Tongariro Power Scheme

The Tongariro Power Scheme is a 360 MW hydroelectricity scheme in the central North Island of New Zealand. The scheme is currently operated by electricity generation company Genesis Energy.

The scheme takes water from tributaries of the Rangitikei, Whangaehu, Whanganui, and Tongariro rivers, which drain a 2,600-square-kilometre (1,000 sq mi) area covering Ruapehu, Ngauruhoe, Tongariro and the western Kaimanawa Ranges. The water is then sent through a large canal and tunnel system to generate electricity at three hydro power stations, located at Rangipo (120 MW), Tokaanu (240 MW) and Mangaio (2MW). The water is then drained into Lake Taupō where it is stored for further use in the succession of Waikato River power stations.

The scheme generates approximately 1350 GWh of electricity annually, and contributes 4 percent of New Zealand's electricity generation.

History

Plans to realise the potential of electricity generation in the central North Island volcanic plateau date back to the early years of the 20th century. A Californian engineer, L.M. Hancock, visited New Zealand in 1903 and, with engineer P.S. Hay, surveyed localities where power could be generated.[1][2][3] In 1904 Hay's report to the government New Zealand Water-Powers identified a number of potential sites around the central plateau.[4] These included Lake Rotoaira, the Whakapapa River and the Whangaehu River. A dam could be built on the Poutu River feeding into Lake Rotoaira and the amount of power generated could be increased by adding water from Tongariro or Ngauruhoe. While he identified the generation potential of the Wangaehu River Hay noted that it was polluted by volcanic acids and chemicals making it unsuitable.[4] Between the 1920s and 1950s a number of investigations on the potential of the volcanic plateau were undertaken by engineers, mostly in the Public Works Department.[5] In 1955 the British consulting engineering company Sir Alexander Gibb & Partners was contracted to conduct preliminary investigations; they produced a preliminary report in 1957.[1][5] Gibb and Partners conducted further field studies and more detailed design, culminating in their report in 1962.[6] The Gibb report recommended the construction of a power scheme in five stages:[6]

  1. The Western Diversions – diversions of the Whanganui River and other streams on the western side of Mt Ruapehu into Lake Rotoaira
  2. The Tokaanu project – construction of the Tokaanu power station taking water from Lake Rotoaira
  3. The Moawhango project – diversion of streams on the south side of Mt Ruapehu and the Moawhango River into two dams at Moawhango, and construction of a tunnel from Moawhango to the Tongariro River
  4. The Rangipo project – diversion of water from the tributaries west of the Tongariro River to a dam on the river, and a power station at Rangipo
  5. The Tongariro project – construction of the Kaimanawa power station on the Tongariro River upstream of Begg's Pool[6]

The final project differed from Gibb's design: only one dam was built at Moawhango, the Kaimanawa station was not built, and an additional power station was built at Mangaio.[7] The four stage project commenced in 1964 and was completed in 1983: the Western Diversion from 1964 to 1971, the Tokaanu project (Rotoaira Diversion) from 1966 to 1973, the Eastern Diversion from 1969 to 1979, and the Rangipo project (Tongariro Diversion) from 1974 to 1983.[5]

Scheme

Eastern Diversion: Whangaehu River to Rangipo Dam

The Eastern Diversion starts at the Waiharakeke Stream, a tributary to the Whangaehu River, where the diversion starts. Water from here and 22 other intakes, including from the Waihianoa and Makahikatoa Streams, passes into the 8.4-kilometre (5.2 mi) long underground Wahianoa Aqueduct. The aqueduct heads eastward, passing under the actual Whangaehu River, but not taking any water from it due to the fact it drains Mount Ruapehu's crater lake and is too acidic. At the end of the aqueduct, near the Desert Road (State Highway 1), water is then diverted through the 1.4-kilometre (0.87 mi) Mangaio Tunnel under the State Highway and either into Mangaio Power Station or a drop structure to enter Lake Moawhango via the Mangaio Stream.

Lake Moawhango is an artificial lake made by the damming of the Moawhango River and Mangaio Stream, two tributaries to the Rangitikei River. Water from Lake Moawhango is then diverted into the 19.2-kilometre (11.9 mi) Moawhango Tunnel to the Rangipo Dam.

The Rangipo Dam is built on the Tongariro River, with water coming from the eastern slopes of Ruapehu and the western slopes of the Kaimanawa Ranges joining the scheme at the dam. Water from the nearby Waihohonu Stream is also taken and diverted via the 960-metre (3,150 ft) Waihohonu Tunnel to Rangipo Dam.

Tongariro Diversion: Rangipo Dam to Lake Rotoaira

The lake behind the Rangipo Dam acts as a head pond to the Rangipo Power Station. Water from the lake is then taken into the 8-kilometre (5.0 mi) Rangipo Headrace Tunnel to Rangipo Power Station, 63 metres (207 ft) below ground level. After passing through Rangipo Power Station, the water passes through the 3-kilometre (1.9 mi) Rangipo Tailrace Tunnel to the Poutu Dam on the Tongariro River.

After taking on more water from the Tongariro River (which now includes water from the eastern slopes of Ngauruhoe and Tongariro), the water is diverted through the Poutu Canal, where the water travels under State Highway 1 and State Highway 46 to the Poutu Stream. Joining with the Poutu Stream, the water enters Lake Rotoaira, where it merges with water from the Western Diversion.

Western Diversion: Whakapapa River to Lake Rotoaira

The Western Diversion starts at the Whakapapa River, taking water from it into a 16.5-kilometre (10.3 mi) long tunnel to Lake Te Whaiau, picking water up from the Okupata, Taurewa, Tawhitikuri, and Mangatepopo streams along the way.

Water from the Whanganui River is diverted via a short tunnel into the Te Whaiau Stream, which joins water from the Whakapapa and other intakes. Water from Lake Te Whaiau is then diverted into the Otamangakau Canal into Lake Otamangakau, where the water is joined by water from the Otamangakau Stream.

From Lake Otamangakau, water from the Western Diversion is diverted into the Wairehu Canal, where it travels under State Highway 47 and into Lake Rotoaira, joining water from the Eastern Diversion. Lake Rotoaira is kept at a raised level by the Poutu Dam, which is 43 ft (13 m) high and 492 ft (150 m) wide.[8]

Rotoaira Diversion: Lake Rotoaira to Lake Taupō

Lake Rotoaira stores water from both the Eastern and Western Diversions, and also stores water coming off Mount Pihanga and Mount Tihia. The lake also acts as the head pond to the Tokaanu Power Station.

Water is taken from the northern end of Lake Rotoaira into the 6.1-kilometre (3.8 mi) Tokaanu Tunnel, which takes the water down under State Highway 47 and through Mount Tihia to the Tokaanu Power Station. After passing through the station, the water is deposited into the 3.8-kilometre (2.4 mi) Tokaanu Tailrace Canal.

The canal passes under the unique Tokaanu Tailrace Bridge, a combined road bridge and aqueduct. State Highway 41 travels over the top of the bridge, with the Tokaanu Stream, an important trout spawning stream, running under the road surface. The canal then drains into Lake Taupō at Waihi Bay.

Power stations
Tongariro power stations
(Tokaanu, Rangipo, Mangaio)
Country
  • New Zealand
LocationCentral North Island
Coordinates38°58′54″S 175°46′08″E
Commission date1973 (Tokaanu)
1983 (Rangipo)
2008 (Mangaio)
Owner(s)Genesis Energy
Power generation
Units operationalFour (Tokaanu)
Two (Rangipo)
One (Mangaio)
Nameplate capacity240 MW (Tokaanu)
120 MW (Rangipo)
2 MW (Mangaio)
Annual net output1350 GWh (Total)

Three power stations exist on the scheme, Rangipo, Tokaanu and Mangaio. The power stations are controlled by a control room at Tokaanu.

Rangipo

Rangipo Power Station is located on the Eastern Diversion of the scheme. The power station is built 63 metres (207 ft) underground to minimise visual impact, the second hydro station in New Zealand to do so (after Manapōuri Power Station). The power station has two turbines, each generating 60 megawatts (80,000 hp), giving the station a total capacity of 120 megawatts (160,000 hp). The station was commissioned in 1983.

Rangipo Power Station connects to the single-circuit 220 kV Bunnythorpe to Wairakei line (BPE-WRK-A) via a short 220 kV twin-circuit deviation line (RPO-DEV-A).[9]

Tokaanu

Tokaanu Power Station is located on the Rotoaira Diversion of the scheme. The power station has four turbines, each generating 60 megawatts (80,000 hp), giving the station a total capacity of 240 megawatts (320,000 hp). The station was commissioned in 1973. Tokaanu also houses the control room for the entire Tongariro Power Scheme.

Tokaanu Power Station connects to the two single-circuit 220 kV Bunnythorpe to Whakamaru lines (BPE-WKM-A and BPE-WKM-B) directly south of the station.[9]

Mangaio

The power station has a total capacity of 2 megawatts (2,700 hp).

See also

References
  1. New Zealand Ministry of Works and Development (1975). Tongariro power development: constructed by the Ministry of Works and Development for the New Zealand Electricity Dept. Wellington: Government Printer. OCLC 983312879.
  2. "PUBLIC WORKS STATEMENT BY THE HON. W. HALL-JONES, MINISTER FOR PUBLIC WORKS, 28th OCTOBER, 1904. Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives, 1904 Session I, D-01". paperspast.natlib.govt.nz. 1904. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
  3. New Zealand, Ministry of Works and Development, Information Division (1974). Tongariro Power Development. Wellington: New Zealand. Ministry of Works and Development. Information Division. OCLC 229387948.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. Hay, P.S. (1904). "NEW ZEALAND WATER-POWERS, ETC. REPORT ON) BY Mr. P. S. HAY, M.A., M. Inst. C.E., SUPERINTENDING ENGINEER OF THE PUBLIC WORKS DEPARTMENT., Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives, 1904 Session I, D-01a". paperspast.natlib.govt.nz. pp. 5–6, 7–8. Retrieved 27 December 2021.
  5. Martin, John E., ed. (1998). People, politics and power stations: electric power generation in New Zealand 1880-1998. Wellington, NZ: Electricity Corporation of New Zealand. pp. 220–234. ISBN 978-0-908912-98-8. OCLC 931064862.
  6. Sir Alexander Gibb & Partners; New Zealand; Ministry of Works (1962). Tongariro River power development: report on investigations. London: Gibb & Partners. OCLC 154254335.
  7. "Tongariro Power Scheme. Our Generation Assets: Genesis NZ". Genesis. Retrieved 19 April 2022.
  8. Caske, Shane (March 1999). "Thesis - Massey University" (PDF).
  9. "North Island transmission network map - Transpower" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 October 2008. Retrieved 22 April 2009.

Further reading
  • Simcock, David (2020). "Italian Tunnellers are Prepared for Any Sacrifice – Except Food and Wine". The New Zealand Journal of History. Auckland: University of Auckland. 54 (1): 6–8, 10–13, 18–21.
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