Hebrew riddles

Riddles are not common in the Bible,[4] nor in Midrashic literature,[5] though other tests of verbal wit are. The most prominent riddle in the Bible is Samson's riddle: Samson outwitted the Philistines by posing a riddle about the lion and the beehive until they learned the answer from his Philistine bride, costing Samson 30 suits of clothes (Judges 14:5-18).[6] In the Book of Proverbs, it mentions "the words of the wise and their riddles."[7] In Proverbs 30:15, in which sets of three or four objects are mentioned were likely originally in the form of riddles. In Ezekiel 17:1-10 is also a riddle of sorts[8] as well as in Habakkuk 2:6-20.

Sirach mentions riddles as a popular dinner pastime.

The Talmud contains several riddles, such as this one from the end of Kinnim: 'What animal has one voice living and seven voices dead?' ('The ibis, from whose carcass seven different musical instruments are made').[8]

The Aramaic Story of Ahikar contains a long section of proverbial wisdom that in some versions also contains riddles.[9]

Under the influence of Arabic literature in medieval al-Andalus, there was a flourishing of literary Hebrew riddles in verse during the Middle Ages. Dunash ben Labrat (920-990), credited with transposing Arabic metres into Hebrew, composed a number of riddles, firmly rooted, like folk-riddles, in describing everyday, physical objects.[14] His diwan includes a twenty-line poem comprising ten riddles, one of which runs:

Subsequent exponents included Samuel ibn Naghrillah (born 993), the sixth section of whose philosophical verse collection Ben Mishlei (literally 'son of Proverbs', but more idiomatically 'after Proverbs') presents a series of philosophically inclined riddles.[17][18] The subjects of his riddles generally remained concrete — examples include the moon, pen and ink, a boat or fountain — but he began to introduce riddles on abstract themes such as God, wisdom, joy, and folly, with a didactic purpose.[19]^: 20

And he said to me: Is there life in death, without a heart?

I answered: foolishness.

And he continued: Is there death in life, with the body intact?

I answered: poverty.

Frequently, the word representing the solution was integrated into the end-rhyme of the poem, making the solution to the riddle the completion of a verse.[20]^{: 100–101}

Samuel was followed by Moses ibn Ezra (born c. 1055×60), Judah Halevi (born c. 1075), Abraham ibn Ezra (born 1089×92) and Yehuda Alharizi (born 1165).[8][21]

Judah is noted as the most prolific Hebrew riddler of his time, with a corpus of at least sixty-seven riddles,[19]^: 21 some of which survive in his own hand, and even in draft form.[1] These are mostly short, monorhyme compositions on concrete subjects such as everyday artefacts, animals and plants, or a name or word.[22][1] For example, he wrote:

Evincing the infinite--

the size of your palm--

what it holds is beyond you,

curious, at hand.[23]

(The answer is 'hand-mirror'.) However, his riddles also include a piece as long as 36 verses, to be solved both as 'pomegranate' and 'Granada';[19] the solution to some remains the subject of research.[24]

Meanwhile, Abraham is noted for maximising the use of riddles as a meditation on knowledge and the divine.[20]^{: 104 n. 1}[25]

The Andalusian tradition extended to Italy from the twelfth century, beginning with the work of Yerahmiel Bar Shlomo.[20] Immanuel the Roman wrote riddles, as did Israel Onceneyra.[26]

In Hebrew-speaking Spain and Italy during around 1650-1850, a baroque sub-genre of the literary riddle called ḥiddat hatsurah vehalo‘ez (literally 'riddles of an emblem with foreign-language passages', known in English simply as 'emblem riddles') flourished. The genre was characterised by alluding to words in languages other than Hebrew (lo‘ez) in order to provide clues to the solution. For example, one riddle includes the Hebrew phrase Eh ko nistarti ('I am hidden somewhere here'). The first two of these words sound the same as the Italian/Spanish word eco ('echo'), and 'echo' (Hebrew hed) is indeed the solution to the poem. Each riddle would include an 'emblem' (tsurah) near the opening in the form of an allusive picture, poem, or phrase, or a combination of these, after which the riddle proper would commence. Poems in this genre were occasional, composed in celebration of specific high-society events such as weddings and circumcisions. The topic of the riddle would often reflect the occasion and audience (with solutions such as 'wisdom' for a gathering of scholars, or 'love' at a wedding), and the riddle might make use of information about the people at the gathering in ways which would make little sense to a wider audience.[27]

At the end of the Haggadah, there is also the Echad Mi Yodea, characterised by Joseph Jacobs as 'a curious riddle'.[8]

• Yehuda Ratzaby, 'Halakhic Poetic Riddles of R. Shalem Me'oded', Sefunot: Studies and Sources on the History of the Jewish Communities in the East (שירי-חידה הלכיים לר' שלם מעודד יהודה רצהבי, ספונות: מחקרים ומקורות לתולדות קהילות ישראל במזרח) New Series /סדרה חדשה, כרך א (טז) (תש"ם), pp. 273–286
• Y. Ratzhaby, 'Ahuda Na' ['Let me Utter Riddles'], Yeda-am, 2 (1954), 36-42.
• Dan Pagis, A Secret Sealed: Hebrew Baroque Emblem-Riddles from Italy and Holland (Jerusalem: The Magnes Press, 1986).
• רוזן-מוקד, טובה [Tova Rosen-Moked], “'Testing with Riddles': The Hebrew Riddle of the Middle Ages” [in Hebrew], הספרות [Ha-Sifrut], 30–31 (1980): 168–83
• רוזן-מוקד, טובה (1999–2000). "החידה כמשל - על חידות דיאלוגיות של שמואל הנגיד" [Dialogic Riddles in "Ben Mishle" by Samuel Ha-Nagid]. דפים למחקר בספרות. 12: 7–23. JSTOR 23417452.