Reformed Church in America

The Reformed Church in America (RCA) is a mainline Reformed Protestant denomination in Canada and the United States. It has about 104,921 members. From its beginning in 1628 until 1819, it was the North American branch of the Dutch Reformed Church.

This article is about a church in the Dutch Reformed tradition. For the German Reformed denomination, see Reformed Church in the United States.

Reformed Church in America
Coat of arms of the Reformed Church in America
ClassificationProtestant
OrientationMainline Reformed
PolityPresbyterian
AssociationsNational Council of Churches;
World Council of Churches;
Canadian Council of Churches;
Christian Churches Together;
World Communion of Reformed Churches;
Evangelical Fellowship of Canada;
National Association of Evangelicals
RegionCanada, U.S.
HeadquartersGrand Rapids, Michigan
Origin1628 (first Dutch Reformed congregation organized in New Amsterdam);
1754 (American classis gains independence)
Branched fromDutch Reformed Church
SeparationsChristian Reformed Church in North America (separated 1857; further congregations join the CRC in 1882)
Alliance of Reformed Churches (2021)
Congregations877 (2016)
Members138,438 communicants (2016), 104,921 total (2022)[1]
Official websitewww.rca.org
www.faithward.org
Logo

The RCA is a member of the National Council of Churches (founding member), the World Council of Churches (WCC), Christian Churches Together, and the World Communion of Reformed Churches (WCRC). Some parts of the denomination belong to the National Association of Evangelicals, the Canadian Council of Churches, and the Evangelical Fellowship of Canada. The denomination is in full communion with the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America, Presbyterian Church (USA), and United Church of Christ and is a denominational partner of the Christian Reformed Church in North America.[2]

Names

Colloquially, it is sometimes referred to loosely as the Dutch Reformed Church in America, or simply as the Dutch Reformed Church[3] when an American context has already been provided. In 1819, it incorporated as the Reformed Protestant Dutch Church. The current name was chosen in 1867.

History

The early settlers in the Dutch colony of New Netherland first held informal meetings for worship. In 1628 Jonas Michaelius organized the first Dutch Reformed congregation in New Amsterdam, now New York City, called the Reformed Protestant Dutch Church, now The Collegiate Churches of New York. During Dutch rule, the RCA was the established church of the colony and was under the authority of the classis of Amsterdam. The Brookville Reformed Church remains one of the oldest churches in America. Even after the English captured the colony in 1664, all Dutch Reformed ministers were still trained in the Netherlands. Services in the RCA remained in Dutch until 1764. Dutch language use faded thereafter until the new wave of Dutch immigration in the mid-19th century. This revived use of the language among Dutch descendants and in some churches.

In 1747 the church in the Netherlands had given permission to form an assembly in North America; in 1754, the assembly declared itself independent of the classis of Amsterdam. This American classis secured a charter in 1766 for Queens College (now Rutgers University) in New Jersey. In 1784 John Henry Livingston was appointed as professor of theology, marking the beginning of the New Brunswick Theological Seminary.

The First Reformed Church in Albany, New York started in 1642 to serve the patroonship of Rensselaerswyck. The current church was built in 1798.

The Dutch-speaking community, including farmers and traders, prospered in the former New Netherland, dominating New York City, the Hudson Valley, and parts of New Jersey while maintaining a significant presence in southeastern Pennsylvania, southwestern Connecticut, and Long Island.

In the early 18th century nearly 3,000 Palatine German refugees came to New York. Most worked first in English camps along the Hudson River to pay off their passage (paid by Queen Anne's government) before they were allowed land in the Schoharie and Mohawk Valleys. There they created numerous German-speaking Lutheran and Reformed churches, such as those at Fort Herkimer and German Flatts. Thousands more immigrated to Pennsylvania in the 18th century. They used German as the language in their churches and schools for nearly 100 years, and recruited some of their ministers from Germany. By the early 20th century, most of their churches had joined the RCA.[4]

During the American Revolution, a bitter internal struggle broke out in the Dutch Reformed church, with lines of division following ecclesiastical battles that had gone on for twenty years between the "coetus" and "conferentie" factions. One source indicates that defections may have occurred as early as 1737.

"Desolation pervaded many of the churches, whereas prior to 1737 good order was maintained in the churches, and peace and a good degree of prosperity were enjoyed. ...But in 1754, the Coetus of the previous year, having recommended the changing of the Coetus into a Classis with full powers, the opposition became violent, and the opponents were known as the Conferentie."[5]

A spirit of amnesty made possible the church's survival after the war. The divisiveness was also healed when the church sent members on an extensive foreign missions program in the early 19th century.

In 1792 the classis adopted a formal constitution; and in 1794 the denomination held its first general synod. Following the American Civil War, in 1867 it formally adopted the name "Reformed Church in America". In the nineteenth century in New York and New Jersey, ethnic Dutch descendants struggled to preserve their European standards and traditions while developing a taste for revivalism and an American identity.

19th century
Phebe Johnson Ditmis (4 January 1824 – 27 December 1866) was the wife of Reformed Church of Queens pastor George Onderdonk Ditmis (22 July 1818 – 1 February 1896).[6]

Some members owned slaves, the most famous of the slaves being Sojourner Truth, and the church did not support abolitionism. In rural areas, ministers preached in Dutch until about 1830–1850, then switched to English, at the same time finally dropping the use of many traditional Dutch clothing and customs.[7] Although some ministers favored revivals, generally the church did not support either the First or the Second Great Awakenings, which created much evangelical fervor.

Midwest

Immigration from the Netherlands in the mid-19th century led to the expansion of the RCA into the midwestern United States. In 1837 Pastor Abram D. Wilson and his wife Julia Evertson Wilson from New Jersey established the first Dutch Reformed church west of the Allegheny Mountains in Fairview, Illinois.[8] Hope College and Western Theological Seminary were founded in Holland, Michigan, Central College in Pella, Iowa, and Northwestern College in Orange City, Iowa. In the 1857 Secession, a group of more conservative members in Michigan led by Gijsbert Haan separated from the RCA. They organized the Christian Reformed Church in North America (CRC), and other churches followed. In 1882 another group of congregations left for the CRC, mirroring developments in the church in the Netherlands.

Post-World War II

After 1945 the RCA expanded into Canada, which was the destination of a large group of Dutch emigrants. Between 1949 and 1958, the RCA opened 120 churches among non-Dutch suburban communities, appealing to mainline Protestants. It was a charter member of the Presbyterian Alliance, the Federal Council of Churches, and the World Council of Churches.

Recent decline

Like most other mainline denominations, the RCA has had a declining membership during the last thirty years. In 2018 the total membership was less than 196,308, down from 220,000 in 2016, from 300,000 in 2000 and 360,000 in 1980. In the last thirty years, the church has lost more than 45% of its membership.

Due to differences related to the adoption of the Belhar Confession, the removal of the conscience clauses related to the ordination of women, and place of LGBTQ people in the church, a number of congregations have left the RCA to join the Presbyterian Church in America, which is more conservative on these issues.[9] For largely the same reasons, about 100 churches separated from the denomination and formed the Alliance of Reformed Churches (65 of those churches had made their separation public)[10] and 5 churches formed the Kingdom Network.[11][12]

Beliefs

The RCA confesses several statements of doctrine and faith. These include the historic Apostles' Creed, Nicene Creed, and Athanasian Creed; the traditional Reformed Belgic Confession, the Heidelberg Catechism (with its compendium), the Canons of Dort, and the Belhar Confession.

Life issues

The RCA opposes euthanasia. The report of the Commission on Christian Action stated in 1994: "What Christians say about issues of morality ought to be and usually is a reflection of their fundamental faith convictions. There are at least three of these convictions that appear especially relevant to the question of whether it is acceptable for Christians to seek a physician's assistance in committing suicide in the midst of extreme suffering./ A fundamental conviction Christians have is that they do not belong to themselves. Life, despite its circumstances, is a gift from God, and each individual is its steward... Contemporary arguments for the 'right' to assistance to commit suicide are based on ideas of each individual's autonomy over his or her life. Christians cannot claim such autonomy; Christians acknowledge that they belong to God... Christians yield their personal autonomy and accept a special obligation, as the first answer of the Heidelberg Catechism invites people to confess: 'I am not my own, but belong—body and soul, in life and in death—to my faithful Savior, Jesus Christ' (Heidelberg Catechism, Q&A 1)... A decision to take one's own life thus appears to be a denial that one belongs to God./ A second conviction is that God does not abandon people in times of suffering... Christians express their faith in God's love by trusting in God's care for them. A decision to end one's life would appear to be a cessation of that trust... Suffering calls upon people to trust God even in the valley of the shadow of death. It calls on people to let God, and not suffering, determine the agenda of their life and their death./ A third conviction is that in the community of God's people, caring for those who are dying is a burden Christians are willing to share. Both living and dying should occur within a caring community, and in the context of death, Christian discipleship takes the form of caring for those who are dying./ This is an era when many people find legislating morality a questionable practice. Should Christians promote legislation which embodies their conclusions about the morality of physician-assisted suicide?... If Christians are to be involved in debating laws regulating assisted suicide, it will be out of a concern for the health and well-being of society... As a society, there is no common understanding that gives any universal meaning to 'detrimental'. In humility, Christians can simply acknowledge this, and proceed...to share our own unique perspectives, inviting others to consider them and the faith that gives them meaning."[13]

The Reformed Church also condemns the death penalty. The General Synod in 2000 expressed seven reasons why the Church opposes it:

  • Capital punishment is incompatible with the Spirit of Christ and the ethic of love. The law of love does not negate justice, but it does nullify the motives of vengeance and retribution by forcing us to think in terms of redemption, rehabilitation, and reclamation. The Christ who refused to endorse the stoning of the woman taken in adultery would have us speak to the world of compassion, not vengeance.
  • Capital punishment is of doubtful value as a deterrent. The capital punishment as a deterrent argument assumes a criminal will engage in a kind of rational, cost-benefit analysis before he or she commits murder. Most murders, however, are crimes of passion or are committed under the influence of drugs or alcohol. This does not excuse the perpetrator of responsibility for the crime, but it does show that in most cases capital punishment as a deterrent won't work.
  • Capital punishment results in inequities of application. Numerous studies since 1965 have shown that racial factors play a significant role in determining whether or not a person receives a sentence of death.
  • Capital punishment is a method open to irremediable mistakes. The increasing number of innocent defendants being found on death row is a clear sign that the process for sentencing people to death is fraught with fundamental errors—errors which cannot be remedied once an execution occurs.
  • Capital punishment ignores corporate and community guilt. Such factors may diminish but certainly do not destroy the responsibility of the individual. Yet society also bears some responsibility for directing efforts and resources toward correcting those conditions that may foster such behavior.
  • Capital punishment perpetuates the concepts of vengeance and retaliation. As an agency of society, the state should not become an avenger for individuals; it should not presume the authority to satisfy divine justice by vengeful methods.
  • Capital punishment ignores the entire concept of rehabilitation. The Christian faith should be concerned not with retribution, but with redemption. Any method which closes the door to all forgiveness, and to any hope of redemption, cannot stand the test of our faith.

The General Synod resolution expressed its will "to urge members of the Reformed Church in America to contact their elected officials, urging them to advocate for the abolition of capital punishment and to call for an immediate moratorium on executions."[14]

The RCA is generally opposed to abortion. The position of the General Synod, stated in 1973 and later affirmed, has been that "in principle" abortion "should not be practiced at all", but in a "complex society" of competing evils there "could be exceptions". However, abortion should never be chosen as a matter of "individual convenience". The church personnel should promote "Christian alternatives to abortion", and church members are asked to "support efforts for constitutional changes" to protect the unborn.[15]

Homosexuality

Since 1978 the General Synod has made a number of statements on homosexuality. Homosexual acts are considered sinful and "contrary to the will of God". But homosexuals are not to be blamed for their condition. The church must affirm civil rights for homosexuals while it condemns homosexual behavior (1978). The church must seek to lift the homosexual's "burden of guilt", recognizing that homosexuality is a "complex phenomenon" (1979). The church should encourage "love and sensitivity towards such persons as fellow human beings" (1990). In 1994 the Synod condemned the humiliation and degradation of homosexuals and confessed that many members had not listened to the "heartfelt cries" of homosexual persons struggling for "self-acceptance and dignity." While calling for compassion, patience, and loving support toward those who struggle with same-sex desires, the 2012 General Synod determined that it is a "disciplinable offense" to advocate for homosexual behavior or provide leadership for a service of a same-sex marriage.[16] The following year, however, the General Synod essentially rescinded this statement and rebuked the 2012 delegates for demonstrating "a lack of decorum and civility," and usurping constitutional authority.[16] In 2014, the General Synod recommended that the Commission on Church Order begin the process of defining marriage as heterosexual.[17] However, in 2015, the General Synod approved a process for studying a way "to address the questions of human sexuality".[18] Also in 2015, Hope College in Michigan, affiliated with the RCA, officially provided benefits to employees' same-sex spouses though the school continues to maintain a statement on sexuality that espouses a traditional definition of marriage.[19]

Additionally, a number of congregations and classes have voted to publicly affirm LGBT members, including the Classis of New Brunswick and the Classis of Schenectady.[20][21] Several of those congregations, including congregations dually affiliated with the RCA and United Church of Christ, perform same-sex marriages.[22] "Some RCA churches have gay pastors, but their ordination is from other denominations".[23] On 5 May 2017, the United Church of Christ and Reformed Church in America congregations that support LGBT inclusion announced the formation of an association for dually-affiliated congregations.[24]

In April 2016, a working committee of the RCA developed a report on human sexuality. The report offers different options, for review by the General Synod, and includes the option to define marriage as between a man and woman or to define marriage as between two persons thus allowing same-gender marriages.[25] Of these options, General Synod 2016 voted to define marriage as "man/woman". However, that vote needed to receive the support of 2/3 of the classes and be ratified again in 2017.[26]

In March 2017, the proposal to define marriage as "man/woman" did not receive the necessary votes from 2/3 of the classes, and, as a result, it did not pass.[27] On 12 June 2017, the General Synod voted for a "recommendation [which] says, 'faithful adherence to the RCA's Standards, therefore, entails the affirmation that marriage is between one man and one woman.'"[28] Also, in 2017, a classis in the RCA ordained the first openly gay and married pastor who had declared himself as such when he began the ordination process.[29]

In 2021, the RCA's General Synod voted in favor of a plan to allow congregations to leave the denomination, with their properties, and to allow remaining RCA congregations to choose their policy on LGBTQ clergy and same-sex marriages with some supporting same-sex marriages and some opposing.[30][31][32][33]

Women's ordination

The RCA first admitted women to the offices of deacon and elder in 1972 and first ordained women in 1979.[34] By 1980 the General Synod of the RCA amended the Book of Church Order (BCO) to clarify their position on women's ordination, including amending the language of Part I, Article 1, Section 3 of the BCO from "persons" to "men and women".[34]

In 1980 the RCA added a conscience clause to the BCO stating, "If individual members of the classis find that their consciences, as illuminated by Scripture, would not permit them to participate in the licensure, ordination or installation of women as ministers of the Word, they shall not be required to participate in decisions or actions contrary to their consciences, but may not obstruct the classis in fulfilling its responsibility to arrange for the care, ordination, and installation of women candidates and ministers by means mutually agreed on by such women and the classis" (Part II, Article 2, Section 7).[34]

In 2012 by a vote of 143 to 69, the General Synod of the RCA voted to remove the conscience clauses. However, the vote by the General Synod had to be approved by a majority of the classes (a classis serving the same function as a presbytery). Eventually, 31 classes voted in favor of removal, with 14 voting to retain them, and the vote was ratified at the RCA's 2013 General Synod.[35]

Polity

The RCA has a presbyterian polity where authority is divided among representative bodies: consistories, classes, regional synods, and the General Synod. The General Synod meets annually and is the representative body of the entire denomination, establishing its policies, programs, and agenda. Measures passed at General Synod are executed and overseen by the General Synod Council. Council members are appointed by the General Synod. A General Secretary oversees day-to-day operations.[36] The Rev. Eddy Alemán, D. Min., was installed as the General Secretary at the 2018 General Synod.

The Constitution of the RCA consists of three parts: the Liturgy, the Government, and the Doctrinal Standards. The Government, along with the Formularies and the By-laws of the General Synod, are published annually in a volume known as The Book of Church Order.[37]

Colleges and seminaries
The Dimnent Chapel at Hope College, in Holland, Michigan
Colleges
Seminary[38]

Contingent Related Seminary

Certification agencies[37]
  • Students who do not attend or receive their Master of Divinity degree from one of the two seminaries operated by the RCA are certified and credentialed for ministry in the RCA through the Ministerial Formation Certification Agency in Paramount, California.

Ecumenical relations

Through a document known as A Formula of Agreement, the RCA has full communion with the Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.), the United Church of Christ, and the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America. The relationship between the United Church of Christ and the RCA has been the subject of controversy within the RCA, particularly a resolution by the UCC General Synod in 2005 regarding homosexuality. The ELCA's affirmation of the ordination of homosexuals as clergy in 2009 prompted some RCA conservatives to call for a withdrawal from the Formula of Agreement. In 2012 RCA discussed its own position regarding homosexuality.[39] The two denominations undertook a dialogue and in 1999 produced a document discussing their differences (PDF).

Along with their Formula of Agreement partners, the RCA retains close fellowship with the Christian Reformed Church in North America (CRC). In 2005 the RCA and CRC voted to allow for the exchange of ministers. Faith Alive Christian Resources, the CRC's publishing arm, is also used by the RCA and in 2013 published a joint hymnal for use in both denominations. The two denominations have also collaborated on various other ministry ventures, voted to merge pension plans in 2013 in conformity with the Affordable Care Act, and plan to hold back-to-back General Synods at Central College in Pella, Iowa, in 2014.

Notable members
John Scudder Sr., a Dutch Reformed minister, started a family of missionaries in India in 1819

See also

References

Citations
  1. Church Statistical Data Reformed Church in America
  2. "Ecumenical Partners". Reformed Church in America. 2016. Archived from the original on 14 October 2018. Retrieved 15 June 2016.
  3. Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Reformed Church in America" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 23 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 22.
  4. "History of Montgomery Classis, R.C.A." www.threerivershms.com. Retrieved 18 May 2023.
  5. Benjamin C. Taylor D. D., Annals of the Classis of Bergen of the Reformed Dutch Church and of the Churches Under its Care: Including, The Civil History of the Ancient Township of Bergen, in New Jersey, Hosford & Co. NY, NY 1857
  6. American Biography (1919) The American Historical Society, New York
  7. Firth Haring Fabend, "The Synod of Dort and the Persistence of Dutchness in Nineteenth-century New York and New Jersey", New York History; 1996 77(3): 273–300
  8. History of Fairview Reformed Church http://churches.rca.org/fairviewreformed/History.html#1837 Archived 16 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine
  9. Mathes, Glenda Faye (11 November 2014). "Churches leaving the RCA". Archived from the original on 27 March 2019. Retrieved 7 March 2019.
  10. "Find a church". Alliance of reformed churches. 26 May 2022. Archived from the original on 26 July 2022. Retrieved 26 May 2022.
  11. "Dissident Churches of the Reform Church in America form the Kingdom Network". The banner. October 2021. Archived from the original on 27 January 2022. Retrieved 27 January 2022.
  12. "Churches separate from the Reformed Church in America and form the Kingdom Network". Reformed journal. 6 December 2021. Archived from the original on 27 January 2022. Retrieved 27 January 2022.
  13. "General Synod Statements: Physician-Assisted Suicide - Reformed Church in America". www.rca.org. Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 23 August 2011.
  14. "General Synod Statements: Capital Punishment - Reformed Church in America". www.rca.org. Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 23 August 2011.
  15. "General Synod Statements: Contemporary Topics - Reformed Church in America". www.rca.org. Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 23 August 2011.
  16. "General Synod Statements: Homosexuality - Reformed Church in America". www.rca.org. Archived from the original on 10 January 2016. Retrieved 9 July 2015.
  17. "General Synod Asks for Definition of Marriage | Reformed Church in America". www.rca.org. October 2014. Archived from the original on 5 April 2016. Retrieved 21 April 2016.
  18. "General Synod 2015: Recommendations". www.rca.org. Reformed Church in America. Archived from the original on 4 April 2016. Retrieved 12 October 2015.
  19. "3 Christian schools shift their policies on homosexuality". national.deseretnews.com. Archived from the original on 28 April 2016. Retrieved 21 April 2016.
  20. "Schenectady Classis Bylaws (Article 1, Section 4)" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 June 2020. Retrieved 15 June 2020.
  21. "News from Room for All" (PDF). www.roomforall.com. Room for All. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 12 October 2015.
  22. "Roster of Affirming Congregations in the RCA – Room for All". roomforall.com. Archived from the original on 31 March 2016. Retrieved 21 April 2016.
  23. "RCA takes strides toward more inclusion of homosexuals". 19 November 2011. Archived from the original on 19 August 2016. Retrieved 22 July 2016.
  24. "Reformed Churches' new UCC affiliation expands ministry in New York". United Church of Christ. Archived from the original on 16 June 2017. Retrieved 13 June 2017.
  25. "Special Council Report Now Available". rca.org. Reformed Church in America. 25 April 2016. Archived from the original on 26 April 2016. Retrieved 26 April 2016.
  26. "Synod Affirms Man/Woman Marriage, Calls for Respect for LGBT People". www.rca.org. Reformed Church in America. 14 June 2016. Archived from the original on 17 June 2016. Retrieved 14 June 2016.
  27. "Beyond the Amendments – Room for All". roomforall.com. 24 March 2017. Archived from the original on 19 April 2017. Retrieved 18 April 2017.
  28. "Synod Looks to Standards to Define Marriage | Reformed Church in America". www.rca.org. 13 June 2017. Archived from the original on 19 June 2017. Retrieved 13 June 2017.
  29. "After nine-year journey the Reformed Church in America ordains the "first" openly gay man". Episcopal Cafe. 17 January 2017. Archived from the original on 24 May 2018. Retrieved 23 May 2018.
  30. "Reformed Church in America at odds over LGBTQ, policy disagreements". WXMI. 10 November 2021. Archived from the original on 20 December 2021. Retrieved 20 December 2021.
  31. Service, Kathryn Post-Religion News (18 October 2021). "Reformed Church in America Reorganizes Due to LGBT Divides". News & Reporting. Archived from the original on 20 December 2021. Retrieved 20 December 2021.
  32. Millard, Egan (14 October 2021). "Reformed Church in America faces rupture over LGBTQ+ gridlock". Episcopal News Service. Archived from the original on 20 December 2021. Retrieved 20 December 2021.
  33. "Some Reformed Churches explain why they don't want to leave the denomination". WXMI. 11 November 2021. Archived from the original on 20 December 2021. Retrieved 20 December 2021.
  34. "Reformed Church Removes 'Conscience' Exemption for Women's Ordination". www.christianpost.com. 27 June 2012. Archived from the original on 21 January 2021. Retrieved 3 November 2020.
  35. "Removal of Conscience Clauses Ratified". Reformed Church in America. The Reformed Church in America. 20 June 2013. Retrieved 18 May 2023.
  36. "The Reformed Church in America". www.rca.org. Archived from the original on 11 June 2011. Retrieved 19 November 2009.
  37. "The Reformed Church in America". Reformed Church in America.
  38. "The Reformed Church in America". Reformed Church in America. Archived from the original on 15 December 2007.
  39. "Reformed Church to Discuss Response to Homosexuality on Monday". www.christianpost.com. 25 June 2012. Archived from the original on 27 February 2021. Retrieved 3 November 2020.
  40. "BU". Archived from the original on 27 August 2014. Retrieved 27 August 2014.

24 Becoming an Ordained Minister in the RCA

Sources
  • Birch, J. J. The Pioneering Church in the Mohawk Valley (1955)
  • DeJong, Gerald F. The Dutch Reformed Church in the American Colonies (1978) 279 pp.
  • Fabend, H. H. Zion on the Hudson: Dutch New York and New Jersey in the Age of Revivals (2000)
  • House, Renee S., and John W. Coakley, eds. ''Women in the History of the Reformed Church in America (1999) 182 pp. Historical Series of the Reformed Church in America. no. 5.
  • Hansen, M.G. The Reformed Church in the Netherlands, 1340–1840 (1884)
  • Swierenga, Robert, and Elton J. Bruins. Family Quarrels in the Dutch Reformed Churches in the 19th Century: The Pillar Church Sesquicentennial Lectures (Historical Series of the Reformed Church in America) (2000) excerpt and text search
  • Swierenga, Robert. The Dutch in America: Immigration, Settlement, and Cultural Change (1985)
  • Swierenga, Robert. Faith and Family: Dutch Immigration and Settlement in the United States, 1820–1920 (2000)
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