Romanization of Khmer

The romanization of Khmer is a representation of the Khmer (Cambodian) language using letters of the Latin alphabet. This is most commonly done with Khmer proper nouns, such as names of people and geographical names, as in a gazetteer.

Romanization systems for Khmer

Cambodian geographical names are often romanized with a transliteration system, where representations in the Khmer script are mapped regularly to representations in the Latin alphabet (sometimes with some additional diacritics). The results do not always reflect standard Khmer pronunciation, as no special treatment is given to unpronounced letters and irregular pronunciations, although the two registers of Khmer vowel symbols are often taken into account.

When transcription is used, words are romanized based on their pronunciation. However, pronunciation of Khmer can vary by speaker and region. Roman transcription of Khmer is often done ad hoc on Internet forums and chatrooms, the results sometimes being referred to as Khmenglish or Khmerlish. These ad hoc romanizations are usually based on English pronunciations of letters, although they may also be influenced by Khmer spelling (as with the use of s rather than h to represent a final aspirate).

Since some sounds can be represented by more than one symbol in Khmer orthography, it is not generally possible to recover the original Khmer spelling from a pronunciation-based Roman transcription. Even transliteration systems often do not preserve all of the distinctions made in the Khmer script.

Some of the more commonly used romanization systems for Khmer are listed below. For full details of the various systems, see the links given in the External Links section.

UNGEGN

The Khmer romanization scheme published by the United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names is based on the BGN/PCGN system, described below. It is used for Cambodian geographical names in some recent maps and gazetteers, although the Geographic Department's modified system (see below) has come into use in the country since 1995.[1] Correspondences in the UNGEGN system are detailed in the Khmer alphasyllabary article.

Geographic Department

The Geographic Department of the Cambodian Ministry of Land Management and Urban Planning has developed a modified version of the UNGEGN system,[2] originally put forward in 1995, and used in the second edition of the Gazetteer of Cambodia in 1996. Further modifications were made in 1997, and the system continues to be used in Cambodia.[1]

The main change made in this system compared with the UNGEGN system is that diacritics on vowels are omitted. Some of the vowels are also represented using different letter combinations.

BGN/PCGN

A system used by the United States Board on Geographic Names and the Permanent Committee on Geographical Names for British Official Use, published in 1972. It is based on the modified 1959 Service Géographique Khmer (SGK) system.[3]

ALA-LC Romanization Tables

This system (also called Transliteration System for Khmer Script), from the American Library Association and Library of Congress,[4] romanizes Khmer words using the original Indic values of the Khmer letters, which are often different from their modern values. This can obscure the modern Khmer pronunciation, but the system has the advantage of relative simplicity, and facilitates the etymological reconstruction of Sanskrit and Pali loanwords whose pronunciation may be different in modern Khmer. The system is a modification of that proposed by Lewitz (1969), and was developed by Franklin Huffman of Cornell University and Edwin Bonsack of the Library of Congress for the library cataloguing of publications in Khmer.

Example words written in each romanization system
English Khmer Romanization
UNGEGN
(or BGN/PCGN)		 Geographic
Department		 ALA-LC
Khmer script អក្សរខ្មែរ 'âksâr khmêr 'aksar khmaer ʿʹaksar khmaer
Cambodia កម្ពុជា Kâmpŭchéa Kampuchea Kambujā
centre មណ្ឌល môndôl mondol maṇḍal
brightness ពន្លឺ pônlœ ponlueu banlȳ
peace សន្តិភាព sântĕphéap santepheap santibhāb
belief ជំនឿ chumnœă chumnoea jaṃnẏa
to go ទៅ tŏu tov dau

Tables of romanization systems

This chart shows in full the three main systems for the romanization of Khmer: UNGEGN (or BGN/PCGN), Geographic Department and ALA-LC:

Consonants

  1st series   2nd series[note 1]

Khmer UNGEGN
(or BGN/PCGN)		 Geographic
Department		 ALA-LC
Full
form		 Subscript
form		 IPA
ក្ក [k]kkk
ខ្ខ [kʰ]khkhkh
គ្គ [k]gkg
ឃ្ឃ [kʰ]ghkhgh
ង្ង [ŋ]ṅ, ngngng
ច្ច [c]cchc
ឆ្ឆ [cʰ]chhchhch
ជ្ជ [c]jhchj
ឈ្ឈ [cʰ]jhchhjh
ញ្ញ [ɲ]ñ,nhnhñ
ដ្ដ [ɗ]ddṭ
ឋ្ឋ [tʰ]ththṭh
ឌ្ឌ [ɗ]ddḍ
ឍ្ឍ [tʰ]ḍhthḍh
ណ្ណ [n]nnṇ
ត្ត [t]ttt
ថ្ថ [tʰ]ththth
ទ្ទ [t]dtd
ធ្ធ [tʰ]dhthdh
ន្ន [n]nnn
ប្ប [ɓ], [p]b, p[note 2]6b, p[note 3]p
ផ្ផ [pʰ]phphph
ព្ព [p]bpb
ភ្ភ [pʰ]bhphbh
ម្ម [m]mmm
យ្យ [j]yyy
រ្រ [r]rrr
ល្ល [l]lll
វ្វ [ʋ]vvv
ឝ្ឝ [s]shshś
ឞ្ឞ [s]ṣssṣ
ស្ស [s]sss
ហ្ហ [h]hhh
ឡ― [l]llḷ
អ្អ [ʔ]a', (none)ʿʹ

Dependent vowels
Khmer UNGEGN
(or BGN/PCGN)		 Geographic
Department		 ALA-LC
A-series O-series A-series O-series A-series
◌◌âôaoa
◌់áóaoá
ាaéaaeaā
ា់, ័◌ăeă, oăaea, oaâ
ៈăeăakeakà
័យăyoăyaieyăy
ិĕĭeii
ីeiieiiī
ឹœ̆œ̆oeueẏ
ឺœœeuueuȳ
ុŏŭouu
ូououuū
ួuŏuŏuououa
ើaeueuaeueuoe
ឿœăœăoeaoeaẏa
ៀiĕiĕieieia
េééeee
ែêêaeeaeae
ៃaieyaieyai
ោaôoŭaoouo
ៅauŏuauovau
ុំomŭmomumuṃ
ំâmumamumaṃ
ាំămŏâmamoamāṃ
ាំងăngeăngangeangāṃng
ះăheăhaheahaḥ
ិះĕhĭhehisiḥ
ឹះœ̆hœ̆hoehuehẏḥ
ុះŏhŭhohuhuḥ
េះéhéheheheḥ
ើះaeuheuhaeuheuhoeḥ
ែះêhêhaeheaehaeḥ
ោះaôhŏăhaohuohoaḥ

Independent vowels
Khmer UNGEGN
(or BGN/PCGN)		 Geographic
Department		 ALA-LC
អâaa
អាaaā
ឥĕei
ឦeieiī
ឧŏ, ŭo, uu
ឩo, uou, uū
ឪâuauýu
ឫrœ̆rueṛ
ឬrœrueuṝ
ឭlœ̆lueḷ
ឮlœlueuḹ
ឯêaeae
ឰaiaiai
ឱ, ឲaôaoo
ឳauauau

International Phonetic Alphabet transcription

Various authors have used systems based on the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) to transcribe Khmer. One such system is used in the books of Franklin E. Huffman and others;[5] a more recent scheme is that used in J.M. Filippi's 2004 textbook Everyday Khmer or Khmer au quotidien.[6] These systems differ in certain respects: for example, Huffman's uses doubling of vowel symbols to indicate long vowels, whereas Filippi's uses the IPA triangular colon vowel length symbol.

Notes
  1. Khmer consonants belong to two classes that dictate the value of dependent vowels.
  2. When accompanied by a subscript form, it is romanized as p in the 1st series, although the Khmer diacritical mark ៉ is generally omitted: ប្លែង → plêng, ប្អូន → p'on, ប្រាប់ → prăb.
  3. When accompanied by a subscript form, it is romanized as p in the 1st series, although the Khmer diacritical mark ៉ is generally omitted: ប្លែង → plaeng, ប្អូន → p'oun, ប្រាប់ → prab.

References
  1. Report on the Current Status of United Nations Romanization Systems for Geographical Names – Khmer, UNGEGN Working Group on Romanization Systems, September 2013 (linked from WGRS website).
  2. Geographical Names of the Kingdom of Cambodia, submitted by Cambodia to the 8th UN Conference on the Standardization of Geographical Names, 2002 (also addendum with corrections).
  3. Romanization System for Khmer (Cambodian), BGN/PCGN 1972 System.
  4. ALA-LC Romanization Tables, Khmer, rev. 2012.
  5. For example, Franklin E. Huffman, Cambodian System of Writing and Beginning Reader with Drills and Glossary, Adam Wood, 1970 (downloadable PDF).
  6. Jean Michel Filippi, Everyday Khmer, Funan, Phnom Penh , 2004. French edition: Filippi et al., Khmer au quotidien, Librairie You-Feng, 2008.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.