Kifli

Kifli, kiflice, kifle or kipferl is a traditional yeast bread roll that is rolled and formed into a crescent before baking.

Kifli
Two crescent-shaped bread rolls on a white plate
Two kifli, the left one salted
TypeBread roll
CourseBreakfast, Coffee break
Region or stateEurope
Serving temperatureWarm or room temperature
Main ingredientsWheat flour

It is a common type of bread roll throughout much of central Europe and nearby countries, where it is called by different names. It is thought to be the inspiration for the French croissant, which has a very similar shape but is made with a different type of dough.

Names

The roll or pastry is called:

In Old High German, Kipfa mean "carriage stanchion" and referred to the stanchions or "horns" of a cart.[7] In the 13th century, that usage referred to a bread shape of pagan origin.[7]

The Czech, Slovak, Polish, Slovenian, Ukrainian and Russian names derive as diminuitives from the Slavic word rogal or rohel ("horned") which in turn derives from "rog/roh" ("horn/protrusion").[8] Some other languages use a simple translation ("horn", "cornulet").

The similarity of the words "rohalyk" or "rohlík" with the English word „roll“ is coincidental, the words are not related by origin. The Slavic root "rog" can be hypothetically related with the German verb "ragen" ("to protrude").[8]

Background

Kifli are a traditional yeasted bread rolled into a crescent shape. The Austrian kipferl is a small wheat roll with pointed ends.[1] The 17th-century Austrian monk Abraham a Sancta Clara described the roll as crescent shaped, writing "the moon in the first quarter shines like a kipfl", and noted there were kifli in various forms: "vil lange, kurze, krumpe und gerade kipfel" ("many long, short, crooked and straight kipfel").[1]

Breads or pastries in the shape of a crescent moon are believed to have been served in ancient times as offerings to the goddess of the moon, Selene.[7] The shape is also reminiscent of horns; both are associated with ancient symbolism and considered the oldest surviving pastry shape.[9][7] A moon shaped pastry creates itself naturally by hand-rolling a ball of dough into a cylinder form.

A list of foods eaten in a 10th-century convent include panis lunatis, described as a small crescent-shaped roll often eaten during fasts.[10]

The kifli has been documented in Austria to at least 1227 when they were recorded in Babenberg-ruled Vienna as chipfen:[1][7][9]: 4 

dô brâchten im die pecken

chipfen und weiʒe flecken,

weiʒer dann ein hermelein.

— Jans der Enikel

In Austria the Kipferl is formally recognized by the government as a traditional food.[7] According to the Austrian Ministry of Agriculture, Regions and Tourism, Kipferl were probably a traditional monastery pastry baked for Easter.[7] They are described as crescent-shaped rolls made of yeast wheat dough in a variety of shapes and as being popular for coffee breaks and breakfasts, particularly in Vienna.[7]

The kifli likely inspired the similarly shaped French croissant, which is made from a laminated pastry dough.[7][9]

Origin myths

A common culinary myth claims that when Christian forces freed Buda from Ottoman occupation in 1686 the bakers of the town celebrated the victory the next day by selling freshly baked bread rolls made into a crescent shape. Another story claims the Kipferl was invented in Vienna after or during the siege of the city by Ottoman Turks.[7]

Preparation

Traditionally, kifli are made by cutting sheets of soft yeast dough into triangular wedges, rolling them into crescent shapes and baking them. Unlike the French croissant (crescent), Kifli is made from a plain, bread-like dough and is more akin to a roll than to pastry. Kifli is also thinner and longer than the croissant. Kifli are made in various sizes; some of them weigh as much as small bread loaf.

In commercial preparation, the dough is mixed, cut into small pieces, and fed into a machine that flattens and rolls it. The following manual process is similar to the traditional process.

Varieties

Regular
tray of rolls with sesame seeds
In Serbia and North Macedonia, kifli are sometimes made with cheese and sesame.
Plate of bread rolls
Homemade spelt kiflice, filled with sheep cheese and topped with sesame seeds, made for Serbian Christmas (January 7).

When they come out of the oven, the rolls can be left plain or brushed with water to make them shiny. They can be given an egg wash and sprinkled with either poppy seeds or caraway seeds mixed with coarse salt. The latter variety is often made into a straight shape rather than a crescent. Kifli is eaten like bread or rolls; it is usually made into a sandwich, sometimes plain or with butter like a fresh baguette. Often, especially for breakfast, the topping is jam or honey. They may also be used for dunking.

Fine

This is the same as the regular style but the dough may contain butter or other shortening and milk. It is sweeter than the regular variety and is well-suited to be eaten with jam or honey, and is commonly eaten for breakfast with coffee, hot chocolate or milk. It might also be an accompaniment for drinks like Doogh and Kumis.

Sweets

There are a couple of sweet rolls named "kifli" to describe their shape; they are eaten at the end of a meal or with an afternoon drink; these are not kifli, which when used on its own, always means the regular or fine varieties. In German, these are differentiated with a different spelling: Kipferl compared to Kipfel for the yeast bread.[7]

  • Vanillekipferl is a small, very short soft cookie made from a dough of ground nuts instead of flour. It is originally made with walnuts but almonds are more often used outside of Hungary. Once baked they are rolled in vanilla-flavored confectioners' sugar then allowed to cool.[11]
  • Bratislavský rožok/bratislavské rožky, diós kifli, mákos kifli, also known as Pozsonyi kifli and in German as Preßburger Kipfel, are crescent-shaped, sweet, leavened pastries filled with a sweet walnut or poppy paste. Under the name Bratislavský rožok / Pozsonyi kiflia, they are registered as Traditional Speciality Guaranteed products in the EU and the UK.[12] They are a variety of beigli, very similar in flavor but different in shape and size.
  • Lupáčik[13][14] (Slovak pronunciation: ['lupaːtʂik]) or makovka[15] (Slovak pronunciation: ['makouka]), incorrectly presented as lúpačka,[16] (Slovak pronunciation: ['luːpatʂka]) is a sweet pastry made of fatty dough,[13] often decorated with poppy seeds.

Other uses

Stale kipfel are used to make a sweet bread pudding called Kipfelkoch.[7]

  • Kifli of various cuisines
  • Rohlík
    Rohlík
  • Rogal
    Rogal
  • Rožok
    Rožok
  • Bratislavsky rožok
    Bratislavsky rožok
  • Pozsonyi kifli
    Pozsonyi kifli
  • Lupáčik
    Lupáčik
  • Hörnchen
    Hörnchen
  • Commercial rohlik production in the Czech Republic
  • Loaves of dough before splitting
    Loaves of dough before splitting
  • Small chunks of dough
    Small chunks of dough
  • Dough before insertion into rohlík machine
    Dough before insertion into rohlík machine
  • Inserting dough, machine rolls rohlík automatically
    Inserting dough, machine rolls rohlík automatically
  • Rolled rohlík before baking
    Rolled rohlík before baking
  • Creative variations
    Creative variations
  • Proofing before baking
    Proofing before baking
  • Watering a rohlík
    Watering a rohlík
  • Sprinkling with poppy
    Sprinkling with poppy
  • Salt and caraway seed variation
    Salt and caraway seed variation
  • Rohlík in front of steam furnace
    Rohlík in front of steam furnace

See also

References
  1. Grimm, Jacob; Grimm, Wilhelm. "Kipfel". Deutsches Wörterbuch. Archived from the original on 1 January 2020. Retrieved 1 January 2020.
  2. "The history of the croissant". www.bakersmaison.com.au. Archived from the original on 1 January 2020. Retrieved 1 January 2020.
  3. "Kifla in English, translation, Serbo Croatian-English Dictionary". Glosbe. Archived from the original on 24 December 2019. Retrieved 1 January 2020.
  4. "Giffel in English, translation, Danish-English Dictionary". Glosbe. Archived from the original on 24 December 2019. Retrieved 1 January 2020.
  5. "Czech Rohlik (Roll) Baked in Oven Recipe - Food.com". www.food.com. Archived from the original on 1 January 2020. Retrieved 1 January 2020.
  6. "Rožok in English, translation, Slovak-English Dictionary". Glosbe. Archived from the original on 24 December 2019. Retrieved 1 January 2020.
  7. "Kipfel, bmnt.gv.at". www.bmnt.gv.at. Archived from the original on 1 January 2020. Retrieved 1 January 2020.
  8. Jiří Rejzek: Český etymologický slovník, LEDA, Voznice, 2001, „rohlík“, „roh“
  9. Chevallier, Jim (5 October 2009). August Zang and the French Croissant: How Viennoiserie Came to France. Chez Jim. pp. 3–7. ISBN 978-1-4486-6784-0.
  10. Keller, Ferdinand (1864). Benedictiones Ad Mensa Ekkehardi Monachi. London: The Archeological Journal. p. 352., cited in Chevallier (2009) p4.
  11. "Vanillekipferl Recipe". www.austria.info. Archived from the original on 24 December 2019. Retrieved 1 January 2020.
  12. "Publication of the amended single document following the approval of a minor amendment pursuant to the second subparagraph of Article 53(2) of Regulation (EU) No 1151/20122019/C 342/13. C/2019/7229". European Union. Retrieved 16 August 2021.
  13. „lupáčik“. In: Krátky slovník slovenského jazyka. Red. J. Kačala – M. Pisárčiková – M. Považaj. 4th supplemented and edited edition. Bratislava: Veda 2003. 985 s. ISBN 80-224-0750-X (collective of autors: J. Doruľa, J. Kačala, M. Marsinová, I. Masár, Š. Michalus, Š. Peciar, M. Pisárčiková, M. Považaj, V. Slivková, E. Smiešková, E. Tibenská, M. Urbančok)
  14. Hrano (2016-04-09). "Slovakia breakfast". Retrieved 2023-03-02.
  15. "Recept na vláčne voňavé makovky a navyše ázijský tip pre ešte nadýchanejšie cesto". Tchibo Blog (in Slovak). Retrieved 2023-05-17.
  16. "Je správne po slovensky pletienka, alebo... | Jazyková poradňa | SME.sk". jazykovaporadna.sme.sk (in Slovak). Retrieved 2023-03-02.
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