Ras Muhammad National Park

Ras Muhammad (Egyptian Arabic: راس محمد Rās Meḥammad, IPA: [ɾɑːs mæˈħæmmæd]; Arabic: رأس محمد Raʼs Muḥammad) is a national park in Egypt at the southern extreme of the Sinai Peninsula, overlooking the Gulf of Suez on the west and the Gulf of Aqaba to the east.[1] The park is becoming a center of eco-tourism in the region.[2]

Ras Muhammed National Park
Park entrance feature
Map showing the location of Ras Muhammed National Park
Map showing the location of Ras Muhammed National Park
Map showing the location of Ras Muhammed National Park
Map showing the location of Ras Muhammed National Park
Nearest citySharm El Sheikh
Coordinates27°43′20″N 34°15′14″E
Area480 km2
Established1983
www.sharm-city.com
Gate of Allah designed and installed by Egyptian engineers in 1973
View of coral reef in Ras Mehammad (2004)

History

When the Sinai Peninsula was returned to Egypt, Ras Muhammad was declared for protection from fishing and other human activities. Some of the fishing methods, such as using dynamite and knives were also impacting on the coral reef and the fish populations. In 1983, the Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency established the area as a marine reserve for the protection of marine and terrestrial wildlife. The park was also established to protect against urban sprawl from Sharm El Sheikh and other coastal development.[3] The name literally means " Cape of Mehammad", where "head" in this instance means "headland". It is said in the area that the name arose because in side view the contour of the cliff looks like the profile of a bearded man's face, with horizontal hard strata providing the nose and bearded chin.

Geography

The park is situated in the tourist region of the Red Sea Riviera, located 12 km from the city of Sharm El Sheikh. The park spans an area of 480 km2, including 135 km2 of surface land area and 345 km2 area over water.[4] Marsa Bareika is a small bay inlet in Ras Mohammed, and Marsa Ghozlani is a very small inlet located across from the park visitors center.

Winch parts visible on the wreck of the SS Thistlegorm, which sank off the coast of Ras Mehammad

Ras Muhammad encompasses two islands, Tiran and Sanafir. Tiran Island is located approximately 6 km offshore from the Sinai Peninsula.[5] Ras Muhammad exists at the junction of three plates: the Arabian plate, the African plate, and the Sinai subplate. This, in conjunction with the North East motion of the Sinai subplate, has caused recent seismicity.[6] Indeed, underwater caves formed as the result of earthquakes are located in Ras Muhammad.

Ras Mohammad National Park

About 0.9 hectare of mangrove forest cover a 1.16 km shallow channel at the southernmost end of Ras Muhammad peninsula. Near the mangrove and approximately 150 m inland, there are open cracks in the land, caused by earthquakes. One of the cracks is approximately 40 m length and 0.20−1.5 m in width. Within the cracks, there are pools of water, some with a depth of over 14 m.[7]

The inland area includes a diversity of desert habitats such as mountains and wadis, gravel and coastal mud plains and sand dunes. The area also plays a role in bird migration, serving as a place of rest and nourishment.

Climate

Ras Muhammad National Park experiences a very dry climate, with only minimal rainfall during the winter. During the summer, temperatures often exceed 40 °C (104 °F) and low temperatures around 27 °C (81 °F). Temperatures are mild during the winter, with daytime high temperatures averaging around 23 °C (73 °F) and low temperatures 14 °C (56 °F).[8][9]

Ecology

Coral reef, of the fringing and hermatypic types, exist along the coast around Ras Muhammad close to the shoreline.[10] More than 220 species of coral are found in the Ras Muhammad area, 125 of them soft coral. The coral reefs are located 50 to 100 m below the sea surface, and they have a width of 30 to 50 m in most places. Though in some spots on the western coast, the coral reef is 8 to 9 km wide.[11] Shark Reef and Yolanda Reef are popular areas of coral reef in the park for divers. Other coral reef sites include South Bereika, Marsa Ghozlani, Old Quay, and Shark Observatory.[12] The wreckage of the SS Thistlegorm, located off the coast of Ras Mohammad, is a popular area for divers.

The area is home to more than 1,000 species of fish, 40 species of star fish, 25 species of sea urchins, more than a 100 species of mollusc and 150 species of crustaceans. Among others, sea turtles, such as the green turtle (Chelonia mydas) and the hawksbill turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata) appear regularly in Ras Muhammad.

On the Ras Muhammad peninsula, there are acacia trees and dum palms (Hyphaene thebaica) around the wadi mouths. Ephemeral herbs and grasses also exist in Ras Muhammad.[13]

See also

References
  1. Al-Mukhtar, Rima (23 November 2012). "Sharm El-Sheikh, city of peace". Arab News. Retrieved 23 May 2018.
  2. Kuster, William (2021). "A Dive into Egypt's Ecotourist Future: The Corals of Ras Mohammed". Al-Noor. 14 (2): 6–17.
  3. Ibrahim, Fouad N. (2011). Egypt: An Economic Geography. I. B. Tauris & Company. p. 194.
  4. "محميات جنوب سيناء (Reserves of South Sinai)" (.doc) (in Arabic). Egypt Ministry of State for Environmental Affairs. 2006-05-08. Retrieved 2008-06-30.
  5. المحميات الطبيعية (in Arabic). Egypt Ministry of State for Environmental Affairs. 2006-05-08. Retrieved 2008-06-30.
  6. Abdel-Rahman, Ibtehal (2006). "Depositional Environments, Facies Pattern and Marine Plants Distributiom in Ras Muhammad Area, Sinai, Egypt" (PDF). Catrina: 81.
  7. Por, F.D. & M. Tsurnamal (1973-01-05). "Ecology of the Ras Muhammad Crack in Sinai". Nature. 241 (5384): 43–44. Bibcode:1973Natur.241...43P. doi:10.1038/241043b0. S2CID 4159406.
  8. "Sharm El Sheikh to Hurghada". TourEgypt. Retrieved 2008-06-30.
  9. "Seasonal Weather Averages". Weather Underground. Retrieved 2008-06-30.
  10. Fishelson, L. (1980). "Marine Reserves along the Sinai Peninsula". Helgolander Meeresunters. 33: 624–640. doi:10.1007/BF02414785.
  11. Nir, Dov (January 1971). "Marine Terraces of Southern Sinai". Geographical Review. American Geographical Society. 61 (1): 32–50. doi:10.2307/213366. JSTOR 213366.
  12. "Monitoring Program report - Ras Mohammed National Park" (PDF). University of Essex / Operation Wallacea. 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-10-11. Retrieved 2008-07-09.
  13. Ibrahim, Fouad N. (2003). Egypt: An Economic Geography. I. B. Tauris & Company. p. 54.
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