Twister (1996 film)

Twister was produced by Steven Spielberg's Amblin Entertainment, with financial backing from Warner Bros. Pictures and Universal Pictures.[1] In return, Warner Bros. was given the North American distribution rights, while Universal's joint-venture distribution company, United International Pictures (UIP), obtained international distribution rights.[1][4]

Spielberg himself was originally attached to direct the project, and directors such as James Cameron, John Badham, Tim Burton, and Robert Zemeckis were also in talks to helm the film before Jan de Bont signed on to Twister after leaving Godzilla due to creative differences.[5] He recently had a huge hit with his first film, Speed, which was released in 1994. The Dutch filmmaker's resume as a director of photography had included Die Hard, The Hunt for Red October, and Lethal Weapon 3.[6] Helen Hunt chose not to play Terry Carmichael in Broken Arrow, and instead played Jo Thornton-Harding after Laura Dern declined on playing that role.[7] Tom Hanks read for the part of Bill Harding but passed on the film and suggested that Paxton try for the role.[8]

The production was plagued with problems; Joss Whedon was brought in to rewrite the script through the early spring of 1995. When Whedon contracted bronchitis, Steven Zaillian was brought in to work on revisions. Whedon later returned and worked on revisions through the start of shooting in May 1995, then left the project after he got married. Two weeks into production, Jeff Nathanson was flown to the set and worked on the script until principal photography ended.[5] After the Oklahoma City bombing occurred on April 19, 1995, filming of Twister was suspended while the cast and crew worked with relief efforts.[9]

Filming was to originally take place in the United Kingdom and California, but De Bont insisted the film be shot on location in Oklahoma, because he felt that Twister could be "the last great action movie not shot on a soundstage".[10] Shooting occurred all over the state; several scenes, including the opening scene where the characters meet each other, and the first tornado chase in the Jeep pickup, were filmed in Fairfax and Ralston, Oklahoma.[11] The scene at the automotive repair shop was filmed in Maysville and Norman. The waterspout scenes were filmed on Kaw Lake near Kaw City. The drive-in scene was filmed at a real drive-in theater in Guthrie, though some of the scene, such as Melissa's hotel room, was filmed in Stillwater near the Oklahoma State University campus. The films played at the drive-in theater were The Shining and Psycho as part of the Night of Horrors combo.[12]

The real town of Wakita – serving as the hometown of Lois Smith's character, Meg, in the film – was used during filming, and a section of the older part of town was demolished for the scene, showing the aftermath of the F5 tornado that devastates the town. This location was selected after scouts discovered leftover debris from a major hailstorm that occurred two years earlier in June 1993. Most of the residents signed up as extras and were paid $100 per day.[13] Additional scenes and B-roll were filmed near Ponca City and Pauls Valley, among several other smaller farm towns across the state.[14] However, due to changing seasons that massively transformed the look of Oklahoma's topography, filming was moved to Iowa. The climactic scene with the F5 tornado was almost entirely shot around Eldora, Iowa, with the cornfield the characters run through located near Ames.[15][16]

Halfway through filming, both Bill Paxton and Helen Hunt were temporarily blinded by bright electronic lamps used to make the sky behind the two actors look dark and stormy. Paxton remembers that "these things literally sunburned our eyeballs. I got back to my room, I couldn't see". To solve the problem, a Plexiglas filter was placed in front of the beams. The actors took eye drops and wore special glasses for a few days to recuperate. After filming in a particularly unsanitary ditch (for the first tornado chase scene, in which Bill and Jo are forced to shelter from an approaching F1 tornado under a short bridge), Hunt and Paxton needed hepatitis shots. During the same sequence, Hunt repeatedly hit her head on a low wooden bridge, so exhausted from the demanding shoot that she stood up so quickly her head struck a beam. During one stunt in which Hunt opened the door of a vehicle speeding through a cornfield, she momentarily let go of the door and it struck her on the side of the head. Some sources claim she received a concussion in the incident. De Bont said, "I love Helen to death, but you know, she can be also a little bit clumsy". She responded, "Clumsy? The guy burned my retinas, but I'm clumsy ... I thought I was a good sport. I don't know ultimately if Jan chalks me up as that or not, but one would hope so".[5]

Some crew members, feeling that De Bont was "out of control", left the production five weeks into filming. The camera crew led by Don Burgess claimed De Bont "didn't know what he wanted till he saw it. He would shoot one direction, with all the equipment behind the view of the camera, and then he'd want to shoot in the other direction right away and we'd have to move [everything] and he'd get angry that we took too long ... and it was always everybody else's fault, never his". De Bont claims that they had to schedule at least three scenes every day because the weather changed so often, and "Don had trouble adjusting to that".[5]

When De Bont, in a fit of rage, knocked over a camera assistant who missed a cue, Burgess and his crew walked off the set, much to the shock of the cast. They remained in place for one more week until Jack N. Green's crew agreed to replace them. Two days before principal filming ended, Green was injured when a hydraulic house set (used in the scene in which Jo and Bill rescue Meg and her dog from her tornado-destroyed home in Wakita), designed to collapse on cue, was mistakenly activated with him inside it. A rigged ceiling hit him in the head and injured his back, requiring him to be hospitalized. De Bont took over as his own director of photography for the remaining shots.[5]

Because overcast skies were not always available, De Bont had to shoot many of the film's tornado-chasing scenes in bright sunlight, requiring Industrial Light & Magic to more than double its original plan for 150 "digital sky-replacement" shots.[5] Principal photography was originally given a deadline to allow Hunt to return to film the fourth season of her NBC sitcom Mad About You, but when shooting ran over schedule, series creator and actor Paul Reiser agreed to delay the show's production for two-and-a-half weeks so Twister could finish filming. De Bont insisted on using multiple cameras, which led to the exposure of 1,300,000 feet (400,000 m) of film, compared to the usual maximum of 300,000 feet (91,000 m).[5] The tornadoes in the film were not real, but were instead computer-animated.[17] To compose the sound effects of these twisters, De Bont had recorded a variety of combined sound effects, including lion roars, tiger growls, camel moans, and jet-engine wooshes.[18] Other special effects that were animated with CGI included telephone poles, trees, trucks, tractors, and whole houses. The crew used a Boeing 707 airplane engine and smaller fans to generate wind throughout the film.[18] The CGI cow was originally a CGI zebra from the 1995 film Jumanji.[19]

De Bont claimed that Twister cost close to $70 million, of which $2–3 million went to the director. Last-minute reshoots in March and April 1996 (to clarify a scene about Jo as a child) and overtime requirements in post production and at ILM, are thought to have raised the budget to $90 million.[5] During post production of Twister, Spielberg took over directing duties on Minority Report instead of The Haunting.[20]

Originally, Twister was set to be released on May 17, 1996. Warner Bros. eventually made the decision to push forward its release date to May 10, 1996 in order to avoid competition with Paramount's Mission: Impossible two weeks later.[21] The premiere took place at the AMC Penn Square 10, then known as General Cinema Theatres at Penn Square Mall in Oklahoma City a day prior on May 9, 1996. Jan de Bont, Bill Paxton, and Helen Hunt were at the mall for interviews.[22] The film would go on to receive a PG-13 rating from the Motion Picture Association of America due to "intense depiction of very bad weather".[23]

Twister was released on LaserDisc and VHS by Warner Home Video on October 1, 1996. It was the division's first home video release to be THX certified.[24] A widescreen VHS release became available at the same time.[25] There is a message by James Lee Witt, the then-head of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) at the end of the film.[26] By November 1996, it topped the number one spot in Billboard's top sales.[27] The film was released on DVD on March 26, 1997 and is considered to be the first film to be released on DVD in the United States.[28] The DVD release occurred eleven days before Twister made its United States pay-cable debut on HBO on April 5, 1997.[29] Twister was then released on VHS by Universal Pictures Home Entertainment through CIC Video in the UK on March 10, 1997, and July 14, 1997.

The film was released on DVD once again on June 6, 2000.[30] Special features on this release include an audio commentary by Jan De Bont and Stefen Fangmeier to listen throughout the film, behind-the-scenes footage and a Van Halen music video.[31] Eight years later on May 6, 2008, a two-disc special edition DVD and Blu-ray were released.[32] An HD DVD was then released on May 27, becoming one of the last HD DVDs to be ever released.[33]

Twister featured both a traditional orchestral film score composed by Mark Mancina, and a soundtrack of rock-music singles, many of which were exclusive releases for the film. Both the soundtrack and the orchestral score featured an instrumental theme song ("Respect the Wind") composed and performed for the film by Alex and Eddie Van Halen. The film's music was released on CD and cassette tape formats.

Also, some other music is used, such as Deep Purple's "Child in Time" (heard when the team takes the road at the beginning and the assistant maximizes the volume in his truck). It is later in the scene mixed and beat-synced with "William Tell Overture". The song queued up on a TV in Dusty's van is Eric Clapton's "Motherless Child".

Some orchestrated tracks were in the film, but were not released on the orchestral score, most notably the orchestrated introduction to "Humans Being" from when Jo's team left Wakita to chase the Hailstorm Hill tornado. Other, lesser-known tracks omitted include an extended version of "Going Green" (when first meeting Jonas) and a short track from when the first tornado is initially spotted.

In January 2017, La-La Land Records released a limited-edition, remastered, and expanded album[34] containing Mark Mancina's entire score plus four additional tracks.

Twister opened on May 10, 1996, earning $41.1 million from 2,414 total theaters during its opening weekend, and ranked in the number-one spot at the North American box office, taking the spot from The Craft.[35] Upon its release, it topped The Birdcage to have the biggest 1996 opening.[36] At that time, it had the sixth-largest opening weekend of any movie, behind The Lion King, Batman, Batman Returns, Jurassic Park, and Batman Forever.[37] Moreover, the film had the largest May opening weekend, dethroning both Lethal Weapon 3 and The Flintstones.[38] The success of Twister helped the blockbusters of May officially begin the summer season. It would follow similar openings of Deep Impact in 1998 and The Mummy in 1999. Two years later in 2001, The Mummy Returns set a new precedent for the frame by unleashing an opening weekend of $68.1 million. Then in 2002, Spider-Man took the summer starter films to the next level with its $114.8 million opening weekend.[39][40]

During its second weekend, Twister managed to top Flipper with an additional $37 million.[41] It was ranked as the second-highest-grossing second weekend at the time, after Jurassic Park.[42] The film suffered a 10% second-weekend drop, making it the smallest decline for a non-holiday film. For 15 years, Twister held that record until it was surpassed by DreamWorks' Puss in Boots in 2011.[43] By May 21, it reached the $100-million mark.[44] Not too long after, the number-one spot was taken by Mission: Impossible, putting Twister into second place. Like its predecessor, the film also had the largest May opening weekend.[45] It went on to hold this record until 1997, when it was taken by The Lost World: Jurassic Park.[46] As for Twister, it continued to stay in second place while beating out Dragonheart.[47] When The Rock was released that June, the film was put into third place.[48] It then approached $200 million by June 19, becoming the first film to do so since Forrest Gump.[49] Twister fell into fifth place shortly after the releases of The Hunchback of Notre Dame and Eraser.[50] After Independence Day was released in July, the film crossed over Ghostbusters to become the 13th-highest domestic grossing film of all time.[51] It continued to dominate the box office, especially during the Summer Olympics in Atlanta, Georgia.[52]

After 12 weeks of release, the film had earned $231.3 million and had become 12th-highest domestic grosser, surpassing The Empire Strikes Back.[53] Twister went on to earn a total of $241.7 million at the North American box office, and a worldwide total of $494.5 million during its theatrical run. It became the second-highest-grossing film of 1996, behind Independence Day,[54] and was the 10th-highest-grossing film in history at the time of its release, making it the most successful Warner Bros. film release, surpassing Batman. In 2001, Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone took Twister's record for becoming the highest-grossing Warner Bros. film of all time.[37]

In China, Twister was the second-highest-grossing Hollywood film in the country, behind True Lies, making a total gross of CN¥54.5 million.[55]

On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 63% "Fresh" based on 71 reviews, and an average rating of 6.1/10. The site's critics consensus read: "A high-concept blockbuster that emphasizes special effects over three-dimensional characters, Twister's visceral thrills are often offset by the film's generic plot."[56] On Metacritic, the film had a weighted average score of 68 out of 100, based on 17 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[57] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A−" on an A+ to F scale.[58]

Roger Ebert gave the film two-and-a-half stars out of four and wrote, "You want loud, dumb, skillful, escapist entertainment? Twister works. You want to think? Think twice about seeing it".[59] In her review for The New York Times, Janet Maslin wrote, "Somehow Twister stays as up-tempo and exuberant as a roller-coaster ride, neatly avoiding the idea of real danger".[60] Entertainment Weekly gave the film a "B" rating, and Lisa Schwarzbaum wrote, "Yet the images that linger longest in my memory are those of windswept livestock. And that, in a teacup, sums up everything that's right, and wrong, about this appealingly noisy but ultimately flyaway first blockbuster of summer".[61] In his review for the Los Angeles Times, Kenneth Turan wrote, "But the ringmaster of this circus, the man without whom nothing would be possible, is director De Bont, who now must be considered Hollywood's top action specialist. An expert in making audiences squirm and twist, at making us feel the rush of experience right along with the actors, De Bont choreographs action and suspense so beautifully he makes it seem like a snap."[62] Time magazine's Richard Schickel wrote, "when action is never shown to have deadly or pitiable consequences, it tends toward abstraction. Pretty soon you're not tornado watching, you're special-effects watching".[63] In his review for the Washington Post Desson Howe wrote, "it's a triumph of technology over storytelling and the actors' craft. Characters exist merely to tell a couple of jokes, cower in fear of downdrafts and otherwise kill time between tornadoes".[64]

On April 3, 1996, Sega Pinball released Twister, a pinball machine themed to the film. It features modes including Canister Multiball, Chase Multiball, Multibull, and more.[70]

The film was used as the basis for the attraction Twister...Ride It Out at Universal Studios Florida, which features filmed introductions by Bill Paxton and Helen Hunt. The attraction opened on May 4, 1998, and closed on November 1, 2015, to make way for Race Through New York Starring Jimmy Fallon.[71] In the windows of the New York facade lies a tribute to Twister...Ride it Out with references to the film and Bill Paxton.[72]

The original screenplay, written by Crichton and then-wife Anne Marie Martin, was released as a mass-market paperback in conjunction with the film.[73]