Traveller (role-playing game)

Traveller is a science fiction role-playing game first published in 1977 by Game Designers' Workshop. Marc Miller designed Traveller with help from Frank Chadwick, John Harshman, and Loren Wiseman.[1] Editions were published for GURPS, d20, and other role-playing game systems. From its origin and in the currently published systems, the game relied upon six-sided dice for random elements. Traveller has been featured in a few novels and at least two video games.

Traveller
Science-Fiction Adventure in the Far Future
Cover of the original Traveller boxed set
Designers
Publishers
Publication
Years active1977–present
Genres
Systems
Website

Traveller is a tabletop game where characters journey through star systems, engaging in exploration, ground and space battles, and interstellar trading. Players assume various roles, such as humans, robots, aliens, or genetically engineered species. The game is influenced by various literary works and emphasizes commerce, sociological stratification, and a mix of low and high technology. The setting is centered around the human-dominated Third Imperium, a feudalistic interstellar empire. Despite the focus on humans, the Traveller universe is cosmopolitan and features various races, including major races like Aslan, Droyne, Hivers, K'kree, and Vargr, as well as numerous minor races. The game's history also features the Ancients, a highly advanced race that left behind ruins and artifacts scattered throughout the universe.

Traveller has been published in various editions since 1977. The original version, known as Classic Traveller, was published by Game Designers' Workshop (GDW). Throughout the years, the game has evolved, with notable editions including MegaTraveller, Traveller: The New Era, Marc Miller's Traveller, GURPS Traveller, Traveller20, Traveller Hero, Mongoose Traveller, and Traveller5. The current rulesets are Traveller5 and Mongoose Traveller 2nd Ed., both of which draw from the original Traveller rules and rely on six-sided dice. Each edition presents different settings, timelines, and mechanics, showcasing the game's adaptability and enduring popularity.

Traveller is highly regarded for its production value, sophisticated character generation system, and consistent rules. It has received positive reviews across various editions, with some critics calling it the best science-fiction RPG. Traveller has won multiple Origins Awards and was inducted into the Origins Hall of Fame in 1996. While the game has faced some criticism, such as slow character growth and anachronistic weapons, it remains a classic in the role-playing hobby. Some video games and software have been based on the Traveller universe, including The Imperial Data Recovery System, MegaTraveller 1: The Zhodani Conspiracy, and MegaTraveller 2: Quest for the Ancients.

Design

Traveller is a tabletop role-playing game. Characters journey between star systems, engaging in exploration, ground and space battles, and interstellar trading. One player, the game master or referee, oversees task attempts and guides events as the players explore the setting.

Characters are defined not by the need to increase native skill and ability but by achievements, discoveries, wealth, and so on.

Influences and inspiration

Marc Miller lists a number of books that influenced Traveller and provided its key features:[2]

Key features

Some of these key features include:

  • Commerce: Commerce is the major driving force of civilization.
  • Human-centric but cosmopolitan: The core rules focus on human characters, but there is support for using and playing aliens.
  • Limited communication: There is no faster-than-light information transfer – meaning no ansible, subspace radio, or similar. Communication is limited to the speed of travel. Decisions are made on the local level rather than by a remote authority.
  • Morals and mortality: People remain people and continue to show courage, wisdom, honesty and justice, along with cowardice, deceit, and criminal behavior.
  • Sociological: Interstellar society is socially stratified (high, mid, and low passage; SOC (Social Status) is a primary character attribute). Affairs are often managed by independent nobility, who make use of classic titles such as Baron, Duke and Archduke.

Characters

Traveller uses a lifepath-style system for character generation. Characters get skills and experience in a mini-game where the player makes career choices determining the character's life up to the point before adventuring begins.

A character can be human, robot, alien, or of a genetically engineered species. A character can be civilian, military, or noble, a young cadet, or a tried-and-true veteran, each with strengths and weaknesses. Death during character generation is possible in some editions, a mechanic that became infamous.

Characters have six primary characteristics, generated by a roll of two six-sided dice. Other characteristics also exist to add nuance to alien characters.

Some characters have extra-sensory perception, telekinesis, telepathy, and other psychic abilities, which are organized and standardized into "psionics".

Equipment

Equipment emphasizes wilderness exploration, hazardous environments, and combat. As a result, equipment lists are heavy on vehicles, sensor equipment, communicators, rations, personal armor, and weapons.

Low-technology
Since primitive worlds exist near technological worlds, primitive weapons such as swords, shields, pikes, and bows are included. Characters often have some sort of blade skill for close combat.
High-technology
Cybernetics and non-sentient robots also show up in equipment lists, as do artifacts from ancient civilizations.
Hard Sci-fi Flavor
Along with energy weapons, there is also a strong presence of slug-throwing weapons such as rifles and pistols. The prevailing theory is that (usually) the most efficient way to stop someone is with kinetic energy (e.g. bullets).

Starships

Starships range from small one-person scouts, to giant planetoid colony ships. Design rules balance power, life support, and defenses for consistent ships. GDW published several board games allowing Traveller space battles to be played out as games in their own right - Mayday, Brilliant Lances and Battle Rider for example.

Worlds

Worlds range from barren planetoid moons to large gas giant worlds, from uncolonized territories to planets with billions of people. The world generation rules produce a random mix of worlds.

Setting

Early in the adventures and supplements, a default setting emerged, based on in-house play tests done for the game. In this setting, the human-dominated Third Imperium is the largest interstellar empire in charted space, a feudalistic union of worlds, where local nobility operate largely free from oversight and restricted by convention and feudal obligations.

Sophonts

The setting features descendants of humanity who are collectively called Humaniti. These include the Solomani, humans emigrated from Earth within the last few thousand years, the Vilani, humans transplanted from Earth tens of thousands of years ago by the Ancients (see below) who founded the First Imperium, and the Zhodani, psychic humans ruled by psionically-gifted nobles.

Despite the thematic dominance of the human race, with most adventures taking place in human space, the Traveller universe is cosmopolitan and contains many technologically advanced sophonts, a term borrowed from earlier science fiction material.[3] The setting principally concerns itself with six major races that developed faster-than-light travel independently. In addition to Humaniti, the standard list of major races includes the honor-bound catlike Aslan, the winged lizard-like Droyne, the sixfold-symmetric and manipulative Hivers, the centaur-like militant vegetarian K'kree, and the wolf-hybrid Vargr.

Additional minor races are numerous. An early publication from GDW notes that "The minor races, of which there are hundreds within the area of known space, will be largely left up to individual referees." GDW's quarterly publication, the Journal of the Travellers Aid Society designed by Loren K. Wiseman, sketched out about one race per quarter, starting with the Aslan in Issue 7. Taken together with aliens casually mentioned or introduced in separate scenarios or adventures—often arbitrarily—there is therefore no indication that the number of minor races is limited in any sense.

Ancients

The Ancients were a major race in the distant past; their ruins dot planets throughout charted space and their artifacts are more technically advanced than those of any existing civilization. For unknown reasons, they transplanted humans from Earth to dozens of worlds, uplifted Terran wolves to create the Vargr and transplanted them to another world,[4] and undertook many megascale engineering projects before destroying their civilization in a catastrophic civil war.[5]

Publishing history
A selection of classic Traveller rule books and supplements, including the core box set.

Format
Main article: List of Traveller Books

The original gamebooks were black and digest-sized (known as the "little black books") produced by Game Designers' Workshop (GDW). The main rules were detailed in three such booklets, sold as a boxed set while the same format was used for early support material, such as the adventures, supplements and further books. Later supplements and updated versions of the main game system introduced full sized booklets, complete re-writes of the game system and significant changes to the Third Imperium.

Editions
Traveller game editions and publishers
Pub. date Game Abbrev. Primary publisher
1977(Classic) TravellerCTGame Designers' Workshop[6]: 158 
1987MegaTravellerMTGame Designers' Workshop[6]: 169 
1993Traveller: The New EraTNEGame Designers' Workshop[6]: 175 
1996Marc Miller's TravellerT4Imperium Games
1998GURPS TravellerGTSteve Jackson Games[6]: 181 
2002Traveller20T20QuikLink Interactive[6]: 181 
2006GURPS Traveller: Interstellar WarsGTIWSteve Jackson Games
2006Traveller HeroTHComStar Games[6]: 181 
2008Mongoose Traveller 1st Ed.MGTMongoose Publishing[6]: 181 
2013Traveller5.09T5Far Future Enterprises[6]: 181 
2016Mongoose Traveller 2nd Ed.MGT2Mongoose Publishing
2019Traveller5.10T5Far Future Enterprises[6]: 181 
2022Mongoose Traveller 2nd Ed. UpdateMGT2Mongoose Publishing

Though nearly all older versions of Traveller are available in PDF format, Traveller5 and Mongoose Traveller 2nd Ed. are the current rulesets. Both rely on six-sided dice and both draw from the original Traveller rules.

Traveller

The original version was designed and published by GDW in 1977. The core rules originally came as a box set of three black digest-sized books, and were later compiled into a single volume rulebook. This edition is also sometimes called by the retronym Classic Traveller.

MegaTraveller

The game was set during a rebellion which shattered the Imperium. Supplements and magazines produced during this era detailed the progression of the rebellion from the initial assassination of the Emperor in 1116 to the collapse of large-scale interstellar trade in roughly 1124 (the beginning of the supplement Hard Times).

Traveller: The New Era

Set in the former territory of the Third Imperium after interstellar government and society had largely collapsed. TNE introduced Virus, a silicon-chip life form that infected and took over computers. The game mechanics used GDW's house system, derived from Twilight: 2000, 2nd Ed.

Marc Miller's Traveller

T4 is set in the early days of the Third Imperium (Milieu 0), with the small, newly formed empire surrounded by regressed or barbaric worlds.

GURPS Traveller
Main article: GURPS Traveller

Designed by Loren K. Wiseman and published in 1998, GURPS Traveller uses the third edition of the GURPS system and takes place in an alternate timeline in which no Rebellion occurred and Virus was never released.

Traveller20

Published by QuickLink Interactive (QLI) in 2002, this version uses the d20 System as its base and is set at the time of the Solomani Rim War around Imperial year 990, about a century before the era depicted in the original game. The preferred setting is the Gateway Domain region of the Imperium. After the company's license to the Traveller brand and setting lapsed, the purely mechanical elements of this game were republished as the generic SciFi20 system.

GURPS Traveller: Interstellar Wars

In 2006, Steve Jackson Games released GURPS Traveller: Interstellar Wars (GTISW, sometimes GTIW) for the 4th edition of GURPS from 2004. The timeline was rolled back to 2170, which is several millennia earlier than the usual Traveller setting, to the early days of Earth's presence in space at the time when Earth first started to send out interstellar ships to include the period just after the Third Interstellar War between the Terran Confederation (Earth) and the gigantic Ziru Sirka Empire (Vland).

Traveller Hero

A port of the Traveller setting to the Hero System, produced under license by Comstar Games in 2006.[6]: 181 

Mongoose Traveller

Mongoose Publishing published this version both in a traditional format and as an open gaming SRD around which other games may be built.

A second edition was published in 2016 and updated in 2022. It uses a full color production style while resembling the original Traveller rules in scope.

Traveller5

A new set of rules made by re-working and integrating concepts from earlier rulesets.

The current version, v5.10, was printed in 2019 as three distinct books: Characters and Combat, Starships, and Worlds and Adventures.[7]

Reception

In the April–May 1978 edition of White Dwarf (Issue #6), Don Turnbull gave a strong recommendation for the new game, saying, "Altogether, what is here is very satisfactory and much of it is stimulating. The presentation is exemplary, the detail impressive, the treatment exacting and the inventiveness inspired."[8]

In the September 1978 edition of Dragon (Issue 18), Tony Watson complimented the game on the high production value of its components, saying, "Physically, Traveller is first class, a tradition with Game Designer's Workshop. The box lid and covers of the three booklets are done in a simple but highly effective combination of red and white lettering on a black background. The interior layout and printing is also of the best quality; the printing is an entirely professional job." Watson liked that experience points were not emphasized in gameplay: "It is refreshing to see that the adventures and color of the game's play is reward enough and the players are not channeling their energy into the rather silly chase of ethereal experience points. Too often, this chase becomes more important than actual play itself!" He concluded with a strong recommendation, saying, "Traveller is a unique SF game and probably the best of the role-playing variety. It offers a colorful but consistent future for players to adventure in."[9]

In the inaugural edition of Ares (March 1980), David Ritchie was enthusiastic about Traveller, giving it an above average rating of 8 out of 9 and commenting, "This game starts off where Dungeons & Dragons left off, but, if there is any justice, will end up being more popular than that venerable relic. For one thing, the Traveller rules are fairly consistent (moreso than is usual for such games)."[10]

In the May–June 1980 edition of The Space Gamer (Issue No. 28), Forrest Johnson gave a good review, saying, "Traveller is the best game of its type, recommended for the sophisticated science fiction gamer."[11]

In the November 1980 edition of Ares (Issue #5), Eric Goldberg called Traveller "a most impressive achievement from a design standpoint... This mark of distinction is the main reason why I consider Traveller the finest commercially available role-playing game." Goldberg didn't consider it perfect, criticizing the game's lack of imaginary vision of technology of the future. Although he liked the "sophisticated and elegant" character generation system, he felt that "All too often, a player will have to spend an entire afternoon rolling dice before he gains a reasonable character." Goldberg concluded with a positive recommendation: "If you have at least a casual interest in science fiction and role-playing, you should definitely invest in a copy of Traveller"[12]

In the 1980 book The Complete Book of Wargames, game designer Jon Freeman commented, "Traveller is the only serious attempt to provide a really comprehensive set of role-playing rules for science fiction: interstellar travel, exploration, trade, combat at all levels, and so on." Freeman warned potential players, "Considering the territory it seeks to cover, Traveller is necessarily complex, and it presumes on the part of the potential referee considerable familiarity with other role-playing games and the literature of science fiction." Freeman gave this game an Overall Evaluation of "Good", concluding, "For experienced players wishing a truly open-ended, science fiction, role-playing campaign, there is no real alternative."[13]

In the October–November 1981 edition of White Dwarf, Andy Slack reviewed the Deluxe Traveller Edition, a compilation of the three original rules booklets, plus Book 0 - An Introduction to Traveller, and an adventure, "The Imperial Fringe". Slack thought this edition was better laid out, and "typos have been rectified." Because he believed that this edition was not substantially different than the original set, he only rated this edition a 4 out of 10 for experienced players who already owned the original rule booklets; but for new players, he rated it a perfect 10 out of 10.[14]

In the inaugural edition of Games International (October 1988), Jake Thornton gave MegaTraveller an above-average rating of 4 out of 5, saying, "Although there are some typos and omissions, overall, MegaTraveller is a success. If you like your SF on a grand, starspanning scale [...] then MegaTraveller is the system for you."[15]

Chris W. McCubbin reviewed Traveller: The New Era for Pyramid #2 (July/Aug. 1993) and concluded that, despite some complaints he had about the new version, "Traveller's still around and that's good. I hope it always will be."[16]

In the August 1997 edition of Dragon (Issue 238), Rick Swan reviewed the fourth edition of Traveller, and called it "a masterful effort... the best science-fiction RPG I've ever played." On the downside, Swan thought that "The inclusion of anachronistic weapons like swords and crossbows can turn combat into a bad episode of Star Trek." He also pointed out that character growth in the game is very slow: "PCs acquire new skills and abilities about as fast as a tree trunk acquires new growth rings." He also wanted to see more setting information. But he concluded that the fourth edition of Traveller was close to perfect, giving it a top rating of 6 out of 6 and saying, "Time-tested and buffed to a sheen, Traveller will endure as long there's enough plastic to manufacture six-sided dice."[17]

In a 1996 reader poll by Arcane magazine to determine the 50 most popular roleplaying games of all time, Traveller (as either Traveller, MegaTraveller, or Traveller: The New Era) was ranked 3rd. The magazine's editor Paul Pettengale commented: "Although originally intended as a generic science fiction system, Traveller quickly became linked with the Imperium campaign background developed by GDW... This background offers a great degree of freedom for individual referees to run campaigns of their own devising, while providing enough basic groundwork to build from, and has proved to be immensely successful. Everything from political intrigue to action-packed mercenary actions, trading or scientific exploration is possible, and a lot more besides.... Traveller [is] one of the true classics of the roleplaying hobby".[18]

Scott Taylor for Black Gate in 2013 rated Traveller as #2 in the top ten role-playing games of all time, saying "Packaged in a plain black jacket with some simple bars of color, there is nothing inherently fancy about Traveller, and yet it has remained a viable source of entertainment to gamers through ten editions and six gaming companies that have controlled its license."[19]

Awards

Traveller: The New Era won the 1993 Origins Award for Best Roleplaying Rules.[20]

Traveller: The New Era won the 1994 Origins Award for Best Roleplaying Rules.[6]: 176 

In 1996, Traveller was inducted into the Origins Hall of Fame.[21]

In other media

Software

The Imperial Data Recovery System is a computer program published by FASA in 1981 as a play aid to speed up bookkeeping for Traveller, and assist with game aspects such as sector maps, records of characters and ships, and in-game encounters. John M. Morrison reviewed The Imperial Data Recovery System in The Space Gamer No. 50.[22] Morrison commented that "I would seriously recommend that FASA take this off the market and re-write it from the ground up. There's definitely room for a Traveller aid program on the market, but not this one."[22]

GDW licensee Paragon produced two video games based on the Traveller universe:

TravellerMap is an interactive map detailing the primary setting for Traveller. While it was originally fan-made, it has been made canon by reference,[23] which reference states that what appears in real life on that site is what appears in-universe to users of a certain widely used stellar navigational tool.

Novels

Several novels have been specifically set in the various Traveller universes:

Traveller game novels
# Year Title Series Author Reference and ISBN Notes
1. 1993 "Again, Oytritsyu'aby" n/a Charles E. Gannon n/a Novelette
2. 1993 "Count or Country" n/a Charles E. Gannon n/a Novelette
3. 1993 "The Trap of Triton" n/a Gary A. Kalin n/a Novelette
5. 1995 Death of Wisdom[6]: 180  Book 1 of 3 Paul Brunette ISBN 978-1-55878-181-8
6. 1995 To Dream of Chaos Book 2 of 3 Paul Brunette ISBN 978-1-55878-184-9
7. 1998 Gateway to the Stars n/a Pierce Askegren ISBN 978-0-671-01188-8
8. 2005 The Force of Destiny n/a Dale Kemper [24]
9. 2004 Diaspora Phoenix n/a Martin J. Dougherty n/a
10. 2006 Tales of the New Era 1: Yesterday's Hero n/a Martin J. Dougherty n/a
11. 2010 The Backwards Mask Book 3 of 3 Paul Brunette [25]
12. 2011 The Backwards Mask (Alternative) Book 3 of 3 Matthew Carson [25][26]
13. 2012 A Long Way Home: Tales of Congressional Space n/a Terrance McInnes n/a
14. 2014 Shadow of the Storm n/a Martin J. Dougherty ISBN 978-1-55878-034-7
15. 2014 Fate of the Kinunir[27] n/a Robert E. Vardeman ISBN 978-1-55878-029-3
16. 2015 Agent of the Imperium n/a Marc W. Miller ISBN 978-1-55878-037-8
  • Gregory P. Lee's The Laughing Lip[28] series acknowledges the influence of Traveller in the development of the three novels published to date. Lee also wrote the Gamelords supplement Lee's Guide to Interstellar Adventure in the early 1980s.
  • Jefferson P. Swycaffer has written several novels[6]: 180  set in the "Concordat" fictional universe he originally developed for his Traveller campaign.
  • There are two different Backwards Mask books in the Death of Wisdom trilogy. The manuscript by the original author (Brunette) was lost until shortly after the replacement manuscript (by Carson) was published. The original was then published for those who wanted it, and Carson's serves as an alternate end to the trilogy.

Periodicals

Gaming magazine White Dwarf ran a comic strip called The Travellers by Mark Harrison from 1983 to 1986. The strip spoofed Traveller and other space opera settings.[29]

Music

The concept album Traveller by heavy metal band The Lord Weird Slough Feg is based on the game.

Traveller: 2300 or 2300 AD
Main article: 2300 AD

Originally published by GDW as an updated replacement for Traveller, eschewing classic space opera to take inspiration from the grittier contemporary hard science fiction media of the 1980s. The first edition was named Traveller: 2300, which incited both confusion and criticism since the game carried over neither the rules nor setting of its namesake. The second edition was renamed 2300 AD, and added some cyberpunk rules and adventures. It is presented as a future extrapolation of the speculative World War III of GDW's popular military role-playing game Twilight: 2000. In the 2300 AD setting, interstellar travel is relatively new, Earth is still divided into nation-states, and the most powerful nations are competitively exploring and colonizing the fifty light-year sphere of surrounding space. Mongoose Publishing released a sourcebook for the setting in 2012 that adapted it to their version of the Traveller rules.

Cultural impact

Computer programs have been created to model and predict starship combat using Traveller rules. The most famous case involved Douglas Lenat applying his Eurisko heuristic learning program to the scenario in the Traveller adventure Trillion Credit Squadron, which contains rules for resolving large space battles statistically. Eurisko exploited corner-case features and built unusual fleets that won the 1981 and 1982 championships. The sponsor stated that if Lenat entered and won the next year they would stop the sponsorship, so Lenat stopped attending.[30]

See also

References
  1. Appelcline, Shannon (2011). Designers & Dragons. Mongoose Publishing. ISBN 978-1-907702-58-7.
  2. Appelcline, Shannon (2016). The Science Fiction in Traveller. USA: Far Future Enterprises. ISBN 978-1-55878-049-1.
  3. As of this edit, this article uses content from "Where did the term "sophont" originate?", authored by Lexible at Science Fiction & Fantasy Stack Exchange, which is licensed in a way that permits reuse under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, but not under the GFDL. All relevant terms must be followed.
  4. Alien Module 3: Vargr
  5. Adventure 12: Secrets of the Ancients
  6. Appelcline, Shannon (2014). Designers & Dragons. '70-'79 : A history of the roleplaying game industry (2nd ed.). Silver Springs, MD, USA: Evil Hat Productions. ISBN 978-1-61317-075-5.
  7. "Traveller Fifth Edition". Kickstarter.
  8. Turnbull, Don (April–May 1978). "Traveller". White Dwarf. Games Workshop (6): 16–18.
  9. Watson, Tony (September 1978). "Reviews". Dragon. TSR, Inc. (18): 8.
  10. Ritchie, David (March 1980). "A Galaxy of Games". Ares Magazine. Simulations Publications, Inc. (1): 30.
  11. Johnson, Forrest (May–June 1980). "Capsule Reviews". The Space Gamer. Steve Jackson Games (28): 28.
  12. Goldberg, Eric (November 1980). "Games". Ares. Simulations Publications, Inc. (5): 35–36.
  13. Freeman, Jon (1980). The Complete Book of Wargames. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 281.
  14. Slack, Andy (October–November 1981). "Open Box". White Dwarf. Games Workshop (27): 11.
  15. Thronton, Jake (October 1988). "Role Games". Games International. No. 1. pp. 42–44.
  16. "Pyramid: Pyramid Pick: Traveller: The New Era". sjgames.com.
  17. Swan, Rick (August 1997). "Roleplaying Reviews". Dragon. TSR, Inc. (238): 108–109.
  18. Pettengale, Paul (Christmas 1996). "Arcane Presents the Top 50 Roleplaying Games 1996". Arcane (14): 25–35.
  19. "Art of the Genre: The Top 10 Role-Playing Games of All-Time – Black Gate". 10 June 2013.
  20. "Origins Award Winners (1993)". Academy of Adventure Gaming Arts & Design. Archived from the original on 7 March 2008. Retrieved 24 March 2008.
  21. "Origins Award Winners (1996)". Academy of Adventure Gaming Arts & Design. Archived from the original on 21 December 2007. Retrieved 2 November 2007.
  22. Morrison, John M. (April 1982). "Capsule Reviews". The Space Gamer. Steve Jackson Games (50): 34–35.
  23. The Great Rift Book 1: The Great Rift. Mongoose Publishing. p. 4.
  24. "Traveller - Force of Destiny". Travellerbibliography.org. Archived from the original on 6 June 2013. Retrieved 23 August 2014.
  25. "Traveller Fiction - Wayne's Books RPG Reference". Waynesbooks.com. Retrieved 23 August 2014.
  26. "The Sector M". Amazon.com. Retrieved 4 February 2018.
  27. "Step into the Traveller Universe with Fate of the Kinunir – Black Gate". 17 August 2013.
  28. Lee, Gregory P. (6 March 2011). All Shall Go to Wrack: Book 1 of The Laughing Lip. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. ISBN 978-1-4565-9090-1.
  29. "RPGNet RPG Gaming Index: White Dwarf articles". 12 February 2008. Archived from the original on 16 January 2009. Retrieved 12 February 2008.
  30. Johnson, George (1984). "Eurisko, The Computer with a Mind Of Its Own". The APF Reporter. Washington, D.C.: The Alicia Patterson Foundation. 7 (4). Archived from the original on 22 October 2011. Retrieved 16 July 2011.

Further reading
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