Revolution of the 44

On 22 June 1890, General Carlos Ezeta, with the support of some indigenous Salvadorans, staged a coup d'état which overthrew and killed President General Francisco Menéndez,[2][3] who himself became president after a coup d'état against Rafael Zaldívar in 1885.[4] The Guatemalan government refused to recognize Ezeta's government and declared war on El Salvador on 27 June 1890.[5] Guatemalan forces under General Cayetano Sánchez and Salvadoran forces under Ezeta's brother, General Antonio Ezeta, met in battle on 21 July outside the city of Coatepeque, ending in a Guatemalan victory.[6] Another battle occurred on 3 August near the town of Tempisque, ending in a Salvadoran victory.[7]

Although Salvadoran exiles supported the Guatemalans in an attempt to seize power, the war ended in September 1890 on the condition that the Salvadoran people are allowed to elect their president.[8] The following year, the Salvadoran government held a presidential election. The election was heavily rigged in Carlos Ezeta' favor; he was the only candidate and won 52,342 votes to only 19 against, or 99.96 percent.[4] Antonio Ezeta was elected as his vice president, winning by a similar margin.[4][9] Their term began on 1 March 1891. Additionally, Antonio Ezeta was appointed as the commander-in-chief of the army.[8]

General Carlos Ezeta.

On the morning of 29 April 1894, a group of 44 rebels captured the western Salvadoran city of Santa Ana.[10] The rebels, had arrived from exile in Guatemala,[9] captured the city's army barracks and forced Antonio Ezeta and General Jacinto Colocho, the barrack's commander, to flee the city to Coatepeque.[8] In response to the rebellion, which numbered around 500 rebels[8] and was supported by an additional 5,000 soldiers from Guatemala and Honduras,[1] Carlos Ezeta invoked articles 4 and 91 of the constitution and declared a state of siege for twenty-nine days.[11] In a public announcement issued through the Diario Oficial newspaper on the day the rebellion began, Carlos Ezeta stated:

Salvadorans: A seditious movement has just erupted in Santa Ana, that, although isolated and without elements to extend itself, it clearly reveals that the enemies of the fatherland do not rest in their ungrateful task to harm the country snatch the benefits of peace, that it has enjoyed until now. A treacherous hand, the eternal enemy of our autonomy, has given impulse to a handful of rebels, who promptly will be terribly chastened, because the wicked who want to bring the country the disgraces and calamities of a civil war do not deserve anything else. Salvadorans! I do not need more than a small force of our patriotism to annihilate the disturbers of order, and once again taste the autonomy and independence that El Salvador has conquered with many sacrifices, they are now indestructible, because the brilliant army that sustains it and the people will give everything until the last drop of blood in defense of that precious conquest, if necessary. Otherwise, tranquilly rest in that our Chief will know in any case how to fulfill his duty and always end all causes of disorder and anarchy.

— President General Carlos Ezeta, 29 April 1894[11]

General Rafael Antonio Gutiérrez.

On 1 May, General Rafael Antonio Gutiérrez, one of the rebellion's leaders, was proclaimed as the country's president in opposition to the Ezeta brothers' government.[4][12] On 3 May, Antonio Ezeta was wounded by rebel forces, resulting in him being replaced as commander-in-chief of the army by General León Bolaños.[8] On 5 May, while Carlos Ezeta was traveling to Santa Ana by train in command of an army of 1,000 soldiers, rebels derailed the train near the town of La Ceiba by ripping out the track's rivets on a bridge that crossed the Ateos river. He survived the derailment, as his carriage was specially designed to be stronger than the other carriages. The number of casualties is unknown.[13] The rebels captured the Santa Ana Volcano and entered its crater on 8 May.[14] Government forces under the command of General Joaquín López defeated rebel forces in the city of Chalchuapa on 11 May, forcing them to retreat back to Santa Ana.[15]

Antonio Ezeta reassumed the role of commander-in-chief on 23 May after recovering from his injuries.[8]

As the rebels made advances towards San Salvador, Carlos Ezeta fled the country for Panama on 4 June, departing from the port of La Libertad. From there, he left for New York City and then Europe. Upon his brother's flight from the country, Antonio Ezeta assumed the presidency in an acting capacity and commanded his army to retreat to Santa Tecla on 5 June. By then, his army, which began with 1,700 soldiers, was reduced to a few hundred soldiers due to soldiers being killed, wounded, or deserting.[8] The United States had dispatched the USS Bennington to the port of La Libertad to protect the interests of U.S. citizens in the country, where Antonio Ezeta and sixteen other generals requested asylum.[16] After both Ezeta brothers had fled the country, Gutiérrez marched into San Salvador on 10 June and officially assumed office as provisional president.[4][17] The new government requested the extradition of those who fled the country to the United States, but the U.S. government refused to extradite them; the U.S. would not recognize Gutiérrez's presidency until 3 August.[18]

Gutiérrez served as president in a provisional capacity until his inauguration on 1 March 1895 after he was elected through a rigged presidential election, in which he was the only candidate, in January of that year. He received 61,080 votes to only 91 against, or 99.85 percent. Prudencio Alfaro was elected as his vice president, winning 38,006 votes, or 62.51 percent. Gutiérrez served until 13 November 1898 when he was overthrown by General Tomás Regalado Romero, who assumed office as provisional president,[19] later legitimizing his rule through the 1899 presidential election.[4] The city of Santa Ana was nicknamed "The Heroic City" by the revolution's leaders after assuming power.[20]

In an interview with The New York Times in July 1894, Carlos Ezeta stated that he would not seek to regain power. He added, "the revolution was planned by refugee Salvadorans and won with the support of Guatemala". His wife, four children, and three servants joined him in exile. He was accused of bringing USD$3 million with him to the United States, to which he responded, "I wish I had it".[1]

Salvadoran poet and writer Roque Dalton criticized the revolution in his 1972 book Miguel Mármol. Dalton described the rebels as a "reactionary mob" and as "44 rich good-for-nothings and 44 traitors and 44 sons of bitches". He added, "in spite of everything, the Ezeta government was more for the people, while [the government] of the 44 was fundamentally an enemy of the people", citing a period of economic downturn during Gutiérrez's presidency.[20]

• List of Salvadoran coups d'état

• Vidal, Manuel (1935). Nociones de Historia de Centro América: (Especial de El Salvador) [Notions of the History of Central America: (Special of El Salvador)] (in Spanish). Talleres Gráficos Cisneros. ASIN B002DJ2R1Q.