rtd) Kojo Tsikata - July 1985[9]
P. V. Obeng - July 1985[9]
Major General Arnold Quainoo
Maj. Gen. Winston C.M. Mensa-Wood
Captain (rtd) Kingsley Bruce
Air Vice Marshal A. H. K. Dumashie
Dr. Mrs. Mary Grant - appointed 1989[5]
Mrs. Susanna Al-Hassan - appointed 1985[5]

Departures

Brigadier Joseph Nunoo Mensah - resigned 1982
Rev. Dr. Kwabena Damuah - resigned 1982
Warrant Officer I Mumuni Seidu- resigned June 1994
Warrant Officer I Joseph Adjei Buadi - resigned December 1984
Sergeant Daniel Alolga Akata Pore - 1982
Joachim Amartey Quaye - executed August 1982[10]
Chris Bukari Atim - resigned 1982
Ebo Tawiah
Naa Polku Konkuu Chiiri - died 25 August 1984[8]
Brigadier W. M. Mensa-Wood
Captain Kingsley Bruce
Mrs. Susanna Al-Hassan - departed 1987
Mrs. Aanaa Naamua Enin - left in 1989

August 1992 onwards — final membership

Flt. Lt. Jerry John Rawlings - Chairman
Justice D. F. Annan
Alhaji Mahama Iddrisu
Captain (rtd) Kojo Tsikata
P. V. Obeng
Lieutenant General Arnold Quainoo
Air Vice Marshal Dumashie
Dr. Mrs. Mary Grant

Membership

Position	Name	From	To	Notes
PNDC Members
Head of state of Ghana and Chairman	Flight Lieutenant Jerry John Rawlings	December 1981	January 1993
Chief of the Defence Staff	Brigadier Joseph Nunoo-Mensah[11]	January 1982	November 1982	Reappointed Chief of Defence Staff
Member	Vincent Kwabena Damuah[12]	January 1982	1982	Catholic priest
Member	Warrant Officer I Joseph Adjei Buadi[13]	January 1982	December 1984[14]	Coordinator for the Armed Forces Defence Committees[15]
Member	Sergeant Daniel Alolga Akata Pore	January 1982	1982	Secretary Armed Forces Defence Committee[15][16]
Member	Joachim Amartey Quaye	January 1982	August 1982	Union leader
Member	Chris Bukari Atim	January 1982	1982	General Secretary of the June Fourth Movement, Former First national vice president of the National Union of Ghana Students[16]
Member	Aanaa Naamua Enin[17]	August 1982[4][18]	December 1989
Member	Ebo Tawiah[17]	August 1982[4]	?	Trade Union leader
Member	Alhaji Mahama Iddrisu[19][17]	October 1984	January 1993	Politician and businessman
Member	Captain Kojo Tsikata[17]	July 1985	January 1993	National Security and Foreign Affairs, Retired soldier
Chairman of Committee of Secretaries	Paul Victor Obeng[17]	July 1985	January 1993	Former student leader and Mechanical Engineer
Member	Lieutenant General Arnold Quainoo[17]	1982	January 1993	Chief of Defence Staff
Member	Naa Polku Konkuu Chiiri	1983[6]	1984	Nandom Naa Died in office
Member and Chairman of the National Commission for Democracy	Justice Daniel Francis Annan[17]	1984	January 1993	Retired Appeals Court Judge
Member	Susanna Al-Hassan	1985	1987	Ghana's first female minister in 1961 and author
Member	Maj. Gen. Winston C. M. Mensa-Wood[17]	1987	1992	Chief of the Defence Staff Died in office
Member	Mary Grant	1989	January 1993	Medical doctor
Member	Air Vice Marshal A. H. K. Dumashie	1992	January 1993	Chief of Defence Staff

Secretaries

The officials in charge of the various ministries were designated as Secretaries of state.

Portfolio	Secretary	From	To
List of secretaries (ministers) of state
Chairman of Committee of Secretaries	Paul Victor Obeng	1982	1993
Secretary for Foreign Affairs	Obed Asamoah[20][21]	January 1982	1993
Secretary for the Interior	Johnny F. S. Hansen[20][22]	January 1982	Apr 1982
	J. M. Ewa[22]	Apr 1982	Dec 1982
	Kofi Djin[22]	Dec 1982	Nov 1985
	Major General Winston Mensa-Wood[23][21]	Nov 1985	Oct 1987
	Nii Okaidja Adamafio[23]	Oct 1987	May 1991
	Nana Akuoko Sarpong[23]	May 1991	Mar 1992
	Colonel E. M. Osei-Wusu[23]	Mar 1992	Jan 1993
Secretary for Finance	Kwesi Botchwey[21]	1982	1993
Secretary for Defence	Naa Polku Konkuu Chirii[24]	1982	Nov 1983
	Rear Admiral C. K. Dzang[24]	22 Nov 1983	1985
	Mahama Iddrisu[24][19]	1985	6 Jan 1993
Attorney General and Secretary for Justice	G. E. K. Aikins[20][21]	January 1982	1992
Attorney General and Secretary for Justice	E.G. Tanoh	1992	1993
Secretary for Education and Culture	Christina Ama Ata Aidoo[20]	January 1982	1983
	V. C. Dadson[25]	1983	?
	Joyce Aryee[21]	1985	1987
	Mohammed Ben Abdallah[26]	1986	1987
	K. B. Asante	1988	1989
	Mary Grant	1989	1993
Secretary for Agriculture[27]	Eugene Bortei-Doku[20][28]	January 1982	Dec 1983
	John Akparibo Ndebugre	1984	1985
	Isaac Adjei-Marfo[29]	1985	1986
	Stephen Obimpeh[21]	1986	1992
	Ibrahim Adam	1992	1993
Secretary for Cocoa Affairs	Isaac Adjei-Marfo	?	?
Secretary for Chieftaincy Affairs	E.G. Tanoh	1987	1992
Secretary for Chieftaincy Affairs	Nana Akuoko Sarpong	1992	1993
Secretary for Trade Secretary for Trade and Tourism	K. B. Asante[20][30]	January 1982	1986
	Kofi Djin[21]	1986	1992
	John Bawa	1992	1993
Secretary for Culture and Tourism	Asiedu Yirenkyi[20]	January 1982	1984
Secretary for Culture and Tourism	Mohammed Ben Abdallah[21]	?	1986
Secretary for Local Government and Rural Development	John Agyekum Kufuor[20]	January 1982	1982
	Kwame Dwemoh-Kesse[25]	1983	?
	William H. Yeboah	1986	?
	Kofi Acquaah Harrison[21]	c. 1986	?
	Joyce Aryee[26]	1986	1988
	Kwamena Ahwoi	?	?
Secretary for Rural Development and Co-operatives	Kofi Ankomah[20]	January 1982	1982
Secretary for Rural Development and Co-operatives	Kofi Acquaah Harrison[26]	1982	1986
Secretary for Fuel and Power	E. Appiah Korang[21]	January 1982[20]	1987
Secretary for Fuel and Power	Ato Ahwoi	1987	1993
Secretary for Transport and Communications	Mahama Iddrisu[20]	January 1982	1986
	Kwame M. Peprah[21]	1986	1987
	Yaw Donkor	1987	1992
	Kwame M. Peprah	1992	1993
Secretary for Roads and Highways	Yaw E. O. Donkor[21]	1983	1987
	Mensah Gbedemah	1987	1992
	Richard Commey	1992	1993
Secretary for Lands and Natural Resources	Kwesi Renner	1983	1986
	George Adamu[21]	1986	1987
	Kwame Peprah	1987	1992
	J. A. Dansoh	1992	1993
Secretary for Industry, Science and Technology	Kaku Kyiamah[20]	January 1982	1983[31]
	G. B. Opoku[31]	1983	1986
	Francis Acquah[21]	1986	1992
	K. A. Butah	1992	1993
Secretary for Information	Ato Austin[20][32]	January 1982	1983
	Joyce Aryee	1983	1985
	Kofi Totobi Quakyi[21]	1985	1993
Secretary for Health	Charles Buadu	1983	1986
	E. G. Tanoh[33]	c. 1986	?
	Air Commodore F. W. Klutse[21]	1986	1988
	Nana Akuoko Sarpong	1988	1991
	Stephen Obimpeh	1992	1993
Secretary for Labour and Social Welfare Secretary for Mobilization and Productivity	Adisa Munkaila	1982	1983
	Ato Austin[25]	1983	1986
	W. H. Yeboah[21]	1986	1987
	Huudu Yahaya[34]	c. 1988	?
	George Adamu	?	1992
	D. S. Boateng	1992	1993
Secretary for Works and Housing	Mawuse Dake[20][35]	January 1982	1983[31]
	Alhassan Abubakar[25]	1983	?
	Kofi Sam[21]	c. 1986	?
	Emmanuel Appiah Korang
	Kenneth Ampratwum
Secretary for Youth and Sports	Zaya Yeebo[20][36]	January 1982	1983
	Amarkai Amarteifio	1983	1986
	Ato Austin[21]	1986	1992
	Arnold Quainoo	1992	1993
National Defence Committee	Mawuse Dake[25]	1983	?
PDCs and WDCs	Akrasi-Sarpong[25]	c. 1983	?
Regional Secretaries
Ashanti Regional Secretary	J. Y. Ansah	?	?
	F. A. Jantuah[25]	1983	?
	Colonel Osei Owusu[37]	c. 1986
Brong Ahafo Region	K. Saarah-Mensah[20]	January 1982	1982
	J. H. Owusu Acheampong	1982	?
	C. S. Takyi[25]	1983	?
	Colonel Alex Antwi[37]	c. 1986
Central Regional Secretary
	E. G. Tanoh[25]	1983	?
	Ato Austin	1988	1993
	Lt. Colonel E. A. Baidoo[37]	c. 1986
Eastern Regional Secretary	Fred Ohene-Kena	1982	?
	Daniel O. Agyekum[26][37]	?	1986
	Kofi Acquaah Harrison[26]	1986	?
Greater Accra Regional Secretary	Atukwei Okai[20][38]	January 1982	1982
	Nii Abeo Kyerekuandah[25]	1983	?
	Nii Okaidja Adamafio	1982	?
	Colonel W. A. Thompson	1985	1986
	Selina Taylor[19][37]	c. 1986
	Colonel W. A. Thompson	1988	1991
	Nii Okaidja Adamafio	1991	?
Northern Regional Secretary	Thomas Ibrahim	1982	?
Northern Regional Secretary	D. S. Zachariah[37]	c. 1986
Upper East Region	Kundab Mobilla	1982	?
Upper East Region	J. E. Sakyi[37]	c. 1986
Upper West Region	Yelibora Antumini	1982	1983
Upper West Region	Joseph Yieleh Chireh[31]	1983	?
Volta Regional Secretary	Francis Agbley	1982	?
	Yao Fiagbe[39]	c. 1982
	Richard Seglah[37]	c. 1986
Western Region	J. R. E. Amenlema	1982	?
	Don Arthur[25]	1983	?
	Colonel W. A. Thompson[37]	1986	1988

References

Jeffries, Richard & Thomas, Clare (1993). "The Ghanaian Elections of 1992". African Affairs. 92 (368): 331–366. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a098639.
"COUNCIL NAMED TO RULE GHANA". The New York Times: 3. 13 January 1982. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 28 September 2021.
"Ghana - Libation issue rears up again". African News Bulletin. Archived from the original on 2011-05-26. Retrieved 2010-07-22.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
Asamoah, Obed Y. (2014). The political history of Ghana (1950-2013) : the experience of a non-conformist. Bloomington, IN. p. 299. ISBN 978-1496985644. Retrieved 28 September 2021.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Martin K.I Christensen. "Worldwide Guide to Women in Leadership". Retrieved 2010-06-05.
"New PNDC Member". Ghana News. Embassy of Ghana. 12 (1): 12. January 1983. Retrieved 27 September 2021.
Ghana News Agency. "Justice Daniel Francis Annan". Ghana Famous People. Ghana Home Page. Retrieved 2010-07-18.
"The Rawlings Revolution". GhanaDistricts.com. Archived from the original on 4 February 2016. Retrieved 26 December 2012.
Asamoah, Obed Y. (2014). The political history of Ghana (1950-2013) : the experience of a non-conformist. Bloomington, IN. ISBN 978-1496985644.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
""Chapter 2— Ghana in Economic Crisis" in The Politics of Reform in Ghana, 1982–1991". p. 32. Retrieved 2007-04-28.
"The Security Services" (PDF). National Reconciliation Commission report. Ghana government. October 2004. p. 52. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 16, 2006. Retrieved 18 December 2021.
"Tempo of revolution has not changed - Damuah". Ghana News. Washington DC: Embassy of Ghana. 11 (6): 6. June 1982.
"Currency won't be demonitized". Ghana News. Washington DC: Embassy of Ghana. 11 (6): 1. June 1982.
Ray, Donald I. (1986). Ghana, Politics, Economics and Society. Columbia University Pr. pp. 31–34. ISBN 978-0931477621.
Akonor, Kwame (2006). Africa and IMF conditionality : the unevenness of compliance, 1983-2000. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0415979474. Retrieved 18 December 2021.
Research Directorate, Immigration and Refugee Board, Canada (1 June 1991). "Ghana: Information on a group called "June Fourth Movement (JFM)"". Refworld. Canada: Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada. Retrieved 19 December 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
"PNDC Members". Ghana News. Washington DC: Embassy of Ghana. 15 (5): 2. May 1986.
"Algeria ready with oil aid". Ghana News. Washington DC: Embassy of Ghana. 12 (1): 11. January 1983. Retrieved 27 September 2021.
"Staff College marks 10th year". Ghana News. Washington D C: Embassy of Ghana. 15 (8): 1. 1986. Retrieved 1 December 2021.
"Civilians appointed to fill cabinet posts". Ghana News. Washington DC: Embassy of Ghana. 11 (1): 3. January 1982.
"PNDC Secretaries". Ghana News. Washington D C: Embassy of Ghana. 15 (5): 2. May 1986.
"Past Ministers (3)". Official website. Ministry of Interior, Ghana. Retrieved 14 August 2014.
"Past Ministers (2)". Official website. Ministry of Interior, Ghana. Archived from the original on 19 January 2015. Retrieved 14 August 2014.
"MINISTER FOR DEFENCE". www.mod.gov.gh. Ghana Government. Retrieved 19 March 2020.
"PNDC makes 6 cabinet changes". Ghana News. Washington DC: Embassy of Ghana. 12 (6): 6. June 1983.
"Changes in Designation of Ministries and Assignment of Portfolios". Ghana News. Washington D C: Embassy of Ghana. 15 (8): 14. September 1986. Retrieved 1 December 2021.
"Former Heads of MoFA". Official website. Ministry of Food and Agriculture. Retrieved 7 August 2012.
1984 Training for Agriculture and Rural Development. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 1985. p. 87. ISBN 978-92-5-102139-2. Retrieved 31 October 2021.
"Ghana To Receive $15 Grant From IFAD". Ghana News. Washington D C: Embassy of Ghana. 15 (5): 7. May 1986.
Tawiah, Kofi Owusu (27 January 2018). "K.B. Asante, the patriot, diplomat and writer". Ghanweb.com. GhanaWeb. Retrieved 23 May 2019.
"More changes announced". Ghana News. Washington DC: Embassy of Ghana. 12 (3): 3. 1979. Retrieved 19 December 2021.
"There's need for ideo. direction". Ghana News. Washington DC: Embassy of Ghana. 11 (6): 5. June 1982.
"Ghana In Favour Of National Health Insurance Scheme". Ghana News. Washington D C: Embassy of Ghana. 15 (5): 7. May 1986.
Clegg, Sam, ed. (29 November 1988). "Yahaya attends ILO confab". Daily Graphic. Accra: Graphic Communications Group Ltd (11830): 16. Retrieved 2 December 2021.
"PNDC will provide houses for all". Ghana News. Washington DC: Embassy of Ghana. 11 (6): 8. June 1982.
"Today in history: Ghana won its fourth AFCON title". Ghanaweb.com. GhanaWeb. 19 March 2018. Retrieved 20 May 2019.
"PNDC Regional Secretaries". Ghana News. Washington D C: Embassy of Ghana. 15 (5): 2. May 1986.
"World Statesment (sic) are honoured". Ghana News. Washington DC: Embassy of Ghana. 11 (6): 3. June 1982.
"Fiscal Year Changes". Ghana News. Washington DC: Embassy of Ghana. 11 (6): 8. June 1982. Retrieved 16 December 2021.

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[Jeffries-1] Jeffries, Richard & Thomas, Clare (1993). "The Ghanaian Elections of 1992". African Affairs. 92 (368): 331–366. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a098639.

[2] "COUNCIL NAMED TO RULE GHANA". The New York Times: 3. 13 January 1982. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 28 September 2021.

[3] "Ghana - Libation issue rears up again". African News Bulletin. Archived from the original on 2011-05-26. Retrieved 2010-07-22.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)

[obedasamoah-4] Asamoah, Obed Y. (2014). The political history of Ghana (1950-2013) : the experience of a non-conformist. Bloomington, IN. p. 299. ISBN 978-1496985644. Retrieved 28 September 2021.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

[Ghana_Ministers-5] Martin K.I Christensen. "Worldwide Guide to Women in Leadership". Retrieved 2010-06-05.

[pndcmember-6] "New PNDC Member". Ghana News. Embassy of Ghana. 12 (1): 12. January 1983. Retrieved 27 September 2021.

[7] Ghana News Agency. "Justice Daniel Francis Annan". Ghana Famous People. Ghana Home Page. Retrieved 2010-07-18.

[Naa_Polku_Konkuu_Chiiri-8] "The Rawlings Revolution". GhanaDistricts.com. Archived from the original on 4 February 2016. Retrieved 26 December 2012.

[asamoah-9] Asamoah, Obed Y. (2014). The political history of Ghana (1950-2013) : the experience of a non-conformist. Bloomington, IN. ISBN 978-1496985644.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

[10] ""Chapter 2— Ghana in Economic Crisis" in The Politics of Reform in Ghana, 1982–1991". p. 32. Retrieved 2007-04-28.

[nrc-11] "The Security Services" (PDF). National Reconciliation Commission report. Ghana government. October 2004. p. 52. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 16, 2006. Retrieved 18 December 2021.

[damuah-12] "Tempo of revolution has not changed - Damuah". Ghana News. Washington DC: Embassy of Ghana. 11 (6): 6. June 1982.

[buadi-13] "Currency won't be demonitized". Ghana News. Washington DC: Embassy of Ghana. 11 (6): 1. June 1982.

[ray-14] Ray, Donald I. (1986). Ghana, Politics, Economics and Society. Columbia University Pr. pp. 31–34. ISBN 978-0931477621.

[akonnor-15] Akonor, Kwame (2006). Africa and IMF conditionality : the unevenness of compliance, 1983-2000. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0415979474. Retrieved 18 December 2021.

[Refworld-16] Research Directorate, Immigration and Refugee Board, Canada (1 June 1991). "Ghana: Information on a group called "June Fourth Movement (JFM)"". Refworld. Canada: Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada. Retrieved 19 December 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[gn-15-5-2-17] "PNDC Members". Ghana News. Washington DC: Embassy of Ghana. 15 (5): 2. May 1986.

[ennin-18] "Algeria ready with oil aid". Ghana News. Washington DC: Embassy of Ghana. 12 (1): 11. January 1983. Retrieved 27 September 2021.

[gn15-8-1-19] "Staff College marks 10th year". Ghana News. Washington D C: Embassy of Ghana. 15 (8): 1. 1986. Retrieved 1 December 2021.

[civilians-20] "Civilians appointed to fill cabinet posts". Ghana News. Washington DC: Embassy of Ghana. 11 (1): 3. January 1982.

[gn-15-8-5-secretaries-21] "PNDC Secretaries". Ghana News. Washington D C: Embassy of Ghana. 15 (5): 2. May 1986.

[Page3-22] "Past Ministers (3)". Official website. Ministry of Interior, Ghana. Retrieved 14 August 2014.

[Page2-23] "Past Ministers (2)". Official website. Ministry of Interior, Ghana. Archived from the original on 19 January 2015. Retrieved 14 August 2014.

[mod-24] "MINISTER FOR DEFENCE". www.mod.gov.gh. Ghana Government. Retrieved 19 March 2020.

[pndcchanges-25] "PNDC makes 6 cabinet changes". Ghana News. Washington DC: Embassy of Ghana. 12 (6): 6. June 1983.

[gn15-8-26] "Changes in Designation of Ministries and Assignment of Portfolios". Ghana News. Washington D C: Embassy of Ghana. 15 (8): 14. September 1986. Retrieved 1 December 2021.

[27] "Former Heads of MoFA". Official website. Ministry of Food and Agriculture. Retrieved 7 August 2012.

[fao-28] 1984 Training for Agriculture and Rural Development. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 1985. p. 87. ISBN 978-92-5-102139-2. Retrieved 31 October 2021.

[gn-15-5-7-29] "Ghana To Receive $15 Grant From IFAD". Ghana News. Washington D C: Embassy of Ghana. 15 (5): 7. May 1986.

[30] Tawiah, Kofi Owusu (27 January 2018). "K.B. Asante, the patriot, diplomat and writer". Ghanweb.com. GhanaWeb. Retrieved 23 May 2019.

[dake_end-31] "More changes announced". Ghana News. Washington DC: Embassy of Ghana. 12 (3): 3. 1979. Retrieved 19 December 2021.

[austin-32] "There's need for ideo. direction". Ghana News. Washington DC: Embassy of Ghana. 11 (6): 5. June 1982.

[33] "Ghana In Favour Of National Health Insurance Scheme". Ghana News. Washington D C: Embassy of Ghana. 15 (5): 7. May 1986.

[34] Clegg, Sam, ed. (29 November 1988). "Yahaya attends ILO confab". Daily Graphic. Accra: Graphic Communications Group Ltd (11830): 16. Retrieved 2 December 2021.

[dake-35] "PNDC will provide houses for all". Ghana News. Washington DC: Embassy of Ghana. 11 (6): 8. June 1982.

[36] "Today in history: Ghana won its fourth AFCON title". Ghanaweb.com. GhanaWeb. 19 March 2018. Retrieved 20 May 2019.

[gn-15-5-2-regional-37] "PNDC Regional Secretaries". Ghana News. Washington D C: Embassy of Ghana. 15 (5): 2. May 1986.

[atukweiokai-38] "World Statesment (sic) are honoured". Ghana News. Washington DC: Embassy of Ghana. 11 (6): 3. June 1982.

[fiagbe-39] "Fiscal Year Changes". Ghana News. Washington DC: Embassy of Ghana. 11 (6): 8. June 1982. Retrieved 16 December 2021.

Ghana governments
Civilian	Nkrumah government Busia government Limann government Rawlings government Kufuor government Mills government Mahama government Akufo-Addo government
Military	National Liberation Council National Redemption Council Supreme Military Council Armed Forces Revolutionary Council Provisional National Defence Council

Coups d'état in Africa since 1960
1960s	Republic of the Congo (1960)^c Ethiopia (1960) Rwanda (1961) French Algeria (1961) Somalia (1961) Senegal (1962) Dahomey (1963)^c Togo (1963)^c Gabon (1964)^c Algeria (1965)^c Dahomey (1965) Burundi (1965) Democratic Republic of the Congo (1965) Central African Republic (1965–66)^c Burundi (July 1966)^c Burundi (November 1966)^c Ghana (1966)^c Upper Volta (1966)^c Nigeria (January 1966)^c Nigeria (July 1966)^c Republic of the Congo (1966) Dahomey (1967) Ghana (1967) Togo (1967)^c Algeria (1967) Mali (1968)^c Republic of the Congo (1968)^c Dahomey (1969) Sudan (1969)^c Libya (September 1969)^c Somalia (1969)^c Libya (December 1969)
1970s	Lesotho (1970)^‡c Uganda (1971)^c Morocco (1971) Sudan (1971)^c Dahomey (1972)^c Ghana (1972)^c Morocco (1972) Republic of the Congo (1972) Rwanda (1973)^c Upper Volta (1974)^‡ Uganda (1974) Niger (1974)^c Ethiopia (1974)^c Comoros (1975)^c Sudan (1975) Libya (1975) Nigeria (1975)^c Chad (1975)^c Comoros (1976)^c Burundi (1976)^c Nigeria (1976) Sudan (1976) Benin (1977) Seychelles (1977)^c Sudan (1977) Uganda (June 1977) Somalia (1978) Comoros (1978)^c Ghana (1978)^‡c Mauritania (1978)^c Mauritania (1979)^c Ghana (1979)^c Equatorial Guinea (1979)^c Central African Republic (1979)^c
1980s	Mauritania (1980)^c Liberia (1980)^c Guinea-Bissau (1980)^c Upper Volta (1980)^c Mauritania (1981) Gambia (1981) Central African Republic (1981)^c Ghana (1981)^c Seychelles (1981) Central African Republic (1982) Kenya (1982) Upper Volta (1982)^c Upper Volta (February 1983) Upper Volta (August 1983)^c Nigeria (1983)^c Mauritania (1984)^c Cameroon (1984) Guinea (1984)^c Uganda (1985)^c Nigeria (1985)^c Sudan (1985)^c Guinea (1985) Liberia (1985) Lesotho (1986)^c Togo (1986) Burkina Faso (1987)^c Burundi (1987)^c Republic of the Congo (1987) Tunisia (1987)^c Benin (1988) Benin (1988) Burkina Faso (1989) Ethiopia (1989) Chad (1989) Sudan (1989)^c
1990s	Sudan (1990) Nigeria (1990) Zambia (1990) Chad (1990)^c Mali (1991)^c Lesotho (1991)^c Sierra Leone (1992)^c Algeria (1992) Sierra Leone (December 1992) Burundi (1993) Libya (1993) Nigeria (1993)^c Gambia (1994)^c Comoros (1995) São Tomé and Príncipe (1995) Sierra Leone (1996)^c Guinea (1996) Burundi (1996)^c Niger (1996)^c Sierra Leone (August 1996) Zambia (1997) Sierra Leone (1997)^c Republic of the Congo (1998) Niger (1999)^c Côte d'Ivoire (1999)^c
2000s	Burundi (2001) Central African Republic (2001) Central African Republic (2003)^c Mauritania (2003) Guinea-Bissau (2003)^c São Tomé and Príncipe (2003) Burkina Faso (2003) Chad (2004) Sudan (2004) Equatorial Guinea (2004) Mauritania (2005)^c Chad (2006) Madagascar (2006) Zimbabwe (2007) Guinea (2008)^c Mauritania (2008)^c Sudan (2008) Madagascar (2009)^c
2010s	Madagascar (2010) Niger (2010)^c Democratic Republic of the Congo (2011) Niger (2011) Mali (2012)^c Guinea-Bissau (2012)^c Sudan (2012) Chad (2013) Egypt (2013)^c Libya (October 2013) Central African Republic (2013)^c Libya (2014) Lesotho (2014) The Gambia (2014) Burundi (2015) Burkina Faso (2015) Burkina Faso (2016) Libya (2016) Zimbabwe (2017)^c Gabon (2019) Sudan (2019)^c Ethiopia (2019)
2020s	Mali (2020)^c Central African Republic (2021) Niger (2021) Mali (2021)^c Tunisia (2021)^‡^c Guinea (2021)^c Sudan (September 2021) Sudan (October 2021)^‡^c Burkina Faso (January 2022)^c Guinea-Bissau (2022) Democratic Republic of the Congo (2022) Burkina Faso (September 2022)^c São Tomé and Príncipe (2022) Gambia (2022) Sudan (2023) Niger (2023)^c Gabon (2023)^c Burkina Faso (2023)
^c: successful coup ^‡ self-coup no sign for attempted coup