Republic of Sudan v. Harrison

Republic of Sudan v. Harrison, 587 U.S. ___ (2019), was a United States Supreme Court case from the October 2018 term. The Court held that civil service of a lawsuit against the government of Sudan was invalid because the civil complaints and summons had been sent to the Embassy of Sudan in Washington, D.C. rather than to the Sudanese Foreign Minister in Khartoum.

Republic of Sudan v. Harrison
Supreme Court of the United States
Argued November 7, 2018
Decided March 26, 2019
Full case nameRepublic of Sudan v. Rick Harrison
Docket no.16-1094
Citations587 U.S. ___ (more)
139 S. Ct. 1048; 203 L. Ed. 2d 433
Case history
PriorHarrison v. Republic of Sudan, 802 F.3d 399 (2d Cir. 2015); rehearing denied, 838 F.3d 86 (2d Cir. 2016); cert. granted, 138 S. Ct. 2671 (2018).
Holding
Under the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act, civil complaints and summons must be served directly to the foreign minister's office in the minister's home country, not to their home country's embassy within the United States.
Court membership
Chief Justice
John Roberts
Associate Justices
Clarence Thomas · Ruth Bader Ginsburg
Stephen Breyer · Samuel Alito
Sonia Sotomayor · Elena Kagan
Neil Gorsuch · Brett Kavanaugh
Case opinions
MajorityAlito, joined by Roberts, Breyer, Ginsburg, Gorsuch, Kagan, Kavanaugh, Sotomayor
DissentThomas
Laws applied
Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act

This case is notable because it arose out of the bombing of the USS Cole, a terrorist attack perpetrated by Al-Qaeda in 2000.[1] The United States federal government's decision to file a friend of the court brief supporting Sudan against a lawsuit filed by injured United States service members also sparked controversy.[2] The administration's amicus curiae brief condemned the terrorist attack but argued that allowing service of process at embassies would undermine the principle of mission inviolability.[3]

Background
Main article: USS Cole bombing

In October 2000, the USS Cole, a United States Navy destroyer, was attacked by suicide bombers in the port of Aden in Yemen. The blast killed 17 American sailors and injured 39 others.[4] Though the attack was attributed to the terrorist group Al-Qaeda, family members of the slain sailors filed a lawsuit against the government of Sudan, accusing it of complicity and providing material support to the attackers.[5]

Foreign governments are generally immune from lawsuits in United States courts; however, an exception exists under the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act of 1976. This law allows for lawsuits against entities listed by the US State Department as state sponsors of terrorism.

In addition, the Justice Against Sponsors of Terrorism Act of 2016 allows for punitive damages against state sponsors of terrorism, and can be applied retroactively to incidents that took place before the law was enacted.[1][6]

In lower courts

In July 2004, family members of the sailors filed a lawsuit against Sudan for more than $100 million, alleging the Sudanese government provided support to the attackers and were complicit in the deaths of their relatives on the USS Cole.[5] Though the doctrine of sovereign immunity generally bars lawsuits against foreign governments in US courts, the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act creates an exception for countries designated as state sponsors of terrorism.[1][6]

In March 2007, the district court found in favor of the sailors' families, ruling that Sudan was liable for the USS Cole attack after a two-day bench trial. The families sought up to $105 million in damages, but the damages were reduced to $13.4 million ($8 million in compensatory damages as well as $5.4 million in interest) as a result of the Death on the High Seas Act, which limited damages by disallowing emotional distress claims.[5][7]

In 2010, a second lawsuit was filed against Sudan by 15 injured sailors and their families, seeking compensatory damages as well as punitive damages, which are permitted retroactively under the 2008 Justice Against Sponsors of Terrorism Act (JASTA). The complaint and civil summons were filed at the Sudanese embassy in Washington, DC, where they were accepted by a staffer at the embassy. In 2012, the plaintiffs in this suit prevailed in a default judgment and were awarded close to $315 million in compensatory and punitive damages following Sudan's failure to appear.[5] To satisfy the claim, a federal judge ordered several banks (BNP Paribas SA, Credit Agricole SA and Mashreqbank PSC) to turn over Sudanese assets held in their custody.

Sudan then appealed the decision to United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit in 2014, claiming that proper procedures were not followed in serving the initial complaint in the 2010 case.[1][5]

The case was heard by a three-judge panel comprising Circuit Court judges Denny Chin and Gerard E. Lynch as well as District Court Judge Edward R. Korman. Writing for a unanimous panel, Chin upheld the district court's ruling.[8] Sudan appealed to the Supreme Court, which granted a writ of certiorari in 2018.[9] Kannon Shanmugam, then a partner at the DC law firm Williams & Connolly, argued the case on behalf of Harrison. Christopher Curran of the New York City law firm White & Case, represented the government of Sudan.[10] Assistant U.S. Solicitor General Erica Ross appeared on behalf of the United States government, presenting the United States's perspective in support of Sudan.

Supreme court opinion

Majority opinion

In an 8-to-1 vote, the Supreme Court ruled that the plaintiffs failed to comply with the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act (FSIA) when they sent their complaint and civil summons to the Sudanese embassy in DC rather than directly to the Sudanese Foreign Minister in Khartoum. Writing for the majority, Justice Samuel Alito ruled that the most 'natural' reading of the text of the FSIA was that the civil process had to be made directly to the foreign minister's office in the foreign state, and that the correct address for the foreign minister was the location that the foreign minister lived or worked—not the embassy. Alito's opinion also noted that this interpretation is consistent with the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations as well as the United States's own policy of not accepting service at American embassies when the US government is sued overseas.[11]

Dissent

In his dissenting opinion, Justice Clarence Thomas stated that, in the absence of an indication to the contrary, an embassy should be appropriate places to serve legal paper's to that country's foreign minister.[11]

Effect

As a result of this opinion, the Second Circuit's ruling was reversed and the plaintiffs' award was overturned.[6] The plaintiffs were however permitted to file suit again, either by serving the papers directly to the Sudanese foreign minister in Khartoum or asking the United States Secretary of State to do so via diplomatic channels.[12]

In February 2020, Sudan announced that it would settle the case with the USS Cole victims for $30 million. Though Sudan continues to deny any involvement with the attack, Prime Minister Abdalla Hamdok stated that it would make the payment in order to normalize relations with the rest of the world and meet the US's conditions for removal from the list of state sponsors of terrorism.[13] Sudan's announcement follows the ouster of its former president Omar al-Bashir and the inauguration of a new interim ruling council headed by Hamdok, as well as negotiations between Sudan and the United States to reestablish diplomatic relationships.[14]

See also
  • Opati v. Republic of Sudan (2020) – A similar clase involving the Republic of Sudan and the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act
  • Republic of Austria v. Altmann (2004) – A similar case involving sovereign immunity and retroactive punitive damages under the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act

References
  1. Stempel, Jonathan (September 22, 2017). "USS Cole victims can get Sudan assets, over U.S. objection: U.S. court". Reuters. Retrieved November 25, 2019.
  2. Barnes, Robert (November 4, 2018). "USS Cole victims opposed at Supreme Court by unlikely partners: Sudan and US". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 25, 2019.
  3. Liptak, Adam (October 29, 2018). "In Ill-Timed Brief, Saudi Arabia Seeks to Protect Its Consulates". The New York Times. Retrieved February 10, 2020.
  4. "USS Cole Bombing". FBI. November 25, 2019. Retrieved November 25, 2019.
  5. "USS Cole Bombing Fast Facts". CNN. October 5, 2019. Retrieved November 25, 2019.
  6. Morris, Jessy (March 25, 2019). "Republic of Sudan v. Harrison". Willamette Law School. Retrieved November 25, 2019.
  7. Hall, Andrew (March 14, 2007). "Judge:Sudan responsible for USS Cole attack". NBC. Retrieved November 25, 2019.
  8. Harrison v. Republic of Sudan, 802 F.3d 399 (2d Cir. 2015); rehearing denied, 838 F.3d 86 (2d Cir. 2016).
  9. Republic of Sudan v. Harrison, 138 S. Ct. 2671 (2018).
  10. Weiss, Debra Cassens (November 8, 2018). "How to sue a foreign government? US sides with Sudan in Supreme Court review of USS Cole judgment". ABA. Retrieved November 25, 2019.
  11. Howe, Amy (March 26, 2019). "Opinion Analysis". SCOTUSBlog. Retrieved November 25, 2019.
  12. Stohr, Greg (March 26, 2019). "Supreme Court Tosses $315 Million Bombing Award Against Sudan". Bloomberg News. Retrieved November 25, 2019.
  13. Elbagir, Nima; Abdallah, Yassir; AlTaher, Nada (February 13, 2020). "Sudan will pay $30 million to families of USS Cole attack victims, its leaders say". CNN. Retrieved February 13, 2020.
  14. Latif Dahir, Abdi (February 13, 2020). "Sudan Says It Agrees to Compensate Families of U.S.S. Cole Bombing". The New York Times. Retrieved February 13, 2020.
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