List of monarchs of Frisia

Note that the house and several members of the house of Frisia may be mythological, many people have claimed to be descendants of historical figures and many people have tried to create a continuous dynasty, rather than accepting that most likely a lot of historical figures were unrelated perhaps elected rather than inheriting titles. It has also been suggested that there were several smaller Frisian kingdoms, rather than one large kingdom.

After the Migration Period, the Frisian Kingdom emerged around 600 AD, north of the Frankish Kingdom. The Frisians consisted of tribes with loose bonds, and were not the same Frisii from Roman times. Under Redbad the Frisian kingship reached its maximum geographic development, covering most of the area of what is now the Netherlands and the coast in northern Germany. In 722 the Frisian land west of the Vlie (what is now Holland, Utrecht and Zeeland came in Frankish hands. In 734, in the Battle of the Boarn, the area west of the Lauwers (nowadays Friesland) resulted in a Frankisch victory and the end of the Frisian kingdom. Only the Frisians east of the Lauwers (Groningen and East Frisia) remained independent. In 772 they lost their independence as well.

After Poppo's defeat all of Frisia is considered technically part of the Frankish Empire, however some sources continue the kingdom east of the Lauwers

• 734–741, Aldgisl II, loyal Christian vassal of the Franks, brother of Poppo
• 741–748, Gundebold, son of Aldgisl II
• 749-775?, Radbod II, grew up in the court of the King of Denmark, possibly Harald Wartooth

Radbod II participates in the Saxon rebellion but is defeated, he is thought to have fled back to Denmark, the Kingdom of Frisia was now dissolved

• 841–844, Harald the Younger, in Walcheren
• 855–873, Rodulf Haraldsson, succeeded Harald the Younger, his region of Zeeland became part of West Francia after the Treaty of Meersen
• 839–875, Rorik of Dorestad, acquired all of West Frisia, Utrecht and Dorestad, ruled from Wieringen

• 882–885, Godfrid, reconquered Rorik's domain

Godfrid was ambushed and killed, count Gerolf is believed to have been one of the nobles involved in the attack as he is rewarded shortly after with most of Godfrid's domain: the coastline from Vlie to Meuse and upriver the Gaue Nifterlake, Lek & IJssel and several properties in Teisterbant

• 883–916, Gerulf the younger, plausible son of Deodred (Diederik)
• 916–939, Dirk I, Dirk inherited most of the coastline of Gerulf's domain. Waldger, Dirk's brother inherited the eastern inland territories.
• 939–988, Dirk II, Ruled West Frisia now roughly the Gaue Maasland, Kennemerland and Texel
• 988–993, Arnulf I, killed by rebelling Frisians, for the Frisians of roughly the Gau Westflinge this marks the beginning of the Frisian Freedom and approximately 300 years of self-governance
• 993–1039, Dirk III, moved his court south to Vlaardingen
• 1039–1049, Dirk IV
• 1049–1061, Floris I, brother of Dirk IV
• 1061–1091, Dirk V, fought a long war to claim his inheritance
• 1091–1101, Floris II the Fat, the title "Count of Frisia west of the Vlie" was changed to "Count of Holland". Continues in Counts of Holland.

• 955–994, Ekbert the one eyed, inherits frisian lands likely through his maternal grandmother Reginhilde, possible sister of Reginbert and mother of Matilda of Ringelheim
• 994-1024-1030?, Wichmann III & ekbert, sons of Egbert the one eyed

• 1024?-1038, Liudolf, either through marriage with the daughter of Ekbert or conquest
• 1038–1057, Bruno, son of Liudolf, expands middle frisia with the ommelanden
• 1057–1068, Egbert I, son of Bruno
• 1068-1086?-1089, Egbert II, son of Egbert I, punished for his participation in the Saxon Rebellion
• 1089–1099, Egbert's properties in Frisia are given to the Bishopric of Utrecht, Bishop Conrad

• 1099–1101, Henry I the Fat, through marriage with Gertrude, daughter of Egbert II, Murdered on arrival
• 1101–1117, Otto III, son of Henry the fat
• 1117-?, Otto I, Count of Salm, through marriage with Gertrude of Northeim, the daughter of Henry the fat

Otto III failed to establish his rule in Frisia, and the land reverted to the bishop of Utrecht. Utrecht and Holland fought over the rights to Middle Frisia, and from 1165 administered it in condominium. With the Hollandic counts and Utrecht biships failing to agree under whose authority the Frisians would fall, they were left to rule themselves.

• 1203?-1222, William of Frisia, in 1178 William's brother Baldwin becomes bishop of Utrecht while his other brother Dirk VII is Count of Holland so Holland and Utrecht agree to make William ruler of Middle Frisia, his power in Frisia fades after his victory in the Loon War and his descendants would not inherit it. Many Frisians followed William in the Fifth crusade as documented in De itinere Frisonum.

• 1156, The Frisian diet or ding at the Upstalsboom. What starts out as a loose gathering becomes an increasingly formal alliance or Confederacy, in a response to increased aggression from the counts of Holland, continues in Potestaat of Friesland

• 734–741, Aldgisl II
• 741–748, Gundebold
• 749–775, Radbod II
• 768–793, Theoderic (Diederik), killed in the Uprising of 793, his domain is unknown but likely somewhere in between the Vlie and Weser
• 810-834 & 839-???, Gerulf the elder

After Radbod II east Frisia is firmly in the hands of the Frankish kings, they divide the region in at least two parts. how the region between the Lauwers and the Eems is defined remains unclear. the western part of East Frisia was centered around the mouth of the Eems roughly corresponding to Emsgau and Federgau. While the eastern part was centered around the mouth of the Wezer encompassing Rustringen, Astergau, the Nordendi and the Wangerland, assumed to be the county of Riustringen that Harald Klak received.

Rough outline of the four counties of Frisia east of the Vlie

• c.820, Diederik, held lands in the Westerkwartier
• 855–870, Wiccing, also held lands in Westerkwartier

• 843–880, Wichman II
• 892–932, Ekbert, also known as Egbert Billung

• 932–938, Wichman I,
• 936?-973, Herman I

•  ?-1044, Rudolf von Werl

• 1047–1057, Bruno, expands middle frisia with the ommelanden
• 1057–1061, Egbert I
• 1068–1089, Egbert II

Not much is known about the region following the Brunonen, it eventually joins into the Upstalboom treaty. The city of Groningen, at the time in Drenthe becomes very powerful. It quickly becomes an important member of the free Frisian lands and towards the end of the 14th century comes to rule over the Ommelanden. Groningen joined the other six provinces in Februari 1595 and formed the seventh province of the Seven Provinces

• 822–855, Cobbo the Elder, possible son of Ekbert duke of Saxony at the time

• -899- Adalbert
• Herman
• c.947-955, Hendrik
• c.955-986, Herman I
• 997–1024, Herman II
• c.1031-1038-1070, Bernard & Adalbert, ruled Emsgau & Federgau respectively
• c.1092-1096, Koenraad

Given to the Bishop of Bremen

• c.1100-1134 Herman or Herman II
• 1134–1175, Otto I
• 1175-c.1220, Herman III

The house of Calvelage likely never stepped foot in east Frisia and lost their belongings when the region entered into the Upstalboom treaty, continues in Potestaat of Friesland

• 772–793, Unno & Eilrad

• 827-852?, Harald Klak, was gifted Riustringen by Louis the Pious

• 847?-880, Lothar I
• 880–929, Lothar II
• -976, Henry the Bald

Directly ruled under the following dukes of Saxony

• 976–1011, Bernard,
• 1011–1059, Bernard II
• 1059–1072, Ordulf
• 1072–1106, Magnus

Following the end of house Billung in 1106 the east of Riustringen is slowly being conquered by the county of Oldenburg, the remainder joined into the Frisian alliance, continues in Potestaat of Friesland

Dux should not be confused with Duke, the Frisian Dux was a military commander responsible for the defence of the Frisian territory, particularly against the Norse raiders.

• 783–793, Theodoric, killed in the Uprising of 793
• 794-???, possibly Meginhard I
• 812–834, Gerulf the Elder, was punished for failing to hold back the Norsemen
• 834–837, Hemming Halfdansson
• 839-c.860, Rorik of Dorestad
• 867–870, Ubbe Ragnarsson, sources mention him as Dux Frisonum, the timeframe corresponds roughly with Rodulf Haraldsson’s presence in Frisia which has led people to believe they are the same person
• 870-875, Rorik of Dorestad, returns
• 882-885, Godfrid, Duke of Frisia
• 885-898, Everhard Saxo, killed by Waldger of Teisterbant

• 1024-1038, Liudolf
• 1038-1057, Bruno
• 1057-1068, Egbert I
• 1068-1089, Egbert II
• 1099-1101, Henry I the Fat

According to the Oera Linda Book.

• Frya, ?–2194 BCE (eponymous ancestress of the Frisians, who supposedly inhabited all of Northern and Western Europe)
• Fasta, 2194–after 2145 BCE (appointed by Frya when the latter ascended to the stars during a terrible flood)
• Medea
• Thiania
• Hellenia
• Minna, fl. 2013 BCE (faced an invasion of Finns from the east, who settled in the Frisian lands in Scandinavia)
• Rosamond, 1631-? BCE (the Frisians in Western Europe revolted and became the Celts)
• Hellicht, fl. 1621 BCE
• Frana, ?–590 BCE (murdered by the Finns during an invasion)
• Adela (de facto), 590–559 BCE (supposedly ordered the compilation of what became the Oera Linda Book)
• Gosa, 306–before 264 BCE (elected after a long vacancy, Frisian rule confined to approximately the modern Netherlands)
• Prontlik, fl. c. 60 BCE (puppet folk-mother appointed by King Asinga Ascon)

According to the Frisia seu de viris rebusque illustribus (and the Oera Linda Book).

• Friso, 313-245 BC (Adel I Friso (de facto), 304-264 BC) (established a militaristic hereditary monarchy)
• Adel, 245-151 BC (Adel II Atharik, 264-? BC)
• Ubbo, 151-71 BC (Adel III Ubbo)
• Asinga Ascon, 71 BC-AD 11 (Adel IV Asega Askar, or Black Adel) (reviled for employing foreign troops and bringing plague)
• Diocarus Segon, 11-46
• Dibbaldus Segon, 46-85 (? Verritus) (forced to accept Roman protection, and may have visited Rome in person)
• Tabbo, 85-130 (? Malorix)

According to the Frisia seu de viris rebusque illustribus.

• Asconius, 130-173 (title downgraded to duke as a Roman client)
• Adelboldus, 173-187
• Titus Boiocalus, 187-240
• Ubbo, 240-299
• Haron Ubbo, 299-335
• Odilbaldus, 335-360
• Udolphus Haron, 360-392

According to the Frisia seu de viris rebusque illustribus (and Merovingian chronicles).

• Finn (Frisian) c. 400. Finn, son of Folcwald, is a legendary figure mentioned in the Beowulf. He was killed by Hengest, who later migrated to Britain and founded the Kingdom of Kent. For monarchs prior to Finn, the later Frisians developed a rich store of legend and myth.
• Richardus, Uffo, 392-435 (? Finn Folcwalding)
• Odilbaldus, 435-470 (? Sibbelt)
• Richoldus, 470-533 (? Ritzard)
• Beroaldus, 533-590 (? Audulf)
• Adgillus I, 590-672 (Aldegisel, ?-680)
• Radbodus I, 672-723 (Radbod I, 680-719)
• (Poppo, 719-734) (not listed in the rebusque)
• Adgillus II, 723-737 (Aldegisel II)
• Gondobaldus, 737-749 (Gundebold, or Aldegisel III)
• Radbodus II, 749-775 (Radbod II)