Queen Hyosun
Queen Hyosun (효순왕후 조씨; 8 January 1716 – 30 December 1751[1]), of the Pungyang Jo clan, was the crown princess of Joseon. She was never known by the title queen during her lifetime.[2] Both Hyosun and her husband were posthumously made the adoptive parents of the future King Jeongjo in 1764, in an attempt to distance the boy from the crimes of his birth father, Crown Prince Sado.[3] She was posthumously called as Hyosun, the Bright Empress (효순소황후, 孝純昭皇后).
| Queen Hyosun 효순왕후 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Queen consort of Joseon (posthumously honored) | |||||
| Crown Princess of Joseon | |||||
| Tenure | 1727–16 November 1728 | ||||
| Predecessor | Crown Princess Seo | ||||
| Successor | Crown Princess Hye | ||||
| Born | 8 January 1716 Dongbu, Sunggyu-bang, Hanseong, Kingdom of Joseon | ||||
| Died | 30 December 1751 (aged 35) Uichunhyeon, Geongeuk Hall, Changdeok Palace, Hanseong, Kingdom of Joseon | ||||
| Burial | Yeongreung, 89 Samreung-ro, Jori-eup, Paju, Gyeonggi Province | ||||
| Spouse | Crown Prince Hyojang (m.1727–1728) | ||||
| Issue | King Jeongjo of Joseon (adopted) | ||||
| |||||
| House | Pungyang Jo (by birth) Jeonju Yi (by marriage) | ||||
| Father | Jo Mun-myeong | ||||
| Mother | Internal Princess Consort Wangheung of the Jeonju Yi clan | ||||
| Queen Hyosun | |
| Hangul | |
|---|---|
| Hanja | |
| Revised Romanization | Hyosun wanghu |
| McCune–Reischauer | Hyosun wangu |
Biography
Lady Jo was born into the Pungyang Jo clan during King Sukjong’s 14th year of reign as the eldest daughter of Jo Mun-myeong, a government official aligned with the Soron faction,[4] and his second wife, Lady Yi of the Jeonju Yi clan, the royal house of Joseon. Through her paternal grandmother, Lady Jo is a first cousin removed of Queen Ingyeong; the first wife of her father-in-law’s father, King Sukjong.
Through a selection process, the 11-year-old Lady Jo was chosen to become the crown princess in 1727 and married the 8-year-old Crown Prince Hyojang that same year. On such occasion, her father-in-law, King Yeongjo, gifted her a book of instructions that he had written.[5]
On 16 December 1728, Hyosun's husband died of an unknown illness when she was 12 years old.[5] Despite this happening, she was still given the title of Hyeonbin or Crown Princess Consort Hyeon (Hangul: 현빈, Hanja: 賢嬪) in 1735.[6]
Eventually in 1744, Lady Jo was given the title of Lady Hyeonbin (현빈궁, 賢嬪宮; lit. ‘Hyeonbin Palace’) as she was no longer the crown princess consort through her marriage. Despite being widowed, she remained in the palace and reportedly developed a good relationship with the wife of the new crown prince, Crown Princess Consort Hye.[7]
It is also said that King Yeongjo had favored and seen Hyosun as another daughter like Princess Hwapyeong. Outliving her husband by 23 years, Hyosun later died at the age of 35 in the winter on 30 December 1751. King Yeongjo, who was reportedly deeply saddened by her death, led the mourning rites.[8]
Posthumous treatment
Hyosun was initially granted the posthumous title of Hyosun, the Virtuous Crown Princess Consort (
Hangul: 효순현빈) and venerated in the same temple as her deceased husband.[9] Her brother-in-law, Crown Prince Sado, was killed in 1762 for his actions which prompted Yeongjo to issue a decree that made Hyosun and Hyojang the adoptive parents of Sado's eldest son; in a move seen as an attempt to preserve the boy's legitimacy as an heir.[3] The year of King Jeongjo's succession in 1776, the princess consort thus received the posthumous title of Queen Hyosun (
Hangul: 효순왕후) with her husband receiving King Jinjong as his posthumous title.[10]
After 157 years, Queen Hyosun was granted the title of Hyosun, the Bright Empress (
Hangul: 효순소황후) in 1908 when Emperor Sunjong succeeded to the throne.[11]
Family
- Great-Great-Great-Great-Great-Grandfather
- Jo Se-chan (조세찬, 趙世贊)
- Adoptive Great-Great-Great-Great-Great-Grandfather - Jo Se-hun (조세훈, 趙世勛)
- Jo Se-chan (조세찬, 趙世贊)
- Great-Great-Great-Great-Great-Grandmother
- Lady Yi of the Gwangju Yi clan (광주 이씨); daughter of Yi Eun (이은, 李誾)
- Adoptive Great-Great-Great-Great-Great-Grandmother - Lady Song of the Pyeonghae Son clan (정부인 평해 손씨); daughter of Son Jun (손준, 孫濬)
- Lady Yi of the Gwangju Yi clan (광주 이씨); daughter of Yi Eun (이은, 李誾)
- Great-Great-Great-Great-Grandfather
- Jo Gi (조기, 趙磯)
- Great-Great-Great-Great-Grandmother
- Lady Yi of the Jeonju Yi clan (증 정부인 전주 이씨); daughter of Yi Suk (이숙, 李淑)
- Great-Great-Great-Grandfather
- Jo Hui-bo (조희보, 趙希輔)
- Great-Great-Great-Grandmother
- Lady Choi of the Gangneung Choi clan (증 정경부인 강릉 최씨), second wife of Jo Hui-bo; daughter of Choi Mun (최문, 崔文)
- Great-Great-Grandfather
- Jo Hyeong (조형, 趙珩) (1606 - 1679)
- Adoptive Great-Great-Grandfather - Jo Min (조민, 趙珉); older brother to Jo Hyeong
- Jo Hyeong (조형, 趙珩) (1606 - 1679)
- Great-Great-Grandmother
- Lady Mok of the Sacheon Mok clan (사천 목씨, 泗川 睦氏); second daughter of Mok Jang-heum (목장흠, 睦長欽; 1572 - 1641)
- Great-Grandfather
- Jo Sang-jeong (조상정, 趙相鼎)
- Great-Grandmother
- Lady Hong of the Namyang Hong clan (남양 홍씨); daughter of Hong Myeong-il (홍명일, 洪命一)
- Grandfather
- Jo In-su (조인수, 趙仁壽) (1648–1692); was prime minister
- Grandmother
- Lady Kim of the Gwangsan Kim clan (증 정경부인 광산 김씨, 贈 貞敬夫人 光山 金氏) (1649–1722); daughter of Kim Ik-hui (김익희, 金益熙; 1610-1656)[12]
- Father
- Jo Mun-myeong (조문명, 趙景命) (1680–1732)
- Uncle - Jo Gyeong-myeong (조경명, 趙景命) (1674 - 1726)
- Aunt - Lady Kim of the Andong Kim clan (안동 김씨, 安東 金氏)
- Uncle - Jo Yeong-myeong (조영명, 趙令命) (1674 - 1722)
- Aunt - Lady Sim of the Cheongseong Sim clan (청송 심씨, 靑松 沈氏)
- Uncle - Jo Hyeon-myeong (조현명, 趙顯命) (1690 - 1752)
- Aunt - Lady Yun of the Chilwon Yun clan (증 정경부인 칠원 윤씨, 贈 貞敬夫人 漆原 尹氏)
- Aunt - Lady Kim of the Andong Kim clan (정경부인 안동 김씨, 貞敬夫人 安東 沈氏)
- Uncle - Jo Gyeong-myeong (조경명, 趙景命) (1674 - 1726)
- Jo Mun-myeong (조문명, 趙景命) (1680–1732)
- Mother
- Step - Internal Princess Consort Hwawon of the Andong Kim clan (화원부부인 안동 김씨, 花原府夫人 安東 金氏) (1681 - 1710); first wife of Jo Mun-myeong
- Biological - Internal Princess Consort Wanheung of the Jeonju Yi clan (완흥부부인 전주 이씨, 完興府夫人 全州 李氏) (? - 1734); second wife of Jo Mun-myeong
- Grandfather - Yi Sang-baek (이상백, 李相伯) (1648–1721); genealogically an adopted 7th great-grandson of Prince Yangnyeong (biologically an 8th great-grandson of Jeongjong of Joseon)[16][17]
- Grandmother - Lady Shin of the Goryeong Shin clan (고령 신씨, 高靈 申氏); daughter of Shin Pil-han (신필한, 申弼漢)
- Siblings
- Older half-brother - Jo Jae-ho (조재호, 趙載浩) (1702 - 1762)
- Sister-in-law - Lady Won of the Wonju Won clan (원주 원씨, 原州 元氏); daughter of Won Myeong-gu (원명구, 元命龜)[18]
- Older half-brother - Jo Jae-yeon (조재연, 趙載淵) or Jo Jae-hun (조재혼, 趙載混) (1709 - 1750)
- Sister-in-law - Lady Seong of the Changnyeong Seong clan (창녕 성씨, 昌寧 成氏); daughter of Seong Deok-jang (성덕장, 成德章)
- Older brother - Jo Jae-hong (조재홍, 趙載洪) (1713 - 1758)
- Sister-in-law - Lady Yi of the Deoksu Yi clan (덕수 이씨, 德水 李氏); daughter of Yi Hui-dam (이희담, 李喜聃)
- Younger brother - Jo Jae-bu (조재부, 趙載溥) or Jo Si-bu (조시부, 趙時溥) (1720 - 1776)
- Sister-in-law - Lady Jo of the Changnyeong Jo clan (창녕 조씨, 昌寧 曺氏); daughter of Jo Myeong-gyo (조명교, 曺命敎)
- Younger sister - Lady Jo of the Pungyang Jo clan (조씨, 趙氏)
- Older half-brother - Jo Jae-ho (조재호, 趙載浩) (1702 - 1762)
- Husband
- Yi Haeng, King Jinjong (4 April 1719 – 16 December 1728) (진종 조선)
- Father-in-law - Yi Geum, King Yeongjo of Joseon (영조 조선) (31 October 1694 - 22 April 1776)
- Mother-in-law - Royal Noble Consort Jeong of the Hamseong Yi clan (정빈 함성 이씨) (1694 - November 1721)
- Legal mother-in-law - Queen Jeongseong of the Daegu Seo clan (정성왕후 서씨) (12 January 1693 - 3 April 1757)
- Yi Haeng, King Jinjong (4 April 1719 – 16 December 1728) (진종 조선)
- Issue
- Adoptive son - Yi San, King Jeongjo of Joseon (28 October 1752 – 18 August 1800) (정조 조선)
- Adoptive daughter-in-law - Queen Hyoui of the Cheongpung Kim clan (효의선황후 김씨) (5 January 1754 - 10 April 1821)
- Adoptive son - Yi San, King Jeongjo of Joseon (28 October 1752 – 18 August 1800) (정조 조선)
References
Notes
- In lunar calendar, the Crown Princess was born on 14 December 1715 and died on 14 November 1751
- Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty: Yeongjo, Vol. 40, Day 16, Month 3, Year 11 (1735)
- Kim Haboush (2013), p. 18.
- Kim Haboush (2013), p. 349.
- Kim Haboush (2013), p. 64.
- 《조선왕조실록》 영조 40권, 11년(1735 을묘 / 청 옹정(雍正) 13년) 3월 16일(병술) 3번째기사
- Kim Haboush (2013), p. 73.
- Kim Haboush (2013), p. 279.
- Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty: Yeongjo, Vol. 75, Day 22, Month 1, Year 28 (1752)
- Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty: Jeongjo, Vol. 1, Day 19, Month 3, First Year (1776)
- Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty: Sunjon, Vol. 2, Day 11, Month 5, Year 1 (1908)
- Kim Ik-hui was the older brother of Queen Ingyeong’s grandfather, Kim Ik-gyeom. Thus making Queen Hyosun a first cousin once removed of Queen Ingyeong.
- He is the 4th child of Kim Su-hang (the 4th great-grandfather of Queen Sunwon and Kim Jwa-geun, and Kim Mun-geun, and the 5th great-grandfather of Queen Hyohyeon, and Queen Cheorin)
- His grandmother is a niece of Queen Inmok and the cousin of Princess Jeongmyeong. She was also a first cousin four times removed of Kim Ahn-ro
- His mother’s brother, Na Myeong-jwa (나명좌), married Song Jun-gil’s daughter and Queen Inhyeon’s maternal aunt. Another sister of hers married King Sejong’s 8th generation descendant, Yi Sa-myeong (이사명, 李師命) (1647 - 1689)
- "양녕대군파 권3(讓寧大君派 卷之三)". 장서각기록유산DB. Retrieved 2020-10-15.
- "수도군파 권1(守道君派 卷之一)". 장서각기록유산DB. Retrieved 2020-10-15.（Page 69, 77）
- Lady Won is the adoptive 6th eldest granddaughter of Princess Sukgyeong (a daughter of King Hyojong and Queen Inseon)
Works
- Kim Haboush, JaHyun (2013). The Memoirs of Lady Hyegyŏng: The Autobiographical Writings of a Crown Princess of Eighteenth-Century Korea (2 ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-20055-5.