Renault Zoe

The Renault Zoe (stylized as ZOE and pronounced as "Zoey"), known as Renault Zoe E-Tech Electric since 2021, is a five-door supermini electric car produced by the French manufacturer Renault. Renault originally unveiled, under the Zoe name, a number of different concept cars. Initially in 2005 as the Zoe City Car and later as the Zoe Z.E. electric concept was shown in two different versions in 2009 and 2010 under the Renault Z.E. name. A production ready version of the Zoe was shown at the 2012 Geneva Motor Show.[6]

For the 1998 concept car, see Renault Zo.

Renault Zoe
2020 Renault Zoe R110 Z.E. (facelift)
Overview
ManufacturerRenault
Production2012–present : 350,000 units planned
AssemblyFrance: Flins-sur-Seine (Flins Renault Factory)
DesignerJean Semeriva[1]
Body and chassis
ClassSupermini (B)
Body style5-door hatchback
LayoutFront-motor, front-wheel-drive
Powertrain
Electric motorSynchronous with rotor coil motor
  • 66 kW (90 PS; 89 bhp) 220 N⋅m (162 lb⋅ft) (Q90/R90)
    (2012–2019)
  • 80 kW (109 PS; 107 bhp) 225 N⋅m (166 lb⋅ft) (R110)
    (2018–present)
  • 100 kW (136 PS; 134 bhp) 245 N⋅m (181 lb⋅ft) (R135)
    (2019–present)
Battery
  • 22 kW·h lithium ion battery
    (2012–2019)
  • 41 kW·h lithium ion battery
    October 2016–September 2019)
  • 52 kW·h lithium ion battery
    (September 2019–present)
Range
  • 210 km (130 mi) (NEDC)[2]
    (2012–June 2015)
  • 240 km (150 mi) (NEDC)[3]
    June 2015–October 2016
  • 300 km (190 mi) (WLTP) / 400 km (250 mi) (NEDC)
    October 2016–September 2019[4]
  • 395 km (245 mi) (WLTP)
    September 2019–present
Plug-in charging
  • max 43kW[5] or
    max 22kW on Type 2
    (2012-2019)
  • max 50kW on CCS and
    max 22kW on Type 2
    (2019-present)
Dimensions
Wheelbase2,588 mm (101.9 in)
Length4,084 mm (160.8 in)
Width1,730 mm (68.1 in)
Height1,562 mm (61.5 in)
Kerb weight1,468 kg (3,236 lb)
Chronology
SuccessorRenault 5 EV

Retail customer deliveries began in France in December 2012, followed in 2013 by several European countries. Since 2013, the Zoe has been the all-time top selling all-electric car in the French market, with more than 100,000 units registered through June 2020.[7] The Zoe was the top selling all-electric car in Europe for two years running, 2015 and 2016,[8][9] and also topped European sales in the broader plug-in electric car segment in 2016 and 2020.[10][11] As of 2020, the Zoe ranks as Europe's all-time best selling plug-in electric car.[12] As of December 2020, global sales totaled almost 285,000 units since inception.[13][14]

The first production Zoe had a 22 kWh lithium-ion battery pack that delivers a range between 210 km (130 mi)[2] and 240 km (150 mi)[3] under the NEDC cycle.[2] In September 2016, Renault announced the introduction of new higher range model with a 41 kWh lithium-ion battery, increasing the range to 400 km (250 mi) under the NEDC cycle.[4] In mid 2018 a new model with increased motor power of 80 kW (110 hp), was announced as the ZE 40 R110. In mid 2019, the ZE 50 R135 was announced, with a 55 kWh battery pack (52 usable) and 100 kW (130 hp) motor, and CCS charging; the final production-ready model was shown at the Frankfurt Motor Show and deliveries started in January 2020.

Concepts

Zoe City Car Concept (2005)

The Renault Zoe City Car concept (or Z17) was shown at the 2005 Geneva Motor Show[15] featuring 3 seats, the 3.45 m long open top vehicle was proposed as an urban focused car.[16] This Zoe had no connection with the later electric Zoe concept to follow four years later.

Zoe Concept (2009)

The Renault Zoe Concept was shown to the public in 2009 at the Frankfurt Motor Show to show the company's vision for a Clio sized electric car.[17] It was powered by a 71 kW (95 hp) electric motor (mounted at the front) and lithium-ion batteries (under the seats). It was estimated it would have a range of 160 kilometres (99 mi) and a top speed of 145 km/h (90 mph), and could be charged at a conventional 230 V socket, or fast-charged from a high-voltage supply to 80 percent in only 20 minutes. A third innovative option was to swap the batteries for a new pack at a Renault Quickdrop centre.[18] The vehicle was designed by Raphaël Linari.[19]

The design was tear-drop shaped featuring a see-through roof features solar panels which run the air-conditioning system[20] and gull-wing doors. A new climate control system was also shown, developed with L'Oréal, which could spray essential oils into the interior to cut out harmful exterior smells, or rehydrate the interior to prevent skin drying out.

Zoe Preview (2010)

The Zoe Preview, a substantially revised version of the Zoe concept, was shown to the public at the 2010 Paris Motor Show, and was claimed to be a near-definitive representation (90% showroom ready) of the final version of the car. Many of the existing design features of the 2009 concept model were discarded such as the gull-wing doors.

The technical specifications had changed from the 2009 version with the power of the electric motor reduced to 66 kW (89 hp), a reduced top speed of 145 km/h (90 mph), but still with a 160 kilometres (99 mi) range.[21] It was suggested that the Zoe ZE would be priced from €15,000.[22]

Zoe E-Sport (2017)

The Zoe E-sport is a hot hatch electric car concept unveiled at the 2017 Geneva Motor Show.[23] It has an all-wheel drive design with two electric motors, each one powering an axle. The combined power from both is 340 kW (456 bhp) and the torque 640 N⋅m (472 lbf⋅ft). The lithium-ion battery package weighs 450 kg (992 lb) and is on the rear. The car, weighing 1,450 kg (3,197 lb), has a carbon fibre chassis, racing brakes and equipment, and a double wishbone suspension on both axles.[24][25]

  • Renault Zoe City Car 2005
    Renault Zoe City Car 2005
  • Renault Zoe Z.E. Concept 2009
    Renault Zoe Z.E. Concept 2009
  • Renault Zoe Preview 2010
    Renault Zoe Preview 2010
  • Renault Zoe E-Sport 2017
    Renault Zoe E-Sport 2017

Production versions
Renault Zoe (ZE 40) Dynamique in Mars Red
Side
Rear
Interior (pre-facelift)
Interior (facelift)

ZE

The production version of the Zoe was announced in March 2012 at the Geneva Motor Show. Similar to the Zoe Preview of 2010 and the design credited to Jean Semeriva, it is a five-door supermini at 4080 mm long, a little longer than the Renault Clio.[26] Retail customer deliveries began in limited number in France in December 2012, and Renault planned to increase availability during the first quarter of 2013. The first Zoe was delivered to Arnaud Montebourg, French Minister of Industrial Recovery.[27] The Zoe is produced at Flins on the same assembly line as the Renault Clio and Nissan Micra. About 170 Zoes are made per day.[28]

In France the Zoe pricing starts at €20,700 (US$27,250) before applying the existing €6,300 (US$8,300) tax incentive, plus a monthly fee for the battery. The cost of leasing the battery for 36 months starts from €79/month (US$104/month) for an annual distance travelled of 12,500 km (7,800 mi) and includes comprehensive breakdown assistance.[2]

The Zoes produced until June 2015 are powered by a 22 kWh lithium-ion battery pack weighing 275 kg,[28] driving a 65 kW (87 bhp; 88 PS) synchronous electric motor[2] supplied by Continental and called the Q210, as the NEDC cycle range is 210 km (130 mi).[29] Maximum torque is 220 N·m (162 lb-ft) with a top speed of 135 km/h (84 mph). Renault estimates that in suburban use, the Zoe can achieve around 100 km (62 mi) in cold weather and 150 km (93 mi) in temperate conditions. The car features a charging system called "Caméléon" (Chameleon) charger that allows the Zoe to be charged at any level of AC power up to 43 kW (63A), taking between 30 minutes and nine hours.[2] The particular type of grid system in parts of Norway with a different potential for the protective ground requires a special charger, which is included with all Zoes in Norway from summer 2015.[30]

In June 2015, Renault announced the introduction of a new, smaller electric motor called the R240, manufactured at its Cléon engine plant.[29] The new motor has the same power and torque as the Q210 unit[3] with an extended NEDC cycle range of 240 km (150 mi).[3] However, the Q210 would still be available as the R240 allowed only 22 kW quick charging.[29]

ZE 40

In October 2016 at the Paris Motor Show, Renault unveiled a 41 kWh lithium-ion battery called the ZE 40,[4] weighing 300 kg (661 lb).[28] The battery was developed by Renault and LG Chem, and is assembled at Renault's Flins plant. It is mounted on Zoes using the R75/90 motor (formerly R240, the name now making reference to the motor power output range between 55 kW (75 PS) and 66 kW (90 PS)) and increases the car range to 400 km (250 mi) under NEDC and allows quick charging.[31] The Q210 would still be available, renamed as Q90.[32] According to Renault, the battery delivers about 300 km (190 mi) on real driving conditions.[31] Older Zoes using the battery would get a less significant range increase because of various design upgrades.[4] Options to buy the battery would be available,[4] along with revised lease plans.[31]

In ZE 40 cars, available energy went up from about 22 kWh to 41 kWh, while the dimensions of the battery remained unchanged, with the weight increasing by only 15 kg (33 lbs) – from 290 to 305 kg (639 to 672 lb) (5%). Physically, Renault still uses 192 3.5 volts lithium cells[33][34] (LG Chem) in 12 modules (16 cells per module) configuration.[35][36]

ZE 50

In June 2019 Renault announced a new Zoe with a 52 kWh battery, just as the ZE 40 this was also developed by Renault and LG Chem,[37] achieving range of 385 km (239 mi) under WLTP conditions. It comes with either an 80 kW R110 electric motor for the "Iconic" trim level, or a 100 kW R135 electric motor for the "S Edition" and "GT Line +" trim levels. It also comes with faster charging with an optional extra of 50 kW DC capability via CCS2 available.[38]

Electrics and Drivetrain variants

Battery
  • First generation battery:
    • Thermals: air cooled
    • Total weight: 290 kg
    • Total capacity: 25,92 kWh (192 x 36 Ah x 3,75 V = 25,92 kWh)
    • Available capacity: 23.3 kWh
    • Cells: 192 cells, each with 36 Ah nominal capacity and 3,75 V nominal voltage.
    • Total cell weight: 165.12 kg (192 x 0.86 kg = 165.12 kg)
    • Charging: type 2 (22 kW AC with 3-phase), and 43 kW 3-phase for all initial Zoe before the advent of R240 version
  • Second generation battery:
    • Thermals: air cooled
    • Total weight: 305 kg
    • Total capacity: 45.61 kWh (estimation by knowing the usable capacity)
    • Available capacity: 41 kWh
    • Cells: 192 cells, each with 63.35 Ah nominal capacity (estimation) and 3.75 V nominal voltage
    • Total cell weight: 180.12 kg (estimation by knowing the total battery weight)
    • Charging: type 2 (22 kW AC with 3-phase), and 43 kW 3-phase for Q90 variant
  • Third generation battery:
    • Thermals: air cooled
    • Total weight: 326 kg[39]
    • Total capacity: 55 kWh
    • Available capacity: 52 kWh (160 Wh/kg)
    • Cells: 192 cells, 10 modules
    • Total cell weight:
    • Charging: type 2 (22 kW AC with 3-phase) and CCS (50 kW)

In France, pricing of the Zoe with the 41 kWh battery starts at €23,600 (~ US$26,460) before any applicable government incentives (€6,300 or US$8,300), and without the purchase of the battery. The rental fee for the battery is €69 (~ US$77) per month for up to 7,500 km (4,700 mi) per year and €119 (~ US$133) per month for unlimited mileage.[40] In Norway, pricing starts at 229,400 kroner (~ US$28,760), and the pricing of the variant with the original 22 kWh battery starts at 40,000 kroner (~ US$5,000) less than the 41 kWh variant.[41] The small battery can be upgraded to the newer one, at a cost of around 3500 Euros for rented batteries.

In the UK, it has been possible to buy the Zoe with the battery, or lease the battery. Leasing the battery gives a free replacement if capacity falls under 80%.

Charger
Charging port in the "nose" of the Zoe, for many years AC-only Type2 as DC CCS2 was introduced in some models in 2019

The 2015 R240 version removed the 43 kW AC charging capability, in exchange for better efficiency of low power home charging. The 2017 facelift still allowed for a Q90 rapid charge option (full-speed 43 kW rapid charging). A full charge at 22 kW speed will take two hours and 40 minutes, with 80% of the range recovered in an hour and 40 minutes. The Q90, by comparison, takes 65 minutes to reach 80% capacity.[42]

Motor

In February 2018, Renault introduced an updated version of the R90 motor, the R110, which upped power output to 80 kW (110 PS) while maintaining the same estimated economy and similar torque (225 N⋅m (166 lb⋅ft)).[43][44] The R90 would still be available for sale. The price for cars equipped with the new motor would be slightly higher than those using the R90 version.[45] The R110 will be the first Renault motor certified under WLTP[43] and sales would start by the end of the 2018 summer in Europe.[44]

In 2019, Renault introduced the R135 motor (100 kW) in the ZE 50.

Safety

The Zoe received a five-star Euro NCAP 2013-rating. The score was:

Euro NCAP test results
Renault Zoe (2013)[46]
Test Points %
Overall:
Adult occupant: 32 89%
Child occupant: 39 80%
Pedestrian: 24 66%
Safety assist: 8 85%

In 2021, the updated Zoe in its standard European configuration received a zero-star safety rating, becoming the third car in Euro NCAP's history to record a zero-star rating.[47] The score was:

Euro NCAP test results
Renault Zoe (2021)[48]
Test Points %
Overall:
Adult occupant: 16 43%
Child occupant: 25 52%
Pedestrian: 22 41%
Safety assist: 2 14%

According to the investigation, the violent explosion in a garage in Neuss on 27 August 2023 was caused by a parked Renault Zoe electric car. A defect in the car's battery caused a fire and gas escaping from the battery led to the explosion, the Neuss police said.[49] Investigations by the criminal police and an expert have meanwhile been able to rule out other causes, it said. The explosion had caused considerable damage in the residential area. Several neighbouring garages were destroyed and residential buildings damaged.[50]

Sales and markets

Retail customer deliveries began in limited numbers in France in December 2012, and availability was increased during the first quarter of 2013.[27][51] A total of 48 units were registered in France during December 2012, and cumulative sales reached 5,559 units through December 2013.[52] The Zoe became the top selling all-electric vehicle in the country in January 2013, and kept the monthly lead through December 2013, representing 62.8% of electric car sales in the country during 2013. In addition, the Zoe became the best selling electric car in France accounting for registrations in the electric passenger car segment since 2010 through December 2013.[52]

Renault Zoe Zero Emissions (ZE) badge

Deliveries in the UK began in March 2013,[53] and Germany, Italy and Spain in April 2013. Cumulative global sales totaled 8,874 units through December 2013.[54] Out of 8,792 cars sold in Europe through December 2013, 62.7% were sold in France (5,511).[52][54] Germany was the second top selling market, with 1,019 units delivered through December 2013,[55] followed by the Netherlands with 547 units registered.[56]

The Renault Zoe was officially launched in the Norwegian market in April 2014, though retail deliveries began in late March. Unlike other European countries, the Zoe is sold in Norway with the battery pack included and there are no battery leasing options available.[57] A total of 11,323 Zoes were sold globally in 2014.[54] France continued as the top selling market with cumulative sales of 11,529 units, and the Zoe continued as the all-time best selling electric car in the country, with 5,970 units sold in 2014.[52] Global sales reached the 10,000 unit mark in January 2014,[58] and 25,000 in May 2015.[59] The milestone of 50,000 units produced was reached in April 2016,[60] while sales achieved the 50,000 unit milestone in June 2016.[61]

With a record 10,406 units sold in 2015, the Zoe was again the top selling all-electric car in France, and continued as the best-selling electric car in the country ever.[52][62] The Zoe, with 18,453 registrations, was the top selling pure electric car in Europe in 2015.[8][63] The Zoe ranked as the world's 8th best-selling electric car in 2015.[64] As of June 2016, France remained as the Zoe's top country market, with 27,155 units registered since its inception in 2012. Zoe sales in the French market represented 53% of global sales.[61]

Since 2020, the Renault Zoe ranks as Europe's all-time best selling plug-in electric car.[12]

The Zoe ranked as the best-selling all-electric car in Europe for the second year in a row in 2016 with 21,735 units delivered, representing 21.2% of the segment sales that year.[9][65] Also, the Zoe topped European sales in the broader plug-in electric car segment, ahead of the Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV, the top selling plug-in in the previous two years.[10] In 2016 the Zoe ranked again as the world's 8th best-selling electric car.[66] As of December 2016, the Zoe ranked as the world's all-time eighth best selling plug-in car.[66]

Global sales totaled 31,932 units in 2017 and 40,517 in 2018.[13][67] Global sales reached the 150,000 unit milestone in June 2019,[68] and the 200,000th Zoe produced rolled off the Flins plant in November 2019.[69] Annual sales passed the 100,000 unit mark in 2020 for the first time,[14] and the Zoe listed as the best selling plug-in passenger car in Europe in 2020,[11] and by the end of 2020, the Zoe ranked as the all-time best selling plug-in car in Europe.[12]

As of 30 June 2020, the Zoe continued as France's all-time best selling plug-in with more than 100,000 units registered,[7] and has led electric car sales in the French market for seven years running, from 2013 to 2019.[70] Since inception, global sales totaled 284,761 units through December 2020 including both the passenger and cargo variants.[13][14]

Renault Zoe sales by top national markets(1) 2012–2020
Country Sales
cumulative 2020 2019 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012
 France 84,437—18,817[71]17,038[72]15,245[52]11,402[52]10,406[52]5,970[52]5,511[52]48[52]
 Germany[55][73][74][75][76][77] 57,60330,3819,4316,3604,3222,8051,7871,4981,019 
 Norway[78][79][80][81] 13,9952,346[82]2,0903,1412,5331,8181,634433  
 United Kingdom[83][84][85] 10,510—2,3801,9811,1751,6471,9711,104252 
 Austria[86][87][88] 7,4402,0719441,1701,391829279387369 
 Sweden[89][90][91][92][93] 7,3642,132[94]2,0361,663533418378204  
 Netherlands[56][95][96][97][98] 7,2842,073[99]2,2081,017781183223252547 
  Switzerland[100][101] 5,055—1,799908741406478381342 
 Spain[102][103][104][105][106] 5,025—1,0511,4181,327446312289182 
 Portugal[107][108][109][110] 3,381—9681,30575117015334  
 Denmark[111][112][113] 2,564—56843138661233014592 
 Belgium[114][115][116][117][118] 1,749—6662943512103311085 
 Italy[119][120][121] ————318210326155203 
 Luxembourg[122][123] ———6775———  
 Iceland[124][125][126] ——596385———  
 Finland[127] 2821422355602    
 Romania[128] ————49———  
 Turkey[129][130] ——317942203621  
Global sales[13][54][67][14] 284,791 102,868 48,269 40,517 31,932 22,009 18,931 11,323 8,874 68
Notes: (1) Global annual sales includes passenger cars and its light utility variant.

Recognition

The Zoe was one of the top three finalists for the 2013 World Green Car of the Year.[131]

Criticism

Technology blog TechDirt suggested that the Zoe's battery pack could contain Digital Rights Management software, on the grounds that the original battery lease agreements for the Zoe gave Renault the right to prevent the car's battery from charging at end of lease.[132] Following an Electronic Frontier Foundation article which cited TechDirt's supposition to argue that this could render the vehicle unusable if the owner ceases payment or Renault withdraws support,[133] Renault publicly denied any use of DRM technology through its official Twitter account.[134]

Name dispute

In May 2010, a Parisian woman named Zoe Renault commenced legal action to try to force Renault to rethink their choice of name amid claims it would lead to mocking jibes.[135] In November 2010, a French judge ruled that Renault could use the name.[136]

Upcoming discontinuation

In 2023, Renault will launch the 5 EV, which will replace the Zoe after being on the market for more than 10 years in a single generation.

See also
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Renault Zoe.

References
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  52. Autoactu.com (May 2016). "Chiffres de vente & immatriculations de voitures électriques en France" [Sales figures & electric car registrations in France] (in French). Automobile Propre. Retrieved 14 May 2016. See "Ventes de voitures électriques en 2016/2015/2014/2013/2012/2011."
  53. Mat Gasnier (7 May 2013). "UK January-March 2013: Discover the Top 328 best-sellers!". Best Selling Cars Blog. Retrieved 10 May 2013.
  54. Groupe Renault (January 2017). "Ventes Mensuelles" [Monthly Sales] (in French). Renault.com. Retrieved 18 January 2017. Includes passenger and light utility variants. Click on "(décembre 2016)" to download the file "XLSX - 239 Ko" for CYTD sales in 2016, and open the tab "Sales by Model". Click on "+ Voir plus" (See more) to download the files "Ventes mensuelles du groupe (décembre 2011) (xls, 183 Ko)" "Ventes mensuelles (décembre 2012) (xls, 289 Ko)" - Ventes mensuelles (décembre 2013) (xlsx, 227 Ko)" - "XLSX - 220 Ko Ventes mensuelles (décembre 2014)" - "Ventes mensuelles (décembre 2015)" to download the file "XLSX - 227 Ko" for 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 and 2015 sales. Sales figures for 2013 were revised in the 2014 report
  55. Kraftfahrt-Bundesamtes (KBA) (January 2014). "Neuzulassungen von Personenkraftwagen im Dezember 2013 nach Segmenten und Modellreihen" [New registrations of passenger cars in December 2013 by segment and model series] (PDF) (in German). KBA. Retrieved 20 January 2014.
  56. RAI (24 January 2014). "Verkoopstatistieken - nieuwverkoop personenautos" [Sales Statistics - New passenger car sales] (in Dutch). RAI Vereniging. Archived from the original on 28 March 2014. Retrieved 8 February 2014. Download pdf file for detailed sales in 2013 ("Download nieuwverkoop personenautos 201312").
  57. Michaël Torregrossa (8 April 2014). "La Renault Zoé arrive en Norvège, capitale mondiale du véhicule électrique" [Renault Zoe arrives in Norway, the world capital of the electric vehicle] (in French). Association pour l'Avenir du Véhicule Electrique Méditerranéen (AVEM). Retrieved 9 April 2014.
  58. Michaël Torregrossa (29 January 2014). "Voiture électrique – La Renault Zoé souffle sa première bougie" [Electric car - the Renault Zoe celebrates its first birthday] (in French). Association pour l'Avenir du Véhicule Electrique Méditerranéen (AVEM). Retrieved 8 February 2014.
  59. Jeff Cobb (15 June 2015). "Three More Plug-in Cars Cross 25,000 Sales Milestone". HybridCars.com. Retrieved 27 June 2015.
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  61. Cobb, Jeff (1 August 2016). "Renault Zoe and BMW i3 Join The 50,000 Sales Club". HybridCars.com. Retrieved 1 August 2016. As of June 2016, cumulative global sales of the top selling plug-in electric cars were led by the Nissan Leaf (about 225,000), Tesla Model S (over 129,000), Votl/Ampera family (over 117,000), Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV (about 107,000), Toyota Prius PHV (over 75,000), BYD Qin (56,191), Renault Zoe (51,193), and BMW i3 (almost 50,000).
  62. AVERE (11 January 2016). "Plus de 22 000 véhicules électriques immatriculés en France en 2015 !" [Over 22 000 electric vehicles registered in France in 2015!]. AVERE France (in French). Retrieved 6 February 2016.
  63. Automotive Industry Data (AID) (26 January 2016). "Renault ZOE was last year's top-selling electric car in Western Europe". AID Newsletter. Retrieved 6 February 2016.
  64. Jeff Cobb (15 December 2015). "Tesla Model S Crossed 100,000 Sales Milestone This Month". HybridCars.com. Retrieved 17 December 2015. Accounting for global cumulative sales by December 2015, plug-in electric car sales are led by the Nissan Leaf (200,000), followed by Volt/Ampera family (104,000), and the Tesla Model S (100,000). As of November 2015, ranking next are the Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV (85,000), and the Prius Plug-in Hybrid (75,000), Mitsubishi i-MiEV family (~50,000), BYD Qin (45,275), BMW i3 (38,581), Renault Zoe (36,040), and the Ford Fusion Energi (26,742). Combines sales of the top 10 PEV models represent almost 50% of cumulative global PEV sales through November 2015)
  65. Automotive Industry Data (AID) (31 January 2017). "Zoe was last year's top-selling BEV in Western Europe, AID's own data reveals". AID Newsletter. Retrieved 3 February 2017.
  66. Cobb, Jeff (31 January 2017). "Tesla Model S Is World's Best-Selling Plug-in Car For Second Year in a Row". HybridCars.com. Retrieved 31 January 2017. See also detailed 2016 sales and cumulative global sales in the two graphs.
  67. Groupe Renault (January 2019). "Ventes Mensuelles - Statistiques commerciales mensuelles du groupe Renault" [Monthly Sales - Monthly sales statistics of the Renault Group] (in French). Renault.com. Retrieved 12 February 2019. Sales figures includes passenger and light utility variants. Click on link "XLSX - 142 Ko Ventes mensuelles du Groupe (Décembre 2018)" to download the file, and open the tab "Sales by Model" to access sales figures for 2017 and 2018.
  68. Luke John Smith (18 June 2019). "New Renault Zoe REVEALED with more range, bigger battery and more power". Daily Express. Retrieved 22 May 2020. Nearly 150,000 registrations by the end of May 2019
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  71. Mark Kane (13 January 2020). "In 2019 Plug-In Electric Car Sales In France Hit All-Time Record". InsideEVs. Retrieved 13 January 2020.
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  73. Kraftfahrt-Bundesamtes (KBA) (January 2015). "Neuzulassungen von Personenkraftwagen nach Segmenten und Modellreihen im Dezember 2014" [New registrations of passenger cars in December 2014 by segment and model] (PDF) (in German). KBA. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2015. Retrieved 27 June 2015. 'A total of 1,498 units were registered in Germany in 2014.
  74. Kraftfahrt-Bundesamt (KBA) (January 2016). "Neuzulassungen von Personenkraftwagen nach Segmenten und Modellreihen im Dezember 2015" [New registrations of passenger cars by segments and models in December 2015] (PDF) (in German). KBA. Retrieved 1 March 2016. A total of 1,582 Model S cars were registered in Germany in 2015.
  75. Kraftfahrt-Bundesamt (KBA) (January 2017). "Neuzulassungen von Personenkraftwagen nach Segmenten und Modellreihen im Dezember 2016" [New registrations of passenger cars by segments and models in December 2016] (PDF) (in German). KBA. Retrieved 5 June 2017. A total of 1,582 Model S cars were registered in Germany in 2015.
  76. Jose Pontes (19 January 2019). "Renault Zoe Wins 2018 Electric Model Trophy In Germany, BMW Wins Manufacturer Title — Germany EV Sales Report". CleanTechnica. Retrieved 13 January 2020.
  77. José Pontes (18 January 2020). "Germany December 2019". EV Sales. Retrieved 19 January 2020.
  78. Norwegian Road Federation (OFV) (January 2015). "CO2-utslippet i desember 2014" [CO2 emissions in December 2014] (in Norwegian). OFV. Retrieved 14 February 2015. See graph: "Gjennomsnittlig CO2-utslipp for registrerte ney personbiler per modell 2014, til og med desember." A total of 433 new Renault Zoes were registered in Norway in 2014.
  79. Norwegian Road Federation (OFV) (January 2016). "CO2-utslippet i desember" [CO2 emissions in December] (in Norwegian). OFV. Retrieved 2 March 2016. See graph: "Gjennomsnittlig CO2-utslipp for registrerte ney personbiler per modell 2015, til og med desember." A total of 1,634 new Zoes cars were registered in Norway in 2015.
  80. José Pontes (11 January 2019). "Norway December 2018". EV Sales. Retrieved 19 January 2020.
  81. Zachary Shahan (13 January 2020). "100% Electric Vehicles Collected 42% of Norway's Vehicle Sales in 2019". CleanTechnica. Retrieved 13 January 2020.
  82. José Pontes (12 January 2021). "Norway December 2020". EV Sales. Retrieved 14 January 2021.
  83. RAC Foundation. "Plug-in grant eligible vehicles licensed". UK: RAC Foundation. Retrieved 15 April 2016. Figures correspond to the number of vehicles registered at the end of the corresponding quarter. A total of 3,327 Zoes were registered in the UK at the end of 2015.
  84. Natalie Middleton (26 June 2015). "Outlander PHEV tops ultra-low emission league table as plug-in sales soar". Fleet World. Retrieved 27 June 2015. A total of 1,356 Zoes were registered in the UK since 2013 through December 2014, and 1,621 at the end of March 2015.
  85. Jose Pontes (27 January 2014). "UK December 2013 (Draft Edition)". EV Sales. Retrieved 19 April 2014.|{{Cite web|url = https://www.howmanyleft.co.uk/family/renault_zoe#!newreg |title = Renault Zoe New Registrations by Year| author = HowManyLeft.co.uk (source DVLA)]]|
  86. "Bundesländer-Statistik - Dezember 2015" [Federal Statistics - December 2015] (in German). Myampera.wordpress.com. January 2016. Retrieved 4 March 2016. Click on the tables by model by each year.
  87. José Pontes (24 January 2019). "Austria December 2018". EV Sales. Retrieved 13 January 2020.
  88. Bundesanstalt Statistik Österreich (14 September 2020). "Austria December 2019". Statistik Austria. Retrieved 14 September 2020.
  89. Bil Sweden (2 January 2015). "Nyregistreringar december 2014 (prel)" [New registrations in December 2014 (preliminar)] (in Swedish). Bil Sweden. Retrieved 28 June 2015. Download file "Nyregistreringar december 2014 (prel)" see table "Nyregistrerade supermiljöbilar december 2014" with summary of plug-in passenger car registrations by model for 2014.
  90. Bil Sweden (4 January 2016). "Nyregistreringar december 2015 def" [New Registrations December 2015 (final)] (in Swedish). Bil Sweden. Retrieved 4 March 2016. Download the pdf file "Nyregistreringar december 2015 def" See table: Nyregistrerade miljöpersonbilar december 2015
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  94. José Pontes (5 January 2021). "Sweden December 2020". EV Sales. Retrieved 14 January 2021.
  95. RAI (January 2015). "Nieuwverkoop Per Merk/Model" [New Sales By Brand / Model] (in Dutch). RAI Vereniging. Archived from the original on 1 February 2015. Retrieved 27 June 2015.
  96. RAI (January 2016). "Nieuwverkoop Personenautos Per Merk/Model" [New passenger cars sales by brand/model 2015/12 2015 toal] (in Dutch). RAI Vereniging. Archived from the original on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 1 March 2016. A total of 223 Zoes cars were registered in the Netherlands in 2015".
  97. Karel Beckman (5 January 2019). "Dutch EV Sales: Tripled In 2018, 30% Market Share In December, Tesla Model S Took #1 Spot — #QuickNews". CleanTechnica. Retrieved 13 January 2020.
  98. José Pontes (8 January 2020). "Netherlands December 2019". EV Sales. Retrieved 15 January 2020.
  99. José Pontes (7 January 2021). "Netherlands December 2020". EV Sales. Retrieved 14 January 2021.
  100. Vereinigung Schweizer Automobil-Importeure. "Autoverkäufe nach Modellen – Modellstatistik" [Passenger cars by model – Statistics by model] (in German). Auto Schweiz Suisse. Retrieved 3 March 2016. Under "ModellstatistikJanuar - Dezember 2015" download the xls file "ModellePW2015" for 2015 sales, and under "Modellstatistiken 2008–2014" click "2014 Statistik" to download the file "ModellePW2014" with sales by model for 2014 and "2013 Statistik" to download the file "ModellePW2013" with sales by model for 2013.
  101. José Pontes (16 January 2020). "Switzerland December 2019". EV Sales. Retrieved 19 January 2020.
  102. Asociación Nacional de Importadores de Automóviles, Camiones, Autobuses y Motocicletas (ANIACAM) (January 2014). "Datos de Mercado: Diciembre 2013 - Matriculaciones de automóviles" [Market data: December 2013 - Automobiles registrations] (in Spanish). ANIACAM. Retrieved 19 April 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Download the file "DossierAutomóviles_diciembre13.xls (929KB)" with current month and cumulative sales for 2013.
  103. Asociación Nacional de Importadores de Automóviles, Camiones, Autobuses y Motocicletas (ANIACAM) (January 2015). "Datos de Mercado: Diciembre 2014 - Matriculaciones de automóviles" [Market data: December 2014 - Automobiles registrations] (in Spanish). ANIACAM. Retrieved 28 June 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Download the file "DossierAutomóviles_diciembre14.xls (929KB)*" with current month and cumulative sales during 2014.
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