Demographics of Qatar

Natives of the Arabian Peninsula, many Qatarians (Arabic: قطرين) are descended from a number of migratory Arab tribes that came to Qatar in the 18th century from mainly the neighboring areas of Nejd and Al-Hasa. Some are descended from Omani tribes. Qatar has about 2.6 million inhabitants as of early 2017, the vast majority of whom (about 92%) live in Doha, the capital.[1] Foreign workers amount to around 88% of the population, the largest of which comprise South Asians, with those from India alone estimated to be around 700,000.[2] Egyptians and Filipinos are the largest non-South Asian migrant group in Qatar. The treatment of these foreign workers has been heavily criticized with conditions suggested to be modern slavery. However the International Labour Organization published report in November 2022 that contained multiple reforms by Qatar for its migrant workers. The reforms included the establishment of the minimum wage, wage protection regulations, improved access for workers to justice, etc. It included data from last 4 years of progress in workers conditions of Qatar. The report also revealed that the freedom to change jobs was initiated, implementation of Occupational safety and health & labor inspection, and also the required effort from the nation's side.[3]

Demographics of Qatar
Population pyramid of Qatar in 2022
Population2,937,800 (2022 est.)
Growth rate1.04% (2022 est.)
Birth rate9.33 births/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Death rate1.42 deaths/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Life expectancy79.81 years
 • male77.7 years
 • female81.96 years (2022 est.)
Fertility rate1.9 children born/woman (2022 est.)
Infant mortality rate6.62 deaths/1,000 live births
Net migration rate2.45 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Age structure
0–14 years14.23%
15–64 years84.61%
65 and over1.16%
Sex ratio
Total3.36 male(s)/female (2022 est.)
At birth1.02 male(s)/female
Under 151.02 male(s)/female
65 and over1.13 male(s)/female
Nationality
NationalityQatari
Language
OfficialArabic

Islam is the official religion, and Islamic jurisprudence is the basis of Qatar's legal system. A significant minority religion is Hindu due to the large amount of Qatar's migrant workers coming from India.

Arabic is the official language and English is the lingua franca of business. Hindi-Urdu and Bengali are among the most widely spoken languages by the foreign workers.[4] Education in Qatar is compulsory and free for all citizens 6–16 years old. The country has an increasingly high literacy rate.

Population
2002–2022
YearPop.±% p.a.
1986 369,079—    
1997 522,026+3.20%
2001 676,498+6.69%
2003 713,859+2.72%
2004 744,028+4.23%
2005 906,123+21.79%
2006 1,042,947+15.10%
2007 1,218,250+16.81%
2008 1,448,479+18.90%
2009 1,638,626+13.13%
2010 1,699,435+3.71%
2011 1,732,717+1.96%
2012 1,832,903+5.78%
2013 2,101,288+14.64%
2014 2,172,065+3.37%
2015 2,235,355+2.91%
2016 2,291,368+2.51%
2017 2,338,085+2.04%
2022 2,791,925+3.61%
Source: Qatar Statistics Authority[5][6]
1950–2010
YearPop.±% p.a.
195025,000—    
196047,000+6.52%
1970108,000+8.68%
1980222,000+7.47%
1990474,000+7.88%
2000591,000+2.23%
20101,759,000+11.52%
Source: United Nations[7]

By nationality

Native Qatarians can be divided into three ethnic groups: Bedouin Arabs, Hadar, and Afro-Arab. They comprise 11.6% of the country's population.

A 2011–2014 report by the International Organization for Migration recorded 176,748 Nepali Citizens living in Qatar as migrant workers.[8][9][10] In 2012 about 7,000 Turkish nationals lived in Qatar[11] and in 2016 about 1,000 Colombian nationals and descendants lived in Qatar. No official numbers are published of the foreign population broken down by nationality, however a firm provided estimates as of 2019:[12]

CountryNumberpercent
 India700,00021.8%
 Bangladesh400,00012.5%
   Nepal400,00012.5%
 Qatar330,00010.5%
 Egypt300,0009.35%
 Philippines236,0007.36%
 Pakistan180,0004.7%
 Sri Lanka140,0004.35%
 Sudan60,0001.9%
 Syria54,0001.8%
 Jordan51,0001.6%
 Lebanon40,0001.25%
 United States40,0001.25%
 Kenya30,0001%
 Iran30,0001%

Vital statistics

UN estimates
Period Live births per year Deaths per year Natural change per year CBR* CDR* NC* TFR* IMR*
1950–19551,00001,00047.513.833.76.97126
1955–19602,00001,00044.311.333.06.97110
1960–19652,0001,0002,00041.08.832.16.9790
1965–19704,0001,0003,00038.66.831.86.9771
1970–19755,0001,0004,00034.85.229.66.7753
1975–19807,0001,0006,00035.74.031.76.1138
1980–198510,0001,0009,00033.23.130.15.4528
1985–199011,0001,00010,00025.42.522.94.5023
1990–199511,0001,00010,00022.82.220.64.0118
1995–200010,0001,0009,00019.22.117.13.3014
2000–200513,0001,00012,00018.81.916.93.0111
2005–201018,0002,00016,00014.11.612.52.409
* CBR = crude birth rate (per 1000); CDR = crude death rate (per 1000); NC = natural change (per 1000); IMR = infant mortality rate per 1000 births; TFR = total fertility rate (number of children per woman)
Source:[13]

Registered births and deaths
Average population Live births Deaths Natural change Crude birth rate (per 1000) Crude death rate (per 2) Natural change (per 1000) TFR
1970 108,000 3,6164643,152 33.44.329.1
1971 118,000 3,9214913,430 33.24.229.0
1972 129,000 4,0385633,475 31.24.426.8
1973 141,000 4,3676603,707 31.04.726.3
1974 152,000 4,5626883,874 30.04.525.5
1975 163,000 4,5596003,959 28.03.724.3
1976 172,000 4,8936094,284 28.43.524.9
1977 181,000 5,3136864,627 29.43.825.6
1978 190,000 5,9776455,332 31.43.428.0
1979 203,000 6,0577095,348 29.83.526.3
1980 222,000 6,7506626,088 30.53.027.5
1981 246,000 7,1927256,467 29.33.026.3
1982 275,000 8,0327897,243 29.22.926.3
1983 307,000 8,2618037,458 26.92.624.3
1984 338,000 8,6136427,971 25.51.923.6
1985 368,000 9,2257948,431 25.12.222.9
1986 395,000 9,9427849,158 25.22.023.2
1987 420,000 9,9197889,131 23.61.921.7
1988 442,000 10,8428619,981 24.51.922.6
1989 460,000 10,90884710,061 23.71.821.9
1990 474,000 11,02287110,151 23.31.821.5
1991 483,000 9,7568838,873 20.21.818.4
1992 488,000 10,4599449,515 21.41.919.5
1993 491,000 10,8229139,909 22.01.920.1
1994 495,000 10,5619649,597 21.31.919.4
1995 501,000 10,3711,0009,371 20.72.018.7
1996 512,000 10,3171,0159,302 20.12.018.1
1997 529,000 10,4471,0609,387 19.82.017.8
1998 549,000 10,7811,1579,624 19.62.117.5
1999 570,000 10,8461,1489,698 19.02.017.0
2000 591,000 11,4381,17310,265 19.42.017.4
2001 608,000 12,3551,21011,145 20.32.018.3
2002 624,000 12,3881,22011,168 19.82.017.8
2003 654,000 13,0261,31111,715 19.92.017.9
2004 715,000 13,5891,34112,248 19.01.917.12.78
2005 821,000 13,5141,54511,969 16.51.914.62.62
2006 978,000 14,2041,75012,454 14.51.812.72.48
2007 1,178,000 15,6951,77613,919 13.31.511.82.45
2008 1,448,000 17,4801,94215,538 12.11.310.82.43
2009 1,639,000 18,3512,00816,343 11.21.210.02.28
2010 1,715,000 19,5041,97017,534 11.41.110.32.08
2011 1,733,000 20,6231,94918,674 12.01.110.92.12
2012 1,833,000 21,4232,03119,392 11.71.110.62.05
2013 2,004,000 23,7082,13321,575 11.81.110.72.00
2014 2,216,000 25,4432,36623,007 11.51.110.42.00
2015 2,438,000 26,6222,31724,305 10.91.09.92.00
2016 2,618,000 26,8162,34724,469 10.20.99.31.85
2017 2,725,000 27,9062,29425,612 10.20.89.41.83
2018 2,760,000 28,0692,38525,684 10.20.99.31.75
2019 2,799,000 28,4122,20026,212 10.20.89.41.73
2020 2,834,000 29,0142,81126,203 10.21.09.21.67
2021 2,748,000 26,3192,84123,478 9.61.08.51.60
2022 24,7032,68922,014 8.81.07.8
Sources:[14][15]

Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (01.VII.2019):[16]

Age Group Male Female Total %
Total 2 064 276 734 926 2 799 202 100
0–4 74 902 71 724 146 626 5.24
5–9 71 614 69 267 140 881 5.03
10–14 56 637 54 291 110 928 3.96
15–19 47 897 38 313 86 210 3.08
20–24 205 862 44 382 250 244 8.94
25–29 352 616 92 515 445 131 15.90
30–34 393 644 109 435 503 079 17.97
35–39 319 713 89 034 408 747 14.60
40–44 211 372 62 490 273 862 9.78
45–49 145 216 39 577 184 793 6.60
50–54 86 415 25 298 111 713 3.99
55–59 51 306 16 530 67 836 2.42
60–64 26 902 9 875 36 777 1.31
65–69 10 744 5 365 16 109 0.58
70–74 4 905 3 154 8 059 0.29
75–79 2 703 2 031 4 734 0.17
80+ 1 828 1 645 3 473 0.12
Age group Male Female Total Percent
0–14 203 153 195 282 398 435 14.23
15–64 1 840 943 527 449 2 368 392 84.61
65+ 20 180 12 195 32 375 1.16

Life expectancy
Life expectancy at birth in Qatar
Period Life expectancy in
Years		 Period Life expectancy in
Years
1950–1955 55.2 1985–1990 74.5
1955–1960 59.2 1990–1995 75.3
1960–1965 62.9 1995–2000 76.0
1965–1970 66.6 2000–2005 76.6
1970–1975 69.7 2005–2010 76.9
1975–1980 71.8 2010–2015 77.6
1980–1985 73.4
Source: UN World Population Prospects[17]

Religions

Languages

Arabic is the official language of Qatar according to Article 1 of the Constitution.[19]

English is the de facto second language of Qatar, and is very commonly used in business. Because of Qatar's varied ethnic landscape, English has been recognized as the most convenient medium for people of different backgrounds to communicate with each other.[20] The history of English use in the country dates back to the mid-19th and early 20th centuries when the British Empire would frequently draft treaties and agreements with the emirates of the Persian Gulf. One such treaty was the 1916 protectorate treaty signed between Abdullah bin Jassim Al Thani and the British representative Percy Cox, under which Qatar would be placed under British administration in exchange for protection. Another agreement drafted in English came in 1932 and was signed between the Qatarian government and the Anglo-Persian Oil Company. These agreements were mainly facilitated by foreign interpreters due to neither party possessing the required language skills for such complex arrangements. For instance, a translator and native Arabic speaker named A. A. Hilmy interpreted the 1932 agreement for Qatar.[21]

Hindi, Urdu, Tagalog, Bengali, Tamil, Telugu and Malayalam are commonly used among Asian migrants. In 2015, there were more newspapers being printed by the government in Malayalam than in Arabic or English.[22]

Genetics

Y-chromosome DNA

Y-Chromosome DNA Y-DNA represents the male lineage, The Qatarian Y-chromosome in large belongs to haplogroup J which comprises two thirds of the total chromosomes[23]

  • J1 ≈58.3%
  • J2 ≈8.3%
  • E* ≈7.0% — E(xE1b1b)
  • R1a ≈6.9%
  • E1b1b ≈5.6%
  • Other Haplogroups ≈13.9%

Mitochondrial DNA

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) represents the female lineage The Qatarian mitochondrial DNA shows much more diversity than the Y-DNA lineages, with more than 35% of the lineages showing African ancestry (East African & Subsaharan) & the rest of the lineages being Eurasian.[24]

  • R0 ~ 22% (14% R0*, 8% H)
  • JT ~ 22% (18% J & 4% T)
  • UK ~ 20% (11% K & 9% U)
  • L3 ~ 10% (East African & Subsaharan lineages)
  • Other lineages ~ 26%

References
  1. "Ministry of Development Planning and Statistics". Retrieved 7 February 2017.
  2. "Population of Qatar by nationality – 2017 report". Retrieved 7 February 2017.
  3. "Four years of labour reforms in Qatar". www.ilo.org. 1 November 2022. Retrieved 11 November 2022.
  4. "Qatar Tourist Guide". Retrieved 15 February 2012.
  5. "Qatar Planning and Statistics Authority – Monthly Figures on Total Population".
  6. "Qatar Statistics Authority – Population 2012" (PDF).
  7. World Population Prospects: The 2010 Revision Archived February 28, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
  8. "Nepalese Migrant workers in Qatar from Terai".
  9. "Iom International Report claims half of Nepalese migrant workers in foreign are Madhesi people from Terai, mainly to Qatar, Malaysia, UAE, Saudi Arabia and UAE".
  10. "Half of madhesi people of Terai are in Qatar".
  11. "Turkish school in Qatar to help spread Turkish culture" (Archive). Today's Zaman. Wednesday February 29, 2012. Retrieved on September 26, 2015.
  12. "Population of Qatar by nationality in 2019". Priya DSouza Communications. 15 August 2019. Retrieved 21 November 2021.
  13. World Population Prospects: The 2010 Revision Archived May 6, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
  14. United nations. Demographic Yearbooks
  15. "Domains". Archived from the original on 1 July 2015. Retrieved 15 June 2015. Qatar Information Exchange]
  16. "UNSD — Demographic and Social Statistics".
  17. "World Population Prospects – Population Division – United Nations". Retrieved 15 July 2017.
  18. "CIA Factbook – Qatar". 21 April 2022.
  19. "Qatar's Constitution of 2003" (PDF). Constitute Project. Retrieved 14 February 2019.
  20. The Report: Qatar 2015. Oxford Business Group. 2015. p. 12. ISBN 9781910068274.
  21. Qotbah, Mohammed Abdullah (1990). Needs analysis and the design of courses in English for academic purposes : a study of the use of English language at the University of Qatar (PDF). etheses.dur.ac.uk (Thesis). Durham theses, Durham University. p. 8. Retrieved 14 February 2019.
  22. The Report: Qatar 2015. Oxford Business Group. 2015. p. 15. ISBN 9781910068274.
  23. Cadenas et al. 2007
  24. Rowold et al. 2007

Further reading
  • Ferdinand, Klaus (1993). Ida Nicolaisen (ed.). Bedouins of Qatar. London: Thames and Hudson. ISBN 9780500015735. OCLC 990430539.
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