Riccardo Bauer

Riccardo Bauer was born in Milan on 6 January 1896.[2] His parents were Francesco who was from Bohemia and Giuseppina Cairoli.[2] In 1922 he began to collaborate with La Rivoluzione Liberale, an anti-Fascist magazine by Piero Gobetti.[2] In July 1924 he founded an anti-fascist magazine, Il Caffè, which existed until May 1925.[3] In 1926 Bauer helped Filippo Turati's escape from Milan to Paris due to the oppression of the Fascist rule.[2] The same year Bauer was arrested and was in prison for seven months.[2] Then he was sentenced to two years of confinement first on the island of Ustica and then in Lipari between January and 10 April 1928.[2] Back in Milan, Bauer resumed his activities and founded the Giustizia e Libertà movement with Ernesto Rossi which laid the basis of the Action Party.[4][5] On 30 November 1930 Bauer, Ferruccio Parri and Umberto Ceva were arrested.[4] Bauer was sentenced to 20 years in prison and was released only after the end of the Fascist rule on 25 July 1943.[2]

In November 1943 Bauer was elected as a board member and the chairman of the board of the Action Party in the first convention held in Florence in secret.[2][6] Bauer was one of the leaders of the armed Giustizia e Libertà units operating in Rome.[2] Together with Giorgio Amendola and Sandro Pertini, he was part of its central military committee.[2] Following the end of Fascist rule Bauer became one of the leading figures of the Action Party in Rome.[7] He was president of the Humanitarian Society in Milan from 1950 to 1969.[2][8] He died at a clinic in Milan on 15 October 1982.[5]