Renibacterium salmoninarum

Renibacterium salmoninarum is a member of the Micrococcaceae family. It is a Gram-positive, intracellular bacterium that causes disease in young salmonid fish. The infection is most commonly known as "bacterial kidney disease" but may also be referred to as BKD, White Boil Disease, Dee Disease, Salmonid Kidney Disease and Corynebacterial Kidney Disease. It is of significant ecologic importance due to its effect on both farmed and wild salmonids. The disease is found in North America, Europe, Japan, Chile and Scandinavia, and is spread both vertically and horizontally. Pacific salmon appear to be the most susceptible to the disease.

Renibacterium salmoninarum
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Bacteria
Phylum: Actinomycetota
Class: Actinomycetia
Order: Micrococcales
Family: Micrococcaceae
Genus: Renibacterium
Sanders and Fryer 1980[1]
Species:
R. salmoninarum
Binomial name
Renibacterium salmoninarum
Sanders and Fryer 1980[1]
Type strain
TCC 33209
CIP 103036
DSM 20767
IFO 15589
JCM 11484
Lea-1-74
LMG 10846
NBRC 15589

Clinical signs

The severity of clinical signs is very variable. There may be no outward clinical signs, or fish may show signs of lethargy and anaemia. Haemorrhagic skin lesions and exophthalmos may develop.[2]

On postmortem examination there are normally signs of necrosis and granulomatous inflammation on the internal organs, especially the kidney.

A diagnosis cannot be made based on clinical signs, instead laboratory tests such as specialised bacterial culture, ELISA, PCR and fluorescent antibody testing are necessary to identify the bacteria. Ideally more than one test should be used to confirm diagnosis.

Treatment & control

Oral or injectable antibiotics should be used to treat the infection. Intraperitoneal vaccination can also be used to treat fish in an outbreak.

Prevention is very important, and husbandry measures such as segregation, culling and decontamination should be used to ensure infection is not introduced.

References
  1. Sanders JE, Fryer JL. (1980). "Renibacterium salmoninarum gen. nov., sp. nov., the causative agent of bacterial kidney disease in salmonid fishes". Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 30: 496–502. doi:10.1099/00207713-30-2-496.
  2. Renibacterium salmoninarum, reviewed and published by Wikivet at Renibacterium salmoninarum, accessed 19/09/2011.
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