Quasi-bialgebra

In mathematics, quasi-bialgebras are a generalization of bialgebras: they were first defined by the Ukrainian mathematician Vladimir Drinfeld in 1990. A quasi-bialgebra differs from a bialgebra by having coassociativity replaced by an invertible element which controls the non-coassociativity. One of their key properties is that the corresponding category of modules forms a tensor category.

Definition

A quasi-bialgebra is an algebra over a field equipped with morphisms of algebras

along with invertible elements , and such that the following identities hold:

Where and are called the comultiplication and counit, and are called the right and left unit constraints (resp.), and is sometimes called the Drinfeld associator.[1]:369–376 This definition is constructed so that the category is a tensor category under the usual vector space tensor product, and in fact this can be taken as the definition instead of the list of above identities.[1]:368 Since many of the quasi-bialgebras that appear "in nature" have trivial unit constraints, ie. the definition may sometimes be given with this assumed.[1]:370 Note that a bialgebra is just a quasi-bialgebra with trivial unit and associativity constraints: and .

Braided quasi-bialgebras

A braided quasi-bialgebra (also called a quasi-triangular quasi-bialgebra) is a quasi-bialgebra whose corresponding tensor category is braided. Equivalently, by analogy with braided bialgebras, we can construct a notion of a universal R-matrix which controls the non-cocommutativity of a quasi-bialgebra. The definition is the same as in the braided bialgebra case except for additional complications in the formulas caused by adding in the associator.

Proposition: A quasi-bialgebra is braided if it has a universal R-matrix, ie an invertible element such that the following 3 identities hold:

Where, for every , is the monomial with in the th spot, where any omitted numbers correspond to the identity in that spot. Finally we extend this by linearity to all of .[1]:371

Again, similar to the braided bialgebra case, this universal R-matrix satisfies (a non-associative version of) the Yang–Baxter equation:

[1]:372

Twisting

Given a quasi-bialgebra, further quasi-bialgebras can be generated by twisting (from now on we will assume ) .

If is a quasi-bialgebra and is an invertible element such that , set

Then, the set is also a quasi-bialgebra obtained by twisting by F, which is called a twist or gauge transformation.[1]:373 If was a braided quasi-bialgebra with universal R-matrix , then so is with universal R-matrix (using the notation from the above section).[1]:376 However, the twist of a bialgebra is only in general a quasi-bialgebra. Twistings fulfill many expected properties. For example, twisting by and then is equivalent to twisting by , and twisting by then recovers the original quasi-bialgebra.

Twistings have the important property that they induce categorical equivalences on the tensor category of modules:

Theorem: Let , be quasi-bialgebras, let be the twisting of by , and let there exist an isomorphism: . Then the induced tensor functor is a tensor category equivalence between and . Where . Moreover, if is an isomorphism of braided quasi-bialgebras, then the above induced functor is a braided tensor category equivalence.[1]:375–376

Usage

Quasi-bialgebras form the basis of the study of quasi-Hopf algebras and further to the study of Drinfeld twists and the representations in terms of F-matrices associated with finite-dimensional irreducible representations of quantum affine algebra. F-matrices can be used to factorize the corresponding R-matrix. This leads to applications in statistical mechanics, as quantum affine algebras, and their representations give rise to solutions of the Yang–Baxter equation, a solvability condition for various statistical models, allowing characteristics of the model to be deduced from its corresponding quantum affine algebra. The study of F-matrices has been applied to models such as the XXZ in the framework of the Algebraic Bethe ansatz.

See also

References

  1. C. Kassel. "Quantum Groups". Graduate Texts in Mathematics Springer-Verlag. ISBN 0387943706

Further reading

  • Vladimir Drinfeld, Quasi-Hopf algebras, Leningrad Math J. 1 (1989), 1419-1457
  • J.M. Maillet and J. Sanchez de Santos, Drinfeld Twists and Algebraic Bethe Ansatz, Amer. Math. Soc. Transl. (2) Vol. 201, 2000
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