Rangiroa

Rangiroa (Tuamotuan for 'vast sky') or Te Kokōta (Cook Islands Māori for 'the Hyades star cluster') is the largest atoll in the Tuamotus and one of the largest in the world (smaller than Kwajalein in the Marshall Islands and Huvadhu in the Maldives).

This article is about the atoll itself. For the French Polynesian commune, see Rangiroa (commune).
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Rangiroa.
Rangiroa
NASA picture of Rangiroa Atoll
Rangiroa is located in French Polynesia
Rangiroa
Rangiroa
Geography
LocationPacific Ocean
Coordinates15°07′31″S 147°38′43″W
ArchipelagoTuamotus
Total islands415
Area1,446 km2 (558 sq mi)  (lagoon)
79 km2 (31 sq mi) (above water)
Length80 km (50 mi)
Width32 km (19.9 mi)
Highest elevation12 m (39 ft)
Highest point(unnamed)
Administration
Overseas collectivity French Polynesia
Administrative subdivisionTuamotus
CommuneRangiroa
Capital cityAvatoru
Largest settlementTiputa (pop. 817)
Demographics
Population2567[1] (2012)

It is in French Polynesia and is part of the Palliser group. The nearest atoll is Tikehau, 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) to the west. It is about 355 km (221 mi) northeast of Tahiti. Rangiroa is home to about 2,500 people on almost 80 km2 (31 sq mi). The chief town is Avatoru, in the atoll's northwest.

Geography and environment
Location of Rangiroa in French Polynesia

The atoll consists of about 415 motus, islets and sandbars comprising a total land area of about 170 km2 (66 sq mi). There are approximately one hundred narrow passages (straits or passes), called hoa, in the fringing reef. The atoll has a flattened elliptic shape, with 80 km (50 mi) in length and a width ranging from 5–32 km (3.1–19.9 mi). The width of land reaches 300–500 m (980–1,640 ft) wide and its circumference totals up to 200 km (120 mi). The lagoon has a maximum depth of 35 m (115 ft) and its surface is 1,446 km2 (558 sq mi).[lower-alpha 1] It is so large that it has its own horizon.[2] Due to its shallow depth, the currents that come in and out through the passes, together with the winds, can sometimes create interior storms.

Because of their large size, and the existence of only two passes, each high tide creates a strong incoming current, while each low tide creates a strong outgoing current within the two passes. While flowing inward through Tiputa Pass, nearly 200 individual sharks will gather at the entrance to the pass, at a depth of 50 meters (160 ft). Led by the strong current, sharks can remain motionless. Divers are able to observe them without difficulty. Large manta ray, green sea turtle, and humphead wrasse are also seen. During summer (December-March), tiger and hammerhead shark are present. In January, large numbers of stingray gather in the Tiputa Pass, as do the hammerheads that feed on them.

Water and ecological problems

Like many atolls,[3] Rangiroa has no permanent fresh waterbodies, and therefore no central water distribution system. Each household must collect and store rainwater in cisterns. As a result of excessive pumping, the freshwater lenses that form on the coral reefs are now mostly brackish water,[4] leading to saltwater intrusion.[5]

Some are additionally polluted by landfill. As atolls form on the surface of the ocean, freshwater supplies are contaminated by the burial of waste, often accumulated in unregulated dumps or buried only a few meters deep.[6] Such problems of water supply and waste management are common on atolls with the adoption of contemporary living conditions, and are therefore structural, as in the case of Rangiroa.[7][8][9]

In addition to this inherent problem, the progress of global warming and the consequent rise in sea levels threaten the island. In common with other atolls, Rangiroa's ecology and its viability as a permanent habitation for humans are based on a highly vulnerable ecosystem that is delicately balanced, so requiring careful resource management.[10][11]

History

It is believed the first settlers arrived on Rangiroa around the 10th century AD.[2] The first recorded Europeans to arrive on Rangiroa were Dutch explorers Jacob le Maire and Willem Schouten during their 1615-1616 Pacific journey. They called this atoll, Vlieghen Eiland, or 'Island of Flies', because their landing party returned to the ship covered in black flies. Rangiroa appears in some maps as Nairsa or as Dean’s island. John Byron, passing the atoll during his circumnavigation in 1765, named it for the Prince of Wales. This atoll was visited by the Charles Wilkes expedition on 7 September 1839.

During the 1950s, the economy of Rangiroa was driven by fishing and the production of copra. The inauguration of the Rangiroa Airport in 1965 allowed rapid development of the tourism industry as underwater diving facilities and hotels were built.

Church of Our Lady of Peace (Église de Notre-Dame-de-Paix) in Tiputa

Administration

The atoll of Rangiroa is the chef-lieu of the commune of Rangiroa, which consists of two other atolls (Tikehau and Mataiva) and a separate non-atoll island (Makatea).

Demography

Only two islands, at the northern end of the atoll, are permanently inhabited. As of 2007, the total population on the atoll of Rangiroa was 2,473 inhabitants. The main villages are Avatoru (pop. 817), Tiputa (pop. 971), Ohutu (pop. 546), Taeo'o, Fenuaroa, Otepipi and Tevaro. Both Avatoru and Tiputa were built on neighboring islands, 12.5 and 4 km (7.8–2.5 mi) in length respectively. They are separated by the major Tiputa Pass. The other major pass of the atoll is Avatoru Pass, immediately to the west of the island of Avatoru.

Religion

As in the rest of the Tuamotu Islands, the majority of the inhabitants are Christians, as a consequence of missionary activity by both Catholic and Protestant groups. The Catholic Church administers 3 religious buildings on the atoll: the Church of St. Michael in Avatoru (Église de Saint-Michel),[12] the Chapel of St. Anne in Otepipi (Chapelle de Sainte-Anne),[13] and the Church of Our Lady of Peace in Tiputa (Église de Notre-Dame-de-Paix),[14] all under the Archdiocese of Papeete based on the Island of Tahiti.

Economy

Pearls
Tahitian pearls in the pearl farm of Rangiroa

The breeding of pearl oysters in the lagoon can produce black pearls. Black pearls (meaning the marine cultured pearls produced from the black lip pearl oyster shell, Pinctada margaritifera) are abundant in the atolls of French Polynesia. These pearls, which have a wide range of natural colours, from white to dark and all shades of grey, are the only cultured pearls in the world with so many different natural colours as the famous green rose peacock.

The technique to produce marine cultured pearls was developed in Japan and, except some minor details, is similar in French Polynesia. A mother of pearl bead is inserted in the animal together with a piece of tissue (mantle) taken from another pearl oyster. The piece of tissue, as a graft tissue, will develop quickly and will form a skin around the bead and then will deposit mother of pearl on the surface of the bead. Bead rejection is important and concern about 30 percent of the seeded shells, mainly because the graft tissue is not close enough to the bead. Even with perfectly round beads, only 20 percent of the pearls will be perfectly round at the harvest, about two years after the seeding.

Pearl farming is done in more than 30 atolls of French Polynesia and is the main activity for numerous families in the Tuamotu archipelago. In Rangiroa, a few farms exploited about 1,000 acres (4.0 km2) of water surface in the lagoon loaned by the Tahitian government. The biggest farm, Gauguin's Pearl[15] employed more than 50 local workers, with a strong impact on the economy of this 2,000 person atoll. A school dedicated to the pearl farming techniques and a research centre on pearl oysters are also implanted on the atoll of Rangiroa, which make it a kind of pearl centre for this industry.

Fishing
One uninhabited islet or motu in the Atoll

Essentially a part of food production, however, it is also exported to the island of Tahiti.

Viticulture

The atoll of Rangiroa is also known for its vineyards, which are unique in the world.[16] The vines grow on the edge of a lagoon beside coconuts, and produce two harvests per year. The winery is in the heart of the village of Avatoru. The grapes are brought to the winery by boat.

The creation of this vineyard came after much prior analysis, to find the best site capable of hosting the vines. The first vines were imported in 1992 and underwent tests for acclimatization and selection in the main islands of Polynesia, with the uncertainty of their adaptation to climate. Thirty varieties were imported from various parts of Europe. The vineyard is Domaine Dominique Auroy.[17]

The tests took place in:

The atoll of Rangiroa was selected for the following reasons: absence of grapevine pest such as defoliating insects (e.g., Grape Phylloxera) and its proximity to Tahiti. The varietals grown on the atoll include Carignan, Italia and Black Muscat.

Tourism
A beach in Rangiroa

Tourism is a major economic activity of the island: daily connections with Tahiti, an exceptional lagoon and passes which are good sites for scuba diving attract a steady number of tourists. These are accommodated in hotels and family-run guesthouses, a small number of which exist on the island.

Scuba diving

Rangiroa is a major underwater diving destination because of the lagoon's clear waters and diverse marine fauna.[2] There are several highly-regarded and popular diving sites, particularly in and around the Tiputa Pass, which runs 3.5 km (2.2 mi) to the Avatoru Pass. Sedentary common bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) are regularly seen at group play in the pass. Many forms of marine life are present in the atoll's waters, providing opportunities for observation to divers and snorkellers.

Western part of Rangiroa atoll

Popular diving sites are the Blue Lagoon, Avatoru Pass, Tiputa Pass, and Les Sables Roses ('the pink sands'). A notable site in the atoll is the Blue Lagoon, which is a smaller lagoon formed on the southwestern edge of Rangiroa. Its shallow waters accentuate the bright blue color of the water. Les Sables Roses are sandbars of pink sand located on the southeastern portion of Rangiroa.

Transportation

Air transportation is available from and to Rangiroa Airport, located on the Avatoru Island. There are flights to Tahiti and other atolls of the French Polynesia. A small road made of tarmac and coral chips circles the island of Avatoru.

Notes
  1. All figures approximate

See also

References
  1. "Population". Institut de la statistique de la Polynésie française. Retrieved 15 October 2014.
  2. Rangiroa Archived 2012-05-26 at archive.today Publisher: Centre d'Océanologie de Marseille. Accessed 14 February 2010
  3. E. Tang, E. Raapoto, T. Stampfler, « À peine plus de la moitié des Polynésiens ont de l'eau potable », Polynésie 1ère, 17 mars 2016
  4. Mireille Loubet, « En Polynésie, l'eau potable ne coule pas de source », Tahiti-Infos, les informations de Tahiti, 20 août 2014
  5. The Ghyben-Herzberg Model Accessed February 16, 2010
  6. « Eau potable et traitement des déchets pour Jean Jacques Urvoas à Rangiroa », Polynésie 1re, 3 mars 2015
  7. Nunn, Patrick; Kumar, Roselyn (6 March 2018). "Understanding climate-human interactions in Small Island Developing States (SIDS): Implications for future livelihood sustainability". International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management. 10 (2): 245–271. doi:10.1108/IJCCSM-01-2017-0012.
  8. Holding, S.; Allen, D. M.; Foster, S.; Hsieh, A.; Larocque, I.; Klassen, J.; Van Pelt, S. C. (December 2016). "Groundwater vulnerability on small islands". Nature Climate Change. 6 (12): 1100–1103. Bibcode:2016NatCC...6.1100H. doi:10.1038/nclimate3128. ISSN 1758-6798. Retrieved 31 October 2021.
  9. Rotzoll, Kolja; Fletcher, Charles H. (May 2013). "Assessment of groundwater inundation as a consequence of sea-level rise". Nature Climate Change. 3 (5): 477–481. Bibcode:2013NatCC...3..477R. doi:10.1038/nclimate1725. ISSN 1758-6798.
  10. Nurse, L.A.; McLean, R.F.; Agard, J.; Briguglio, L.P.; Duvat-Magnan, V.; Pelesikoti, N.; Tompkins, E.; Web, A. (2014). "Small islands" (PDF). In Barros, V. R.; Field, C.B.; Dokken, D.J.; Mastrandrea, M.D.; Mach, K.J.; Bilir, T.E.; Chatterjee, M.; Ebi, K.L.; Estrada, Y.O.; Genova, R.C.; Girma, B.; Kissel, E.S.; Levy, A.N.; MacCracken, S.; Mastrandrea, P.R.; White, L.L. (eds.). Climate change 2014: Impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability. Part B, Regional aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1613–1654. ISBN 9781107415386. Retrieved 31 October 2021.
  11. Newman, Joanna (2 January 2019). "Islands' institutes band together against climate change". Nature. 565 (7737): 25. Bibcode:2019Natur.565...25N. doi:10.1038/d41586-018-07873-1. PMID 30602746. S2CID 57373567. Correspondence.
  12. "Église de Saint-Michel". GCatholic. Retrieved 2021-09-22.
  13. "Chapelle de Sainte-Anne". GCatholic. Retrieved 2021-09-22.
  14. "Église de Notre-Dame-de-Paix". GCatholic. Retrieved 2021-09-22.
  15. Gauguin's Pearl
  16. "Tahitian Wine". Wine-Searcher. Retrieved 2017-07-17.
  17. "Bienvenue au Domaine". Vin de Tahiti. Retrieved 17 July 2017.
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