Rusavskia elegans
Rusavskia elegans (formerly Xanthoria elegans), commonly known as the elegant sunburst lichen,[1] is a lichenized species of fungus in the genus Rusavskia, family Teloschistaceae. Recognized by its bright orange or red pigmentation, this species grows on rocks, often near bird or rodent perches. It has a circumpolar and alpine distribution. It was one of the first lichens to be used for the rock-face dating method known as lichenometry.
| Rusavskia elegans | |
|---|---|
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Scientific classification  | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Ascomycota |
| Class: | Lecanoromycetes |
| Order: | Teloschistales |
| Family: | Teloschistaceae |
| Genus: | Rusavskia |
| Species: | R. elegans |
| Binomial name | |
| Rusavskia elegans | |
| Synonyms | |
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Species synonymy
Subspecies synonymy
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Taxonomy
Rusavskia elegans was first formally described by Johann Heinrich Friedrich Link as Lichen elegans in 1791,[2] and transferred to the genus Xanthoria by Theodor Magnus Fries (son of Elias Magnus Fries) in 1860.[3] In 2003, Sergey Kondratyuk and Ingvar Kärnefelt transferred the taxon to their newly circumscribed genus Rusavskia, in which it is the type species.[4] Although the new genus was not initially widely accepted, subsequent molecular phylogenetic studies showed the validity of the new classification.[5][6][7]
Description
The thallus of this lichen is described as foliose, having the aspect of leaves, although the central portions of the thallus may appear nearly crustose. It is small, typically less than 5 cm (2 in) wide, with lobes less than 2 mm (0.08 in) broad, appressed to loosely appressed. The upper surface is some shade of orange while the lower surface is white, corticate, with short, sparse hapters (an attachment structure produced by some lichens). The vegetative propagules called soredia and isidia are absent, although apothecia are common.[8] It has been described as possessing swollen, orange-yellow thalli (in streams), compact orange thalli (on boulders) or dark orange-red thalli on the driest rock faces.[9]
The variety R. elegans var. granulifera, characterized by having isidia-like vegetative propagules, has been reported from Greenland and Spitsbergen.[10]
Growth rate
Rusavskia elegans was one of the first species used for lichenometry,[11] a technique of estimating the age of rock faces by measuring the diameter of the lichen thalli growing on them. After an initial period of one or two decades to establish growth (the ecesis interval), R. elegans grows at a rate of 0.5 mm per year for the first century, before slowing down somewhat.[12][13]
Habitat and distribution
This species grows on rock, both calcareous and siliceous, occasionally overgrowing moss or litter or rock. It is often found on exposed to somewhat sheltered sites, often near bird or small-mammal droppings.[8] It has also adapted successfully to growth on man-made and natural growing surfaces from the sea-water spray zone to the boreal forest and in the grasslands of the continental interior.[14][15][16] It can thrive in areas having less than 6 centimetres (2.4 in) annual precipitation and can survive submerged in streams for much of the growing season.[9]
Rusavskia elegans has an extremely broad circumpolar and alpine distribution, and is found on all continents except Australia.[17] It is widespread in Antarctic regions.[18]
The lichen is used as a model system to study the potential to resist extreme environments of outer space. Out of various lichens tested, it showed the ability to recover from space-simulating situations, including exposure to 16 hours of vacuum at 10−3 Pa and UV radiation at wavelengths less than 160 nm or greater than 400 nm.[19] R. elegans has survived an 18-month exposure to solar UV radiation, cosmic rays, vacuum and varying temperatures in an experiment performed by the ESA outside of the ISS.[20]
Bioactive compounds
Various anthraquinone compounds have been identified in R. elegans, including allacinal, physcion, teloschistin,[21] xanthorin,[22] and erythoglaucin,[23] murolic acid and a glycoside derivative of murolic acid ((18R)-18-O-β-D-apiofuranosyl-(1-2)-β-D-glucopyranoside).[24]
Carotenoids
Carotenoids have a number of physiological functions in lichens, such as enhancing the availability of light energy for photosynthesis, and protecting the organism from the photooxidizing action of UV light.[25] In R. elegans, like many Rusavskia species, specimens growing in areas with intense UV radiation contain more carotenoids than those grown in more shaded areas. The biosynthesis of carotenoids is also dependent on the season of the year, as was shown in a study of R. elegans in Antarctica.[26] The predominant carotenoid in R. elegans, responsible for the orange-yellow color, is mutatoxanthin.[25]
References
- "Botany Photo of the Day: Xanthoria elegans". 9 November 2005. Retrieved 2009-02-26.
- Link JHF. (1971). The Genera of Fungi. Vol. 1. p. 37.
- Fries TM. (1860). Lichenes Arctoi Europae Groenlandiaeque hactenus cogniti (in Latin). p. 69.
- Kondratyuk, S.Y.; Kärnefelt, I. (2003). "Revision of three natural groups of xanthorioid lichens (Teloschistaceae, Ascomycota)". Ukrainskiy Botanichnyi Zhurnal. 60 (4): 427–437.
- Fedorenko, Natalya M.; Stenroos, Soili; Thell, Arne; Kärnefelt, Ingvar; Kondratyuk, Sergey Y. (2009). "A phylogenetic analysis of xanthorioid lichens (Teloschistaceae, Ascomycota) based on ITS and mtSSU sequences". In Thell, Arne; Seaward, Mark; Feuerer, Tassilo (eds.). Diversity of Lichenology – Anniversary Volume. Bibliotheca Lichenologica. Vol. 100. J. Cramer in der Gebrüder Borntraeger Verlagsbuchhandlung. pp. 49–84. ISBN 978-3-443-58079-7.
- Fedorenko, Natalya M.; Stenroos, Soili; Thell, Arne; Kärnefelt, Ingvar; Elix, John A.; Hur, Jae-Seoun; Kondratyuk, Sergij Y. (2012). "Molecular phylogeny of xanthorioid lichens (Teloschistaceae, Ascomycota), with notes on their morphology". In Kärnefelt, Ingvar; Seaward, Mark R.D.; Thell, Arne (eds.). Systematics, biodiversity and ecology of lichens. Bibliotheca Lichenologica. Vol. 108. pp. 45–64. ISBN 978-3-443-58087-2.
- Gaya, Ester; Högnabba, Filip; Holguin, Ángela; Molnar, Katalin; Fernández-Brime, Samantha; Stenroos, Soili; Arup, Ulf; Søchting, Ulrik; Boom, Pieter Van den; Lücking, Robert; Sipman, Harrie J.M.; Lutzoni, François (2012). "Implementing a cumulative supermatrix approach for a comprehensive phylogenetic study of the Teloschistales (Pezizomycotina, Ascomycota)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 63 (2): 374–387. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2012.01.012. PMID 22306043.
- Geiser L, McCune B (1997). Macrolichens of the Pacific Northwest. Corvallis, Oregon: Oregon State University Press. ISBN 978-0-87071-394-1.
- Fahselt D, Krol M (1989). "Biochemical comparisons of two ecologically distinctive forms of Xantharia elegans in the Canadian High Arctic". The Lichenologist. 21 (2): 135–45. doi:10.1017/S0024282989000253. S2CID 86595226.
- Giralt M, Nimis PL, Poelt J (1993). "Studies on some species of the lichen genus Xanthoria with isidia-like vegetative propagules". Journal of the Hattori Botanical Laboratory. 74: 271–85.
- Beschel RE. (1954). "Eine Flechte als Niederschlagsmesser". Wetter and Leven (in German). 6–7: 56–60.
- Osborn G, Taylor J (1975). "Lichenometry on calcareous substrates in the Canadian Rockies". Quaternary Research. 5 (1): 111–20. Bibcode:1975QuRes...5..111O. doi:10.1016/0033-5894(75)90051-4. S2CID 129448919.
- McCarthy DP, Smith DJ (1995). "Growth curves for calcium-tolerant lichens in the Canadian Rocky mountains" (PDF). Arctic and Alpine Research. 27 (3): 290–97. doi:10.2307/1551960. JSTOR 1551960.
- Hill DH. (1984). The Lichen-Forming Fungi. London, UK: Blackie. p. 115. ISBN 978-0-216-91633-3.
- Hinds JW. (1995). "Marine influence on the distribution of Xanthoria parietina, X. elegans, and X. ulophyllodes on marble gravestones in Maine". Bryologist. 98 (3): 402–10. doi:10.2307/3243380. JSTOR 3243380.
- Hinds JW, Hinds PL (1993). "The lichen genus Xanthora in Maine". Maine Naturalist. 1 (1): 1–16. doi:10.2307/3858193. JSTOR 3858193.
- Almborn O. (1987). "Lichens at high altitudes in Southern Africa". Bibliotheca Lichenologica. 25: 401–17.
- Castello M. (1995). "The lichen genus Xanthoria in Antarctica". Cryptogamie, Bryologie, Lichénologie. 16 (2): 79–87.
- de Vera JP, Horneck G, Rettberg P, Ott S (2004). "The potential of the lichen symbiosis to cope with the extreme conditions of outer space II: germination capacity of lichen ascospores in response to simulated space conditions". Advances in Space Research. 33 (8): 1236–43. Bibcode:2004AdSpR..33.1236D. doi:10.1016/j.asr.2003.10.035. PMID 15806704.
- "Live long and prosper, Xanthoria elegans". The European Space Agency. 1 February 2010.
- Khanna RN, Seshadri TR (1968). "Chemical components of Xanthoria elegans". Current Science. 37 (3): 72–3.
- Steglich W, Losel W, Reininger W (1967). "Xanthorin, an anthraquinone pigment from Xanthoria elegans". Tetrahedron Letters. 8 (47): 4719–21. doi:10.1016/s0040-4039(01)89589-7.
- Steglich W, Reininge W (1969). "Erythroglaucin and other anthraquinone pigments from Xanthoria elegans (link) Th Fr". Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B. 24 (9): 1196. doi:10.1515/znb-1969-0927. S2CID 84995672.
- Rezenka T, Guschina IA (2000). "Glycosidic compounds of murolic, protoconstipatic and allo-murolic acids from lichens of Central Asia". Phytochemistry. 54 (6): 635–45. doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(00)00147-3. PMID 10963458.
- Czeczuga B. (1983). "Mutatoxanthin, the dominant carotenoid in lichens of Xanthoria genus". Biochemical Systematics and Ecology. 11 (4): 329–31. doi:10.1016/0305-1978(83)90032-7.
- Galun M. (1988). CRC Handbook of Lichenology. Vol. III. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC. p. 29. ISBN 978-0-8493-3583-9.
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